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mcbR mcbR ydaM ydaM csgD csgD ompA ompA ompF ompF hipB hipB mcbA mcbA cspE cspE sfmA sfmA tomB tomB hha hha lon lon clpX clpX clpP clpP yaiC yaiC yafO yafO yafN yafN dinJ dinJ ftsZ ftsZ dnaJ dnaJ cspD cspD dgcZ dgcZ relE relE relB relB ihfA ihfA yeaP yeaP cspC cspC flhD flhD yedQ yedQ cbeA cbeA cbtA cbtA yefM yefM yegE yegE yfiN yfiN ratA ratA yfjZ yfjZ ypjF ypjF recA recA rpoS rpoS mazF mazF mazE mazE relA relA mqsA mqsA mqsR mqsR higA higA higB higB yhaV yhaV obgE obgE mreB mreB tnaA tnaA lexA lexA eptA eptA ghoS ghoS chpB chpB tabA tabA fimA fimA hokE hokE hokB hokB hicA hicA yoeB yoeB ghoT ghoT tisB tisB dosC dosC
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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mcbRColanic acid and biofilm gene transcriptional regulator, MqsR-controlled; Important for biofilm formation. Represses expression of McbA by binding to its promoter region, which prevents colanic acid overproduction and mucoidy. (221 aa)
ydaMDiguanylate cyclase, csgD regulator; Part of a signaling cascade that regulates curli biosynthesis. The cascade is composed of two cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) control modules, in which c-di-GMP controlled by the DgcE/PdeH pair (module I) regulates the activity of the DgcM/PdeR pair (module II), which in turn regulates activity of the transcription factor MlrA and expression of the master biofilm regulator csgD. DgcM stimulates activity of MlrA by direct interaction, leading to the transcription of csgD. It also catalyzes the synthesis of c-di-GMP via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules, w [...] (410 aa)
csgDcsgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others. (216 aa)
ompAOuter membrane protein A (3a;II*;G;d); With TolR probably plays a role in maintaining the position of the peptidoglycan cell wall in the periplasm (Probable). Plays a role in resistance to environmental stress, and a role in outer membrane functionality and cell shape. Non-covalently binds peptidoglycan (Probable). Acts as a porin with low permeability that allows slow penetration of small solutes. A very abundant protein, there can be up to 210,000 OmpA molecules per cell. Reconstitution in unilamellar lipid vesicles shows only about 3% of the protein is in an open conformation, whic [...] (346 aa)
ompFOuter membrane porin 1a (Ia;b;F); Forms pores that allow passive diffusion of small molecules across the outer membrane. (Microbial infection) A mixed OmpC-OmpF heterotrimer is the outer membrane receptor for toxin CdiA-EC536; polymorphisms in extracellular loops 4 and 5 of OmpC confer susceptibility to CdiA- EC536-mediated toxicity; Belongs to the Gram-negative porin family. (362 aa)
hipBAntitoxin of HipAB toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Neutralizes the toxic effect of cognate toxin HipA. Also neutralizes the toxic effect of non-cognate toxin YjjJ. Binds to operator sites with the consensus sequence 5-'TATCCN(8)GGATA-3' to repress the hipBA operon promoter ; binding of HipB(2) to DNA induces a 70 degree bend. This forces HipA dimerization, which blocks HipA's active site and thus its toxic action. May play a role in biofilm formation. (88 aa)
mcbAColanic acid mucoidy stimulation protein; Affects biofilm formation and mucoidy. (86 aa)
cspECold shock protein; Protein involved in transcription activator activity, transcription and response to temperature stimulus. (69 aa)
sfmAFimA homolog, function unknown; Part of the sfmACDHF fimbrial operon. Could contribute to adhesion to various surfaces in specific environmental niches. Increases adhesion to eukaryotic T24 bladder epithelial cells in the absence of fim genes. (180 aa)
tomBHha toxicity attenuator; Attenuates Hha toxicity and regulates biofilm formation. Binds to various coding and intergenic regions of genomic DNA. (124 aa)
hhaModulator of gene expression, with H-NS; Down-regulates hemolysin (hly) expression in complex with H- NS. Stimulates transposition events in vivo. Modifies the set of genes regulated by H-NS; Hha and Cnu (YdgT) increase the number of genes DNA bound by H-NS/StpA and may also modulate the oligomerization of the H-NS/StpA-complex. Binds DNA and influences DNA topology in response to environmental stimuli; does not however interact with DNA in the absence of H-NS. Involved in persister cell formation, acting downstream of mRNA interferase (toxin) MqsR. Decreases biofilm formation by repre [...] (72 aa)
lonDNA-binding ATP-dependent protease La; ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of mutant and abnormal proteins as well as certain short- lived regulatory proteins, including some antitoxins. Required for cellular homeostasis and for survival from DNA damage and developmental changes induced by stress. Degrades polypeptides processively to yield small peptide fragments that are 5 to 10 amino acids long. Binds to DNA in a double-stranded, site-specific manner. Endogenous substrates include the regulatory proteins RcsA and SulA, the transcriptional activator [...] (784 aa)
clpXATPase and specificity subunit of ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine protease; ATP-dependent specificity component of the Clp protease. Uses cycles of ATP binding and hydrolysis to unfold proteins and translocate them to the ClpP protease. It directs the protease to specific substrates both with and without the help of adapter proteins such as SspB. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. It may bind to the lambda O substrate protein and present it to the ClpP protease in a form that can be recognized a [...] (424 aa)
clpPProteolytic subunit of ClpA-ClpP and ClpX-ClpP ATP-dependent serine proteases; Cleaves peptides in various proteins in a process that requires ATP hydrolysis. Has a chymotrypsin-like activity. Plays a major role in the degradation of misfolded proteins. May play the role of a master protease which is attracted to different substrates by different specificity factors such as ClpA or ClpX. Participates in the final steps of RseA-sigma-E degradation, liberating sigma-E to induce the extracytoplasmic-stress response. Degrades antitoxin MazE. (207 aa)
yaiCDiguanylate cyclase, cellulose regualtor; A probable diguanylate cyclase. The last member of a cascade of expressed proteins, its expression requires DgcM. DgcC production induces biosynthesis of cellulose in some E.coli isolates, but not in K12 strains. Cyclic-di-GMP is a second messenger which controls cell surface-associated traits in bacteria. (371 aa)
yafOmRNA interferase toxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin YafN. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a ribosome-dependent fashion. YafO binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit in the translation complex induces mRNA cleavage 3' to the region protected by the ribosome; YafO alone is not able to di [...] (132 aa)
yafNAntitoxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents YafO-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (97 aa)
dinJAntitoxin of YafQ-DinJ toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A labile antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YafQ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. There are 2 operators with imperfect inverted repeats (IR) in the dinJ promoter, YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ only binds to the first (most upstream) of them to repress transcription; binding to a single IR is sufficient for activity in vivo and in vitro. DinJ alone is as potent a transcriptional repressor as the heterotetramer and also only need [...] (86 aa)
ftsZGTP-binding tubulin-like cell division protein; Essential cell division protein that forms a contractile ring structure (Z ring) at the future cell division site. The regulation of the ring assembly controls the timing and the location of cell division. One of the functions of the FtsZ ring is to recruit other cell division proteins to the septum to produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells. Binds GTP and shows GTPase activity. Polymerization and bundle formation is enhanced by CbeA. (383 aa)
dnaJChaperone Hsp40, DnaK co-chaperone; Interacts with DnaK and GrpE to disassemble a protein complex at the origins of replication of phage lambda and several plasmids. Participates actively in the response to hyperosmotic and heat shock by preventing the aggregation of stress-denatured proteins and by disaggregating proteins, also in an autonomous, DnaK-independent fashion. Unfolded proteins bind initially to DnaJ; upon interaction with the DnaJ-bound protein, DnaK hydrolyzes its bound ATP, resulting in the formation of a stable complex. GrpE releases ADP from DnaK; ATP binding to DnaK t [...] (376 aa)
cspDInhibitor of DNA replication, cold shock protein homolog; Inhibits DNA replication at both initiation and elongation steps, most probably by binding to the opened, single-stranded regions at replication forks. Plays a regulatory role in chromosomal replication in nutrient-depleted cells. (74 aa)
dgcZDiguanylate cyclase, zinc-sensing; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules. May act as a zinc sensor that controls, via c-di-GMP, post-translational events. Overexpression leads to a strong repression of swimming; swimming returnes to normal when residues 206-207 are both mutated to Ala. Overexpression also leads to a reduction in flagellar abundance and a 20-fold increase in c-di-GMP levels in vivo. Required for aminoglycoside-mediated induction of biofilm formation, it also plays a lesser role in biofilm production in response to ot [...] (296 aa)
relEQin prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). In vitro acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. In vitro mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl- tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. In vivo [...] (95 aa)
relBAntitoxin of the RelE-RelB toxin-antitoxin syste; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Counteracts the effect of cognate toxin RelE via direct protein-protein interaction, preventing RelE from entering the ribosome A site and thus inhibiting its endoribonuclease activity. An autorepressor of relBE operon transcription. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA- binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. Increased transcription rate of relBE and activation of relE is consistent with a lower l [...] (79 aa)
ihfAIntegration host factor (IHF), DNA-binding protein, alpha subunit; One of the 2 subunits of integration host factor (IHF), a specific DNA-binding protein that functions in genetic recombination as well as in transcriptional and translational control. Binds to hundreds of transcriptionally inactive, AT-rich DNA sites, approximately half its binding sites are in non-coding DNA, which only accounts for about 10% of the genome. Has an essential role in conjugative DNA transfer (CDT), the unidirectional transfer of ssDNA plasmid from a donor to a recipient cell. It is the central mechanism [...] (99 aa)
yeaPDiguanylate cyclase; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules. Cyclic-di-GMP is a second messenger which controls cell surface-associated traits in bacteria. (341 aa)
cspCStress protein, member of the CspA-family; Cold shock protein; Protein involved in transcription activator activity, transcription and response to temperature stimulus. (69 aa)
flhDFlagellar class II regulon transcriptional activator, with FlhC; Functions in complex with FlhC as a master transcriptional regulator that regulates transcription of several flagellar and non- flagellar operons by binding to their promoter region. Activates expression of class 2 flagellar genes, including fliA, which is a flagellum-specific sigma factor that turns on the class 3 genes. Also regulates genes whose products function in a variety of physiological pathways. (116 aa)
yedQPutative membrane-anchored diguanylate cyclase; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules (By similarity). Cyclic-di-GMP is a second messenger which controls cell surface-associated traits in bacteria. Involved in the regulation of cellulose production. (564 aa)
cbeACP4-44 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of its cognate toxin CbtA (YeeV). It does not bind to the toxin but instead binds to MreB and FtsZ (the toxin targets), enhancing their polymerization by forming higher-order bundles; it is probably retained in the MreB and FtsZ filament bundles. The mechanism has been proposed to require intergenic DNA, in cis, between the cbeA (yeeU) and cbta (yeeV) genes. The intergenic region was not found to be necessary in another study. Also counteracts the morphological defects c [...] (122 aa)
cbtACP4-44 prophage; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a dual toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation in genetically separable interactions with FtsZ and MreB. Interacts with cytoskeletal proteins FtsZ and MreB; inhibits FtsZ GTP-dependent polymerization and GTPase activity as well as MreB ATP-dependent polymerization. Binds to both the N- and C-terminus of FtsZ, likely blocking its polymerization and localization, leading to blockage of cell division. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures and decrease in col [...] (124 aa)
yefMAntitoxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of the YoeB toxin. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor. (83 aa)
yegEPutative diguanylate cyclase; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules (By similarity). Involved in the control of the switch from cell motility to adhesion via regulation of cellular levels of c-di-GMP (Probable). Part of a signaling cascade that regulates curli biosynthesis. The cascade is composed of two c-di- GMP control modules, in which c-di-GMP controlled by the DgcE/PdeH pair (module I) regulates the activity of the DgcM/PdeR pair (module II), which in turn regulates activity of the transcription factor MlrA and expression of t [...] (1105 aa)
yfiNPutative membrane-anchored diguanylate cyclase; Bifunctional protein that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic- di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in response to reductive stress and then dynamically relocates to the division site to arrest cell division in response to envelope stress. In the presence of high intracellular c-di-GMP levels, and in response to envelope stress, interacts with cell division proteins and halts cell division, without disassembling the Z ring, but by blocking its further progress toward cytokinesis. Part of a network that regulates cell motility by altering levels of c- di-GMP. (408 aa)
ratAToxic UPF0083 family protein inhibitor of 70S ribosome formation; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Binds to 50S ribosomal subunits, preventing them from associating with 30S subunits to form 70S ribosomes and reducing polysomes. It does not cause ribosomes to dissociate however. The antibiotic paromomycin blocks the anti-association activity of RatA. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures, and in a decrease in protein translation. The other gene of this operon, ratB, is not the cognate antitoxin in this strain; in CFT073 however it do [...] (158 aa)
yfjZCP4-57 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YpjF. Also counteracts the effect of non-cognate toxins CbtA and YfkI. (105 aa)
ypjFCP4-57 prophage; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a dual toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation in genetically separable interactions with FtsZ and MreB. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures. Overexpression leads to formation of lemon-shaped cells; inactivated by overexpression of cognate antitoxin YfjZ but not when the 2 genes are coexpressed from the same plasmid. Also neutralized by overexpression of non-cognate antitoxins YafW and CbeA. (109 aa)
recADNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...] (353 aa)
rpoSRNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management. (330 aa)
mazFmRNA interferase toxin, antitoxin is MazE; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific endoribonuclease it inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving mRNA and inducing bacterial stasis. It is stable, single- strand specific with mRNA cleavage independent of the ribosome, although translation enhances cleavage for some mRNAs. Cleavage occurs at the 5'-end of ACA sequences, yielding a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a free 5'-OH, although cleavage can also occur on the 3'-end of the first A. Digests 16S rRNA in vivo 43 nts upstream of the C- terminus; this remove [...] (111 aa)
mazEAntitoxin of the ChpA-ChpR toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MazF endoribonuclease toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Is considered to be an 'addiction' molecule as the cell dies in its absence. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium the overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and M [...] (82 aa)
relA(p)ppGpp synthetase I/GTP pyrophosphokinase; In eubacteria ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5-' diphosphate) is a mediator of the stringent response which coordinates a variety of cellular activities in response to changes in nutritional abundance. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of pppGpp which is then hydrolyzed to form ppGpp. The second messengers ppGpp and c-di-GMP together control biofilm formation in response to translational stress; ppGpp represses biofilm formation while c-di-GMP induces it. ppGpp activates transcription of CsrA-antagonistic small RNAs CsrB and CsrC, which d [...] (744 aa)
mqsAAntitoxin for MqsR toxin; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MqsR mRNA interferase toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Overexpression prevents MqsR-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. Initially reported to act as a cotranscription factor with MqsA. Following further experiments, the MqsR-MqsA complex does not bind DNA and all reported data are actually due to a small fraction of free MqsA alone binding DNA. Addition of MqsR to a preformed MqsA-promoter DNA complex causes d [...] (131 aa)
mqsRGCU-specific mRNA interferase toxin of the MqsR-MqsA toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Plays a significant role in the control of biofilm formation and induction of persister cells in the presence of antibiotics. An mRNA interferase which has been reported to be translation-independent. It has also been reported to be translation-dependent. Cleavage has been reported to occur on either side of G in the sequence GCU. Also reported to cleave after C in GC(A/U) sequences. There are only 14 genes in E.coli W3110 (and probably also MG1655) tha [...] (98 aa)
higAAntitoxinof the HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HigB-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (138 aa)
higBmRNA interferase toxin of the HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin HigA. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a translation-dependent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics; overexpression of this protein induces p [...] (104 aa)
yhaVToxin of the SohB(PrlF)-YhaV toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Has RNase activity in vitro. Overexpression leads to growth arrest after 30 minutes; these effects are overcome by concomitant expression of antitoxin SohA (PrlF). Massive overexpression is toxic. Unlike most other characterized TA systems degrades rRNA, and co-folding of the both TA proteins is necessary in vitro for inhibition of the RNase activity. It is not known if it has any sequence-specificity. Acts as a transcription factor. The YhaV/PrlF complex binds the prlF-yhaV o [...] (154 aa)
obgEGTPase involved in cell partioning and DNA repair; An abundant, essential GTPase which binds GTP, GDP and ppGpp with moderate affinity. Has high guanosine nucleotide exchange rate constants for GTP and GDP, and a relatively low GTP hydrolysis rate stimulated by the 50S ribosomal subunit. It is estimated there are 34000 molecules in log-phase cells and 5600 molecules in stationary- phase cells. Required for chromosome segregation. Plays a role in the stringent response, perhaps by sequestering 50S ribosomal subunits and decreasing protein synthesis , and a non-essential role in the late [...] (390 aa)
mreBCell wall structural complex MreBCD, actin-like component MreB; Forms membrane-associated dynamic filaments that are essential for cell shape determination. Acts by regulating cell wall synthesis and cell elongation, and thus cell shape. A feedback loop between cell geometry and MreB localization maintains elongated cell shape by targeting cell wall growth to regions of negative cell wall curvature. Filaments rotate around the cell circumference in concert with the cell wall synthesis enzymes. The process is driven by the cell wall synthesis machinery and does not depend on MreB polyme [...] (347 aa)
tnaAtryptophanase/L-cysteine desulfhydrase, PLP-dependent; Tryptophanase; Protein involved in cellular amino acid catabolic process; Belongs to the beta-eliminating lyase family. (471 aa)
lexATranscriptional repressor of SOS regulon; Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Binds to the 16 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CTGTATATATATACAG-3'. In the presence of single- stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment .The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence [...] (202 aa)
eptALipid A phosphoethanolamine transferase; Catalyzes the addition of a phosphoethanolamine moiety to the lipid A. The phosphoethanolamine modification is required for resistance to polymyxin; Belongs to the phosphoethanolamine transferase family. EptA subfamily. (547 aa)
ghoSAntitoxin of GhoTS toxin-antitoxin pair; Antitoxin component of a type V toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Neutralizes the toxic effects of toxin GhoT by digesting ghoT transcripts in a sequence-specific manner. In concert with GhoT is involved in reducing cell growth during antibacterial stress. Overexpression leads to transcript level reduction of 20 other mRNAs involved in purine or pyrimidine synthesis and transport. Not seen to bind its own promoter DNA. (98 aa)
chpBToxin of the ChpB-ChpS toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. ChpB is a sequence-specific mRNA and (weak) tmRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits protein synthesis and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage is independent of the ribosome. Cleavage occurs at ACY sequences where Y is not C. The endoribonuclease activity is not as strong as that of MazF. The endoribonuclease activity (a toxin) is inhibited by its labile cognate antitoxin ChpS. Toxicity results when the levels of ChpS decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. Both ChpS and ChpB [...] (116 aa)
tabABiofilm modulator regulated by toxins; Influences biofilm formation. Represses fimbria genes in 8 hours biofilms. May act in response to the combined activity of several toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. (150 aa)
fimAMajor type 1 subunit fimbrin (pilin); Fimbriae (also called pili), polar filaments radiating from the surface of the bacterium to a length of 0.5-1.5 micrometers and numbering 100-300 per cell, enable bacteria to colonize the epithelium of specific host organs. (182 aa)
hokEToxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system; if it expressed it could be neutralized by antisense antitoxin RNA SokE. Belongs to the Hok/Gef family. (50 aa)
hokBToxic polypeptide, small; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). When overexpressed kills cells within minutes; causes collapse of the transmembrane potential and arrest of respiration. Expression leads to membrane depolarization; when protein levels are high enough depolarization probably leads to lowered metabolic activity which in turn induces some cells to enter the persistent state in which they transiently survive antibiotic exposure. Its toxic effect is probably neutralized by antisense antitoxin RNA SokB, which is encoded in trans on the opposite DN [...] (49 aa)
hicAmRNA interferase toxin of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-independent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome (after 90 minutes) by subsequent expression of antitoxin HicB. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs and tmRNA, in a translation-independent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics ; Belongs t [...] (58 aa)
yoeBToxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its mode of function is controversial; it has been proposed to be an mRNA interferase but also an inhibitor of translation initiation. When overproduced in wild-type cells, inhibits bacterial growth and translation by cleavage of mRNA molecules while it has a weak effect on colony forming ability. Overproduction of Lon protease specifically activates YoeB-dependent mRNA cleavage, leading to lethality. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription [...] (84 aa)
ghoTToxin of GhoTS toxin-antitoxin pair; Toxic component of a type V toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Causes membrane damage when induced by MqsR, slowing cell growth and increasing the formation of dormant persister cells; involved with GhoS, its antitoxin, in reducing cell growth during antibacterial stress. Overexpression causes cell lysis, forming ghost cells; both effects are neutralized by expression of GhoS. Overexpression in the presence of ampicillin increases persister cell formation (persister cells exhibit antibiotic tolerance without genetic change). Overexpression causes about 90 [...] (57 aa)
tisBToxic membrane persister formation peptide, LexA-regulated; Toxic component of a type I toxin-antitoxin (TA) system (Probable). Overexpression causes cessation of growth, induces stress-response, a number of membrane protein genes, and leads to cell death. Inhibits ATP synthesis, ATP levels drop drastically quickly after induction. Part of the programmed response to DNA damage; damage leads to increased accumulation of the protein which slows or stops bacterial growth, probably allowing DNA repair before cells continue to grow. (29 aa)
dosCDiguanylate cyclase, cold- and stationary phase-induced oxygen-dependent biofilm regulator; Globin-coupled heme-based oxygen sensor protein displaying diguanylate cyclase (DGC) activity in response to oxygen availability. Thus, catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules. Is involved in the modulation of intracellular c-di-GMP levels, in association with DosP which catalyzes the degradation of c-di-GMP (PDE activity). Cyclic-di-GMP is a second messenger which controls cell surface-associated traits in bacteria. DosC regulates biofilm [...] (460 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Escherichia coli K12
NCBI taxonomy Id: 511145
Other names: E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. MG1655, Escherichia coli strain MG1655
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