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gltA | Citrate synthase; Protein involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration; Belongs to the citrate synthase family. (427 aa) | ||||
prpC | 2-methylcitrate synthase; Involved in the catabolism of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) via the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)(acetyl degradation route) and via the 2-methylcitrate cycle I (propionate degradation route). Catalyzes the Claisen condensation of propionyl-CoA and oxaloacetate (OAA) to yield 2-methylcitrate (2-MC) and CoA. Also catalyzes the condensation of oxaloacetate with acetyl-CoA to yield citrate but with a lower specificity. (389 aa) | ||||
lpd | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase; Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as of the alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes. (474 aa) | ||||
aceF | Pyruvate dehydrogenase, dihydrolipoyltransacetylase component E2; The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex catalyzes the overall conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and CO(2). It contains multiple copies of three enzymatic components: pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and lipoamide dehydrogenase (E3). (630 aa) | ||||
torZ | Trimethylamine N-oxide reductase system III, catalytic subunit; Reduces trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) into trimethylamine; an anaerobic reaction coupled to energy-yielding reactions. Can also reduce other N- and S-oxide compounds such as 4-methylmorpholine-N- oxide and biotin sulfoxide (BSO), but with a lower catalytic efficiency; Belongs to the prokaryotic molybdopterin-containing oxidoreductase family. (809 aa) | ||||
dld | D-lactate dehydrogenase, FAD-binding, NADH independent; Catalyzes the oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate. Electrons derived from D-lactate oxidation are transferred to the ubiquinone/cytochrome electron transfer chain, where they may be used to provide energy for the active transport of a variety of amino acids and sugars across the membrane. (571 aa) | ||||
glk | Glucokinase; Not highly important in E.coli as glucose is transported into the cell by the PTS system already as glucose 6-phosphate. (321 aa) | ||||
frdA | Anaerobic fumarate reductase catalytic and NAD/flavoprotein subunit; Two distinct, membrane-bound, FAD-containing enzymes are responsible for the catalysis of fumarate and succinate interconversion; the fumarate reductase is used in anaerobic growth, and the succinate dehydrogenase is used in aerobic growth. Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily. (602 aa) | ||||
nrfA | Nitrite reductase, formate-dependent, cytochrome; Catalyzes the reduction of nitrite to ammonia, consuming six electrons in the process. Has very low activity toward hydroxylamine. Has even lower activity toward sulfite. Sulfite reductase activity is maximal at neutral pH (By similarity). (478 aa) | ||||
fdx | [2Fe-2S] ferredoxin; Ferredoxin are iron-sulfur proteins that transfer electrons in a wide variety of metabolic reactions. Although the function of this ferredoxin is unknown it is probable that it has a role as a cellular electron transfer protein. Involved in the in vivo assembly of the Fe-S clusters in a wide variety of iron-sulfur proteins. (111 aa) | ||||
tdcE | Pyruvate formate-lyase 4/2-ketobutyrate formate-lyase; Catalyzes the cleavage of 2-ketobutyrate to propionyl-CoA and formate. It can also use pyruvate as substrate. Belongs to the glycyl radical enzyme (GRE) family. PFL subfamily. (764 aa) | ||||
aceA | Isocitrate lyase; Involved in the metabolic adaptation in response to environmental changes. Catalyzes the reversible formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key step of the glyoxylate cycle, which operates as an anaplerotic route for replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle during growth on fatty acid substrates. (434 aa) | ||||
ppc | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (883 aa) | ||||
lldD | L-lactate dehydrogenase, FMN-linked; Catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. Seems to be a primary dehydrogenase in the respiratory chain. To a lesser extent, can also oxidize DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, but not D-lactate. (396 aa) | ||||
pck | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [ATP]; Involved in the gluconeogenesis. Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) through direct phosphoryl transfer between the nucleoside triphosphate and OAA. Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP) family. (540 aa) | ||||
mdh | Malate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)-binding; Catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. (312 aa) | ||||
pykA | Pyruvate kinase II, glucose stimulated; Protein involved in glycolysis, fermentation and anaerobic respiration. (480 aa) | ||||
pykF | Pyruvate kinase I (formerly F), fructose stimulated; Protein involved in glycolysis, fermentation and anaerobic respiration. (470 aa) | ||||
ynfF | S- and N-oxide reductase, A subunit, periplasmic; Terminal reductase during anaerobic growth on various sulfoxide and N-oxide compounds. (807 aa) | ||||
ynfE | Putative selenate reductase, periplasmic; Terminal reductase during anaerobic growth on various sulfoxide and N-oxide compounds; Belongs to the prokaryotic molybdopterin-containing oxidoreductase family. (808 aa) | ||||
ldhA | Fermentative D-lactate dehydrogenase, NAD-dependent; Fermentative lactate dehydrogenase; Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. (329 aa) | ||||
ndh | Respiratory NADH dehydrogenase 2/cupric reductase; Transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone. Does not couple the redox reaction to proton translocation. (434 aa) | ||||
pflB | Formate acetyltransferase 1; Protein involved in anaerobic respiration and cellular amino acid catabolic process. (760 aa) | ||||
pflA | Pyruvate formate-lyase 1-activating enzyme; Activation of pyruvate formate-lyase 1 under anaerobic conditions by generation of an organic free radical, using S- adenosylmethionine and reduced flavodoxin as cosubstrates to produce 5'-deoxy-adenosine; Belongs to the organic radical-activating enzymes family. (246 aa) | ||||
dmsA | Dimethyl sulfoxide reductase, anaerobic, subunit A; Catalyzes the reduction of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) to dimethyl sulfide (DMS). DMSO reductase serves as the terminal reductase under anaerobic conditions, with DMSO being the terminal electron acceptor. Terminal reductase during anaerobic growth on various sulfoxides and N-oxide compounds. Allows E.coli to grow anaerobically on DMSO as respiratory oxidant. (814 aa) | ||||
cydB | Cytochrome d terminal oxidase, subunit II; A terminal oxidase that produces a proton motive force by the vectorial transfer of protons across the inner membrane. It is the component of the aerobic respiratory chain of E.coli that predominates when cells are grown at low aeration. Generates a proton motive force using protons and electrons from opposite sides of the membrane to generate H(2)O, transferring 1 proton/electron. (379 aa) | ||||
cydA | Cytochrome d terminal oxidase, subunit I; A terminal oxidase that produces a proton motive force by the vectorial transfer of protons across the inner membrane. It is the component of the aerobic respiratory chain of E.coli that predominates when cells are grown at low aeration. Generates a proton motive force using protons and electrons from opposite sides of the membrane to generate H(2)O, transferring 1 proton/electron. Belongs to the cytochrome ubiquinol oxidase subunit 1 family. (522 aa) |