Transcriptional regulator for aaeXAB operon; Activates transcription of the aaeXAB operon.

Gad regulon transcriptional activator; Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci.

Transcriptional regulator for aaeXAB operon; Activates transcription of the aaeXAB operon.

Modulator of gene expression, with H-NS; Down-regulates hemolysin (hly) expression in complex with H- NS. Stimulates transposition events in vivo. Modifies the set of genes regulated by H-NS; Hha and Cnu (YdgT) increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. Binds DNA and influences DNA topology in response to environmental stimuli; does not however interact with DNA in the absence of H-NS. Involved in persister cell formation, acting downstream of mRNA interferase (toxin) MqsR. Decreases biofilm formation by repre [...]

Transcriptional regulator for aaeXAB operon; Activates transcription of the aaeXAB operon.

Phosphotransfer intermediate protein in two-component regulatory system with RcsBC; Component of the Rcs signaling system, which controls transcription of numerous genes. RcsD is a phosphotransfer intermediate between the sensor kinase RcsC and the response regulator RcsB. It acquires a phosphoryl group from RcsC and transfers it to RcsB. The system controls expression of genes involved in colanic acid capsule synthesis, biofilm formation and cell division.

Ara regulon transcriptional activator; Transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes involved in the transport and metabolism of L-arabinose. Functions both as a positive and a negative regulator. In the presence of arabinose, activates the expression of the araBAD, araE, araFGH and araJ promoters. In the absence of arabinose, negatively regulates the araBAD operon. Represses its own transcription. Acts by binding directly to DNA.

Gad regulon transcriptional activator; Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci.

Ara regulon transcriptional activator; Transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes involved in the transport and metabolism of L-arabinose. Functions both as a positive and a negative regulator. In the presence of arabinose, activates the expression of the araBAD, araE, araFGH and araJ promoters. In the absence of arabinose, negatively regulates the araBAD operon. Represses its own transcription. Acts by binding directly to DNA.

Transcriptional activator of gadA and gadBC; Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), acts as a positive or negative regulator of gadA and gadBC. Repression occurs directly or via the repression of the expression of gadX. Activation occurs directly by the binding of GadW to the gadA and gadBC promoters.

Ara regulon transcriptional activator; Transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes involved in the transport and metabolism of L-arabinose. Functions both as a positive and a negative regulator. In the presence of arabinose, activates the expression of the araBAD, araE, araFGH and araJ promoters. In the absence of arabinose, negatively regulates the araBAD operon. Represses its own transcription. Acts by binding directly to DNA.

Acid resistance regulon transcriptional activator; Positively regulates the expression of about fifteen genes involved in acid resistance such as gadA, gadB and gadC. Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), can repress gadW.

Ara regulon transcriptional activator; Transcription factor that regulates the expression of several genes involved in the transport and metabolism of L-arabinose. Functions both as a positive and a negative regulator. In the presence of arabinose, activates the expression of the araBAD, araE, araFGH and araJ promoters. In the absence of arabinose, negatively regulates the araBAD operon. Represses its own transcription. Acts by binding directly to DNA.

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

Proteolytic subunit of ClpA-ClpP and ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine proteases; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins. May play the role of a master protease which is attracted to different substrates by different specificity factors such as ClpA or ClpX. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. Degrades antitoxin MazE.

ATPase and specificity subunit of ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine protease; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. Uses cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis to unfold proteins and translocate them to the ClpP protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates both with and without the help of adapter proteins such as SspB. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. It may bind to the lambda O substrate protein and present it to the ClpP protease in a form that can be recognized a [...]

Proteolytic subunit of ClpA-ClpP and ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine proteases; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins. May play the role of a master protease which is attracted to different substrates by different specificity factors such as ClpA or ClpX. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. Degrades antitoxin MazE.

Modulator of gene expression, with H-NS; Down-regulates hemolysin (hly) expression in complex with H- NS. Stimulates transposition events in vivo. Modifies the set of genes regulated by H-NS; Hha and Cnu (YdgT) increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. Binds DNA and influences DNA topology in response to environmental stimuli; does not however interact with DNA in the absence of H-NS. Involved in persister cell formation, acting downstream of mRNA interferase (toxin) MqsR. Decreases biofilm formation by repre [...]

Proteolytic subunit of ClpA-ClpP and ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine proteases; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins. May play the role of a master protease which is attracted to different substrates by different specificity factors such as ClpA or ClpX. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. Degrades antitoxin MazE.

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

ATPase and specificity subunit of ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine protease; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. Uses cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis to unfold proteins and translocate them to the ClpP protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates both with and without the help of adapter proteins such as SspB. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. It may bind to the lambda O substrate protein and present it to the ClpP protease in a form that can be recognized a [...]

Proteolytic subunit of ClpA-ClpP and ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine proteases; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins. May play the role of a master protease which is attracted to different substrates by different specificity factors such as ClpA or ClpX. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. Degrades antitoxin MazE.

ATPase and specificity subunit of ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine protease; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. Uses cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis to unfold proteins and translocate them to the ClpP protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates both with and without the help of adapter proteins such as SspB. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. It may bind to the lambda O substrate protein and present it to the ClpP protease in a form that can be recognized a [...]

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Response regulator in two-component regulatory system with EvgS; Member of the two-component regulatory system EvgS/EvgA. Regulates the expression of emrKY operon and yfdX. Seems also to control expression of at least one other multidrug efflux operon.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Glutamate decarboxylase B, PLP-dependent; Converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), consuming one intracellular proton in the reaction. The gad system helps to maintain a near-neutral intracellular pH when cells are exposed to extremely acidic conditions. The ability to survive transit through the acidic conditions of the stomach is essential for successful colonization of the mammalian host by commensal and pathogenic bacteria; Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Gad regulon transcriptional activator; Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Transcriptional activator of gadA and gadBC; Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), acts as a positive or negative regulator of gadA and gadBC. Repression occurs directly or via the repression of the expression of gadX. Activation occurs directly by the binding of GadW to the gadA and gadBC promoters.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Acid resistance regulon transcriptional activator; Positively regulates the expression of about fifteen genes involved in acid resistance such as gadA, gadB and gadC. Depending on the conditions (growth phase and medium), can repress gadW.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Stress response protein acid-resistance protein; Required for optimal acid stress protection. Exhibits a chaperone-like activity only at pH below 3 by suppressing non- specifically the aggregation of denaturated periplasmic proteins. Important for survival of enteric bacteria in the acidic environment of the host stomach. Also promotes the solubilization at neutral pH of proteins that had aggregated in their presence at acidic pHs. May cooperate with other periplasmic chaperones such as DegP and SurA.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Acid-resistance protein; Required for optimal acid stress protection, which is important for survival of enteric bacteria in the acidic environment of the host stomach. Exhibits a chaperone-like activity at acidic pH by preventing the aggregation of many different periplasmic proteins.

Putative LuxR family repressor for dicarboxylate transport; May act as a transcriptional regulator of dctA.

Acid-resistance membrane protein.