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apaH apaH folA folA yefM yefM pka pka rnlA rnlA recA recA rpoS rpoS mazG mazG mazF mazF mazE mazE relA relA mqsA mqsA parE parE dnaG dnaG higA higA crp crp lexA lexA chpB chpB ecnB ecnB hicA hicA yoeB yoeB dinB dinB dinJ dinJ yafQ yafQ pth pth rnb rnb paaA paaA hicB hicB hipA hipA relE relE relB relB gyrA gyrA lon lon sxy sxy csgD csgD
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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apaHDiadenosine tetraphosphatase; Hydrolyzes diadenosine 5',5'''-P1,P4-tetraphosphate to yield ADP; Belongs to the Ap4A hydrolase family. (280 aa)
folADihydrofolate reductase; Key enzyme in folate metabolism. Catalyzes an essential reaction for de novo glycine and purine synthesis, and for DNA precursor synthesis. (159 aa)
yefMAntitoxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of the YoeB toxin. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor. (83 aa)
pkaProtein lysine acetyltransferase; Catalyzes the acetyl-CoA-dependent acetylation of lysine residues of a large number of target proteins. Acetylates RNase R in exponential phase cells and RNase II. Required for the glucose-dependent acetylation on multiple lysines of alpha, beta and beta' RNAP subunits. Also acetylates acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase (Acs) and the chromosomal replication initiator protein DnaA, and inhibits their activity. Overexpression leads to the acetylation of a large number of additional proteins and inhibits motility. (886 aa)
rnlACP4-57 prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A stable (half-life 27.6 minutes) endoribonuclease that in the absence of cognate antitoxin RnlB causes generalized RNA degradation. Degrades late enterobacteria phage T4 mRNAs, protecting the host against T4 reproduction. Activity is inhibited by cognate antitoxin RnlB and by enterobacteria phage T4 protein Dmd. Targets cyaA mRNA. (357 aa)
recADNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...] (353 aa)
rpoSRNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management. (330 aa)
mazGNucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase; Involved in the regulation of bacterial cell survival under conditions of nutritional stress. Regulates the type II MazE-MazF toxin-antitoxin (TA) system which mediates programmed cell death (PCD). This is achieved by lowering the cellular concentration of (p)ppGpp produced by RelA under amino acid starvation, thus protecting the cell from the toxicity of MazF. Reduction of (p)ppGpp can be achieved by direct degradation of (p)ppGpp or by degradation of NTPs, which are substrates for (p)ppGpp synthesis by RelA. Belongs to the nucleoside trip [...] (263 aa)
mazFmRNA interferase toxin, antitoxin is MazE; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific endoribonuclease it inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving mRNA and inducing bacterial stasis. It is stable, single- strand specific with mRNA cleavage independent of the ribosome, although translation enhances cleavage for some mRNAs. Cleavage occurs at the 5'-end of ACA sequences, yielding a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a free 5'-OH, although cleavage can also occur on the 3'-end of the first A. Digests 16S rRNA in vivo 43 nts upstream of the C- terminus; this remove [...] (111 aa)
mazEAntitoxin of the ChpA-ChpR toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MazF endoribonuclease toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Is considered to be an 'addiction' molecule as the cell dies in its absence. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium the overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and M [...] (82 aa)
relA(p)ppGpp synthetase I/GTP pyrophosphokinase; In eubacteria ppGpp (guanosine 3'-diphosphate 5-' diphosphate) is a mediator of the stringent response which coordinates a variety of cellular activities in response to changes in nutritional abundance. This enzyme catalyzes the formation of pppGpp which is then hydrolyzed to form ppGpp. The second messengers ppGpp and c-di-GMP together control biofilm formation in response to translational stress; ppGpp represses biofilm formation while c-di-GMP induces it. ppGpp activates transcription of CsrA-antagonistic small RNAs CsrB and CsrC, which d [...] (744 aa)
mqsAAntitoxin for MqsR toxin; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MqsR mRNA interferase toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Overexpression prevents MqsR-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. Initially reported to act as a cotranscription factor with MqsA. Following further experiments, the MqsR-MqsA complex does not bind DNA and all reported data are actually due to a small fraction of free MqsA alone binding DNA. Addition of MqsR to a preformed MqsA-promoter DNA complex causes d [...] (131 aa)
parEDNA topoisomerase IV, subunit B; Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation; it is the principal protein responsible for decatenating newly replicated chromosomes. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. MukB stimulates the relaxation activity of topoisomerase IV and also has a modest effect on decatenation. Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family. ParE type 1 subfamily. (630 aa)
dnaGDNA primase; RNA polymerase that catalyzes the synthesis of short RNA molecules used as primers for DNA polymerase during DNA replication. (581 aa)
higAAntitoxinof the HigB-HigA toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HigB-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (138 aa)
crpcAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...] (210 aa)
lexATranscriptional repressor of SOS regulon; Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Binds to the 16 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CTGTATATATATACAG-3'. In the presence of single- stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment .The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence [...] (202 aa)
chpBToxin of the ChpB-ChpS toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. ChpB is a sequence-specific mRNA and (weak) tmRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits protein synthesis and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage is independent of the ribosome. Cleavage occurs at ACY sequences where Y is not C. The endoribonuclease activity is not as strong as that of MazF. The endoribonuclease activity (a toxin) is inhibited by its labile cognate antitoxin ChpS. Toxicity results when the levels of ChpS decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. Both ChpS and ChpB [...] (116 aa)
ecnBEntericidin B membrane lipoprotein; Plays a role in the bacteriolysis. Is activated under conditions of high osmolarity by the factor sigma S. Entericidin A functions as an antidote; Belongs to the EcnA/EcnB lipoprotein family. (48 aa)
hicAmRNA interferase toxin of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-independent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome (after 90 minutes) by subsequent expression of antitoxin HicB. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs and tmRNA, in a translation-independent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics ; Belongs t [...] (58 aa)
yoeBToxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its mode of function is controversial; it has been proposed to be an mRNA interferase but also an inhibitor of translation initiation. When overproduced in wild-type cells, inhibits bacterial growth and translation by cleavage of mRNA molecules while it has a weak effect on colony forming ability. Overproduction of Lon protease specifically activates YoeB-dependent mRNA cleavage, leading to lethality. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription [...] (84 aa)
dinBDNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...] (351 aa)
dinJAntitoxin of YafQ-DinJ toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A labile antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YafQ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. There are 2 operators with imperfect inverted repeats (IR) in the dinJ promoter, YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ only binds to the first (most upstream) of them to repress transcription; binding to a single IR is sufficient for activity in vivo and in vitro. DinJ alone is as potent a transcriptional repressor as the heterotetramer and also only need [...] (86 aa)
yafQmRNA interferase toxin of toxin-antitoxin pair YafQ/DinJ; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation elongation and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage occurs between the second and third residue of the Lys codon followed by a G or A (5'AAA(G/A)3'), is reading-frame dependent and occurs within the 5' end of most mRNAs. Ribosome-binding confers the sequence specificity and reading frame- dependence. When overexpressed in liquid media YafQ partially inhibits protein synthesis, with a reduction in growth rat [...] (92 aa)
pthpeptidyl-tRNA hydrolase; The natural substrate for this enzyme may be peptidyl-tRNAs which drop off the ribosome during protein synthesis. Involved in lambda inhibition of host protein synthesis. PTH activity may, directly or indirectly, be the target for lambda bar RNA leading to rap cell death. (194 aa)
rnbRibonuclease II; Involved in mRNA degradation. Hydrolyzes single-stranded polyribonucleotides processively in the 3' to 5' direction. RNases 2 and R (rnr) contribute to rRNA degradation during starvation, while RNase R and PNPase (pnp) are the major contributors to quality control of rRNA during steady state growth. This RNase is required to decrease expression of RNase PH (rnp) at 42 degrees Celsius during starvation, which in turn represses rRNA degradation. Belongs to the RNR ribonuclease family. RNase II subfamily. (644 aa)
paaARing 1,2-phenylacetyl-CoA epoxidase subunit; Component of 1,2-phenylacetyl-CoA epoxidase multicomponent enzyme system which catalyzes the reduction of phenylacetyl-CoA (PA- CoA) to form 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA. The subunit A is the catalytic subunit involved in the incorporation of one atom of molecular oxygen into phenylacetyl-CoA. (309 aa)
hicBAntitoxin for the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents HicA-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (138 aa)
hipASerine/threonine-protein kinase toxin HipA; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, first identified by mutations that increase production of persister cells, a fraction of cells that are phenotypic variants not killed by antibiotics, which lead to multidrug tolerance. Persistence may be ultimately due to global remodeling of the persister cell's ribosomes. Phosphorylates Glu-tRNA-ligase (AC P04805, gltX, on 'Ser-239') in vivo. Phosphorylation of GltX prevents it from being charged, leading to an increase in uncharged tRNA(Glu). This induces amino acid starvation and [...] (440 aa)
relEQin prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). In vitro acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. In vitro mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl- tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. In vivo [...] (95 aa)
relBAntitoxin of the RelE-RelB toxin-antitoxin syste; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Counteracts the effect of cognate toxin RelE via direct protein-protein interaction, preventing RelE from entering the ribosome A site and thus inhibiting its endoribonuclease activity. An autorepressor of relBE operon transcription. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA- binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. Increased transcription rate of relBE and activation of relE is consistent with a lower l [...] (79 aa)
gyrADNA gyrase (type II topoisomerase), subunit A; A type II topoisomerase that negatively supercoils closed circular double-stranded (ds) DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to maintain chromosomes in an underwound state. This makes better substrates for topoisomerase IV (ParC and ParE) which is the main enzyme that unlinks newly replicated chromosomes in E.coli. Gyrase catalyzes the interconversion of other topological isomers of dsDNA rings, including catenanes. Relaxes negatively supercoiled DNA in an ATP-independent manner. E.coli gyrase has higher supercoiling activity than many other bac [...] (875 aa)
lonDNA-binding ATP-dependent protease La; ATP-dependent serine protease that mediates the selective degradation of mutant and abnormal proteins as well as certain short- lived regulatory proteins, including some antitoxins. Required for cellular homeostasis and for survival from DNA damage and developmental changes induced by stress. Degrades polypeptides processively to yield small peptide fragments that are 5 to 10 amino acids long. Binds to DNA in a double-stranded, site-specific manner. Endogenous substrates include the regulatory proteins RcsA and SulA, the transcriptional activator [...] (784 aa)
sxyCRP-S-dependent promoter expression factor; Induces low levels of natural DNA uptake by inducing transcription of the competence genes (the CRP-S regulon) required for DNA transformation. Induction of the CRP-S regulon also requires Sxy- activated promoter (CRP-S), cAMP receptor protein (CRP) and cAMP. Induces CRP-S site-containing genes which are involved in genome maintenance and transcription or encoding transposases and toxin-antitoxin pairs. (209 aa)
csgDcsgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others. (216 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Escherichia coli K12
NCBI taxonomy Id: 511145
Other names: E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. MG1655, Escherichia coli strain MG1655
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