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polA | 5' to 3' DNA polymerase and 3' to 5'/5' to 3' exonuclease; In addition to polymerase activity, this DNA polymerase exhibits 3'-5' and 5'-3' exonuclease activity. It is able to utilize nicked circular duplex DNA as a template and can unwind the parental DNA strand from its template. (928 aa) | ||||
ppc | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (883 aa) | ||||
aceB | Malate synthase A; Protein involved in glyoxylate cycle. (533 aa) | ||||
aceA | Isocitrate lyase; Involved in the metabolic adaptation in response to environmental changes. Catalyzes the reversible formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key step of the glyoxylate cycle, which operates as an anaplerotic route for replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle during growth on fatty acid substrates. (434 aa) | ||||
aceK | Isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphatase; Bifunctional enzyme which can phosphorylate or dephosphorylate isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) on a specific serine residue. This is a regulatory mechanism which enables bacteria to bypass the Krebs cycle via the glyoxylate shunt in response to the source of carbon. When bacteria are grown on glucose, IDH is fully active and unphosphorylated, but when grown on acetate or ethanol, the activity of IDH declines drastically concomitant with its phosphorylation; Belongs to the AceK family. (578 aa) | ||||
iclR | Transcriptional repressor; Regulation of the glyoxylate bypass operon (aceBAK), which encodes isocitrate lyase, malate synthase as well as isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphorylase. Glyoxylate disrupts the interaction with the promoter by favoring the inactive dimeric form. Pyruvate enhances promoter binding by stabilizing the tetrameric form. (274 aa) | ||||
actP | Acetate transporter; Transports acetate. Also able to transport glycolate. (549 aa) | ||||
yjcH | DUF485 family inner membrane protein. (104 aa) | ||||
cheA | Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY. (654 aa) | ||||
cra | Transcriptional repressor-activator for carbon metabolism; Global transcriptional regulator, which plays an important role in the regulation of carbon metabolism. Activates transcription of genes encoding biosynthetic and oxidative enzymes (involved in Krebs cycle, glyoxylate shunt and gluconeogenesis, such as ppsA and fbp). Represses genes involved in sugar catabolism, such as fruB, pfkA, pykF and adhE. Binds asymmetrically to the two half-sites of its operator. (334 aa) | ||||
pdhR | Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex repressor; Transcriptional repressor for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex genes aceEF and lpd. (254 aa) | ||||
aceE | Pyruvate dehydrogenase, decarboxylase component E1, thiamine triphosphate-binding; Component of the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex, that catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). (887 aa) | ||||
lpd | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. (474 aa) | ||||
prpC | 2-methylcitrate synthase; Involved in the catabolism of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)(acetyl degradation route) and via the 2-methylcitrate cycle I (propionate degradation route). Catalyzes the Claisen condensation of propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) to yield 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) and CoA. Also catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl-CoA to yield citrate but with a lower specificity. (389 aa) | ||||
phoB | Response regulator in two-component regulatory system with PhoR; This protein is a positive regulator for the phosphate regulon. Transcription of this operon is positively regulated by PhoB and PhoR when phosphate is limited. (229 aa) | ||||
phoR | Sensory histidine kinase in two-component regulatory system with PhoB; Member of the two-component regulatory system PhoR/PhoB involved in the phosphate regulon genes expression. PhoR may function as a membrane-associated protein kinase that phosphorylates PhoB in response to environmental signals. (431 aa) | ||||
gltA | Citrate synthase; Protein involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration; Belongs to the citrate synthase family. (427 aa) | ||||
poxB | Pyruvate dehydrogenase, thiamine triphosphate-binding, FAD-binding; Pyruvate oxidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process and pyruvate catabolic process; Belongs to the TPP enzyme family. (572 aa) | ||||
pflA | Pyruvate formate-lyase 1-activating enzyme; Activation of pyruvate formate-lyase 1 under anaerobic conditions by generation of an organic free radical, using S- adenosylmethionine and reduced flavodoxin as cosubstrates to produce 5'-deoxy-adenosine; Belongs to the organic radical-activating enzymes family. (246 aa) | ||||
pflB | Formate acetyltransferase 1; Protein involved in anaerobic respiration and cellular amino acid catabolic process. (760 aa) | ||||
icd | Isocitrate dehydrogenase, specific for NADP+; Protein involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration; Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family. (416 aa) | ||||
fadR | Fatty acid metabolism regulon transcriptional regulator; Multifunctional regulator of fatty acid metabolism. Represses transcription of at least eight genes required for fatty acid transport and beta-oxidation including fadA, fadB, fadD, fadL and fadE. Activates transcription of at least three genes required for unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis: fabA, fabB and iclR, the gene encoding the transcriptional regulator of the aceBAK operon encoding the glyoxylate shunt enzymes. (239 aa) | ||||
adhE | Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase [acetylating]; This enzyme has three activities: ADH, ACDH, and PFL- deactivase. In aerobic conditions it acts as a hydrogen peroxide scavenger. The PFL deactivase activity catalyzes the quenching of the pyruvate-formate-lyase catalyst in an iron, NAD, and CoA dependent reaction; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family. (891 aa) | ||||
ldhA | Fermentative D-lactate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent; Fermentative lactate dehydrogenase; Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. (329 aa) | ||||
maeA | Malate dehydrogenase, decarboxylating, NAD-requiring; NAD-linked malate dehydrogenase (malic enzyme); Protein involved in gluconeogenesis. (565 aa) | ||||
pykF | Pyruvate kinase I (formerly F), fructose stimulated; Protein involved in glycolysis, fermentation and anaerobic respiration. (470 aa) | ||||
ppsA | Phosphoenolpyruvate synthase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyruvate to phosphoenolpyruvate. (792 aa) | ||||
ihfA | Integration host factor (IHF), DNA-binding protein, alpha subunit; One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. Binds to hundreds of transcriptionally inactive, AT-rich DNA sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. Has an essential role in conjugative DNA transfer (CDT), the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism [...] (99 aa) | ||||
zwf | Glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation of glucose 6-phosphate to 6- phosphogluconolactone; Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase family. (491 aa) | ||||
pykA | Pyruvate kinase II, glucose stimulated; Protein involved in glycolysis, fermentation and anaerobic respiration. (480 aa) | ||||
cheY | Chemotaxis regulator transmitting signal to flagellar motor component; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. In its active (phosphorylated or acetylated) form, CheY exhibits enhanced binding to a switch component, FliM, at the flagellar motor which induces a change from counterclockwise to clockwise flagellar rotation. Overexpression of CheY in association with MotA and MotB improves motility of a ycgR disruption, suggesting there is an interaction (direct or indirect) between the c-di-GMP-binding flagellar brake protein and th [...] (129 aa) | ||||
dld | D-lactate dehydrogenase, FAD-binding, NADH independent; Catalyzes the oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate. Electrons derived from D-lactate oxidation are transferred to the ubiquinone/cytochrome electron transfer chain, where they may be used to provide energy for the active transport of a variety of amino acids and sugars across the membrane. (571 aa) | ||||
ackA | Acetate kinase A and propionate kinase 2; Catalyzes the formation of acetyl phosphate from acetate and ATP. Can also catalyze the reverse reaction. During anaerobic growth of the organism, this enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of most of the ATP formed catabolically; Belongs to the acetokinase family. (400 aa) | ||||
pta | Phosphate acetyltransferase; Involved in acetate metabolism. Catalyzes the reversible interconversion of acetyl-CoA and acetyl phosphate. The direction of the overall reaction changes depending on growth conditions. On minimal medium acetyl-CoA is generated. In rich medium acetyl-CoA is converted to acetate and allowing the cell to dump the excess of acetylation potential in exchange for energy in the form of ATP. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the CobB/CobQ family. (714 aa) | ||||
maeB | Malic enzyme: putative oxidoreductase/phosphotransacetylase; Putative multimodular enzyme; In the N-terminal section; belongs to the malic enzymes family. (759 aa) | ||||
rpoS | RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management. (330 aa) | ||||
rpoD | RNA polymerase, sigma 70 (sigma D) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the primary sigma factor during exponential growth. Preferentially transcribes genes associated with fast growth, such as ribosomal operons, other protein-synthesis related genes, rRNA- and tRNA-encoding genes and prfB. Belongs to the sigma-70 factor family. RpoD/SigA subfamily. (613 aa) | ||||
tdcE | Pyruvate formate-lyase 4/2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase; Catalyzes the cleavage of 2-ketobutyrate to propionyl-CoA and formate. It can also use pyruvate as substrate. Belongs to the glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) family. PFL subfamily. (764 aa) | ||||
mdh | Malate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)-binding; Catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. (312 aa) | ||||
pck | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [ATP]; Involved in the gluconeogenesis. Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through direct phosphoryl transfer between the nucleoside triphosphate and OAA. Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family. (540 aa) | ||||
lldD | L-lactate dehydrogenase, FMN-linked; Catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. Seems to be a primary dehydrogenase in the respiratory chain. To a lesser extent, can also oxidize DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, but not D-lactate. (396 aa) | ||||
dnaA | Chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA, DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator; Plays a key role in the initiation and regulation of chromosomal replication. Binds in an ATP-dependent fashion to the origin of replication (oriC) to initiate formation of the DNA replication initiation complex exactly once per cell cycle. Binds the DnaA box (consensus sequence 5'-TTATC[CA]A[CA]A-3'); subsequent binding of DNA polymerase III subunits leads to replisome formation. The DnaA- ATP form converts to DnaA-ADP; once converted to ADP the protein cannot initiate replication, ensuring onl [...] (467 aa) |