DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Transcriptional repressor of SOS regulon; Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Binds to the 16 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CTGTATATATATACAG-3'. In the presence of single- stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment .The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence [...]

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Methyl-directed mismatch repair protein; Sequence-specific endonuclease that cleaves unmethylated GATC sequences. It is involved in DNA mismatch repair.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Methyl-directed mismatch repair protein; This protein is involved in the repair of mismatches in DNA. It is required for dam-dependent methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair. May act as a 'molecular matchmaker', a protein that promotes the formation of a stable complex between two or more DNA-binding proteins in an ATP-dependent manner without itself being part of the final effector complex. The ATPase activity of MutL is stimulated by DNA.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Formamidopyrimidine/5-formyluracil/ 5-hydroxymethyluracil DNA glycosylase; Involved in base excision repair of DNA damaged by oxidation or by mutagenic agents. Acts as DNA glycosylase that recognizes and removes damaged bases. Has a preference for oxidized purines, such as 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) and its derivatives such as guanidinohydantoin:C and spiroiminodihydantoin:C, however it also acts on thymine glycol:G, 5,6-dihydrouracil:G and 5-hydroxyuracil:G. Has AP (apurinic/apyrimidinic) lyase activity and introduces nicks in the DNA strand. Cleaves the DNA backbone by beta-de [...]

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

dGTP-preferring nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase; Involved in the GO system responsible for removing an oxidatively damaged form of guanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine) from DNA and the nucleotide pool. 8-oxo-dGTP is inserted opposite dA and dC residues of template DNA with almost equal efficiency thus leading to A.T to G.C transversions. MutT specifically degrades 8-oxo-dGTP to the monophosphate; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Adenine DNA glycosylase; Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs. MutY also corrects error-prone DNA synthesis past GO lesions which are due to the oxidatively damaged form of guanine: 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo- dGTP); Belongs to the Nth/MutY family.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

DNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...]

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

RNA polymerase, beta subunit; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Translesion error-prone DNA polymerase V subunit; Involved in UV protection and mutation. Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair. Essential for induced (or SOS) mutagenesis. Able to replicate DNA across DNA lesions (thymine photodimers and abasic sites, translesion synthesis) in the presence of activated RecA; efficiency is maximal in the presence of the beta sliding-clamp and clamp-loading complex of DNA polymerase III plus single-stranded binding protein (SSB). RecA and to a lesser extent the beta clamp- complex may target Pol V to replication co [...]

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

Translesion error-prone DNA polymerase V subunit; Involved in UV protection and mutation. Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair. Essential for induced (or SOS) mutagenesis. Able to replicate DNA across DNA lesions (thymine photodimers and abasic sites, called translesion synthesis) in the presence of activated RecA; efficiency is maximal in the presence of the beta sliding-clamp and clamp-loading complex of DNA polymerase III plus single-stranded binding protein (SSB). RecA and to a lesser extent the beta clamp-complex may target Pol V to replicat [...]

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

DNA polymerase IV; Poorly processive, error-prone DNA polymerase involved in translesion repair and untargeted mutagenesis. Copies undamaged DNA at stalled replication forks, which arise in vivo from mismatched or misaligned primer ends. These misaligned primers can be extended by Pol IV. Exhibits no 3'-5' exonuclease (proofreading) activity. Overexpression of Pol IV results in increased frameshift mutagenesis. It is required for stationary-phase adaptive mutation, which provides the bacterium with flexibility in dealing with environmental stress, enhancing long- term survival and evol [...]

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

Transcriptional repressor of SOS regulon; Represses a number of genes involved in the response to DNA damage (SOS response), including recA and lexA. Binds to the 16 bp palindromic sequence 5'-CTGTATATATATACAG-3'. In the presence of single- stranded DNA, RecA interacts with LexA causing an autocatalytic cleavage which disrupts the DNA-binding part of LexA, leading to derepression of the SOS regulon and eventually DNA repair. Implicated in hydroxy radical-mediated cell death induced by hydroxyurea treatment .The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence [...]

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

Methyl-directed mismatch repair protein; This protein is involved in the repair of mismatches in DNA. It is required for dam-dependent methyl-directed DNA mismatch repair. May act as a 'molecular matchmaker', a protein that promotes the formation of a stable complex between two or more DNA-binding proteins in an ATP-dependent manner without itself being part of the final effector complex. The ATPase activity of MutL is stimulated by DNA.

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

dGTP-preferring nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase; Involved in the GO system responsible for removing an oxidatively damaged form of guanine (7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine) from DNA and the nucleotide pool. 8-oxo-dGTP is inserted opposite dA and dC residues of template DNA with almost equal efficiency thus leading to A.T to G.C transversions. MutT specifically degrades 8-oxo-dGTP to the monophosphate; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family.

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

Adenine DNA glycosylase; Adenine glycosylase active on G-A mispairs. MutY also corrects error-prone DNA synthesis past GO lesions which are due to the oxidatively damaged form of guanine: 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo- dGTP); Belongs to the Nth/MutY family.

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

DNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...]

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

RNA polymerase, beta subunit; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates.

beta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family.

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.