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pheA pheA argA argA araE araE bglA bglA speC speC patA patA ebgA ebgA nanR nanR mdh mdh argR argR chiA chiA glpD glpD gadA gadA xylB xylB xylA xylA malS malS lldP lldP lldD lldD bglF bglF ilvE ilvE glpK glpK glpF glpF ppc ppc argB argB aceB aceB cadB cadB ldcC ldcC argF argF lacY lacY lacZ lacZ proC proC nagA nagA nagB nagB nagE nagE glnS glnS aroG aroG rhtA rhtA deoR deoR ybjE ybjE icd icd hemA hemA trpD trpD trpE trpE patD patD gadB gadB pfkB pfkB gapA gapA amyA amyA dld dld fruA fruA ackA ackA pta pta glk glk gltX gltX crr crr murQ murQ murP murP gabT gabT hemL hemL araB araB araA araA araD araD
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splice isoforms or post-translational modifications are collapsed, i.e. each node represents all the proteins produced by a single, protein-coding gene locus.
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query proteins and first shell of interactors
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second shell of interactors
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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a 3D structure is known or predicted
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from curated databases
experimentally determined
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pheAChorismate mutase and prephenate dehydratase, P-protein; Catalyzes the Claisen rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate and the decarboxylation/dehydration of prephenate to phenylpyruvate. (386 aa)
argAAmino acid N-acetyltransferase and inactive acetylglutamate kinase; N-acetylglutamate synthase; amino acid acetyltransferase; Protein involved in arginine biosynthetic process; Belongs to the acetyltransferase family. ArgA subfamily. (443 aa)
araEArabinose transporter; Uptake of arabinose across the boundary membrane with the concomitant transport of protons into the cell (symport system). (472 aa)
bglA6-phospho-beta-glucosidase A; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphorylated beta-glucosides into glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P) and aglycone. It has a high affinity for phosphorylated aromatic beta-glucosides (p-nitrophenyl-beta- glucoside, phenyl beta-glucoside, arbutin), with the exception of phosphorylated salicin, and a low affinity for phosphorylated beta- methyl-glucoside. Apparently, it has only a very limited role in the utilization of external beta-glucosides; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 1 family. (479 aa)
speCOrnithine decarboxylase, constitutive; Ornithine decarboxylase isozyme; Protein involved in polyamine biosynthetic process. (711 aa)
patAPutrescine:2-oxoglutaric acid aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Catalyzes the aminotransferase reaction from putrescine to 2- oxoglutarate, leading to glutamate and 4-aminobutanal, which spontaneously cyclizes to form 1-pyrroline. This is the first step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4- aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA) via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a cadaverine transaminase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cad [...] (459 aa)
ebgAEvolved beta-D-galactosidase, alpha subunit; The wild-type enzyme is an ineffective lactase. Two classes of point mutations dramatically improve activity of the enzyme; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family. (1030 aa)
nanRSialic acid-inducible nan operon repressor; Transcriptional repressor that controls expression of the genes required for the catabolism of sialic acids. Represses expression of the nanATEK- yhcH, nanCMS and yjhBC operons. Acts by binding directly to the Nan box, a region of approximately 30 bp covering the promoter region. (263 aa)
mdhMalate dehydrogenase, NAD(P)-binding; Catalyzes the reversible oxidation of malate to oxaloacetate. (312 aa)
argRL-arginine-responsive arginine metabolism regulon transcriptional regulator; Negatively controls the expression of the four operons of arginine biosynthesis in addition to the carAB operon. Predominantly interacts with A/T residues in ARG boxes. It also binds to a specific site in cer locus. Thus it is essential for cer-mediated site-specific recombination in ColE1. It is necessary for monomerization of the plasmid ColE1; Belongs to the ArgR family. (156 aa)
chiAPeriplasmic endochitinase; Bifunctional enzyme with lysozyme/chitinase activity. (897 aa)
glpDSn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, aerobic, FAD/NAD(P)-binding; Conversion of glycerol 3-phosphate to dihydroxyacetone. Uses molecular oxygen or nitrate as electron acceptor. (501 aa)
gadAGlutamate decarboxylase A, PLP-dependent; Converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), consuming one intracellular proton in the reaction. The gad system helps to maintain a near-neutral intracellular pH when cells are exposed to extremely acidic conditions. The ability to survive transit through the acidic conditions of the stomach is essential for successful colonization of the mammalian host by commensal and pathogenic bacteria. (466 aa)
xylBXylulokinase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-xylulose to D-xylulose 5- phosphate. Also catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1- deoxy-D-xylulose to 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate, with lower efficiency. Can also use D-ribulose, xylitol and D- arabitol, but D-xylulose is preferred over the other substrates. Has a weak substrate-independent Mg-ATP-hydrolyzing activity ; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (484 aa)
xylAD-xylose isomerase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process and glucose metabolic process; Belongs to the xylose isomerase family. (440 aa)
malSAlpha-amylase; Since only maltooligosaccharides up to a chain length of 6 glucose units are actively transported through the cytoplasmic membrane via the membrane-bound complex of three proteins, MalF, MalG, and MalK, longer maltooligosaccharides must first be degraded by the periplasmic alpha-amylase, the MalS protein; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. (676 aa)
lldPL-lactate permease; Transports L-lactate across the membrane. Can also transport D-lactate and glycolate. Seems to be driven by a proton motive force. (551 aa)
lldDL-lactate dehydrogenase, FMN-linked; Catalyzes the conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate. Seems to be a primary dehydrogenase in the respiratory chain. To a lesser extent, can also oxidize DL-alpha-hydroxybutyrate, but not D-lactate. (396 aa)
bglFFused beta-glucoside-specific PTS enzymes: IIA component/IIB component/IIC component; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active -transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. This system is involved in beta-glucoside transport. (625 aa)
ilvEBranched-chain amino acid aminotransferase; Acts on leucine, isoleucine and valine. (309 aa)
glpKGlycerol kinase; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of glycerol to yield sn- glycerol 3-phosphate. It also catalyzes the phosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone, L-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde. It uses only ATP; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (502 aa)
glpFGlycerol facilitator; Transporter of glycerol across the cytoplasmic membrane, with limited permeability to water and small uncharged compounds such as polyols; Belongs to the MIP/aquaporin (TC 1.A.8) family. (281 aa)
ppcPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase; Forms oxaloacetate, a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid source for the tricarboxylic acid cycle. (883 aa)
argBAcetylglutamate kinase; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of N-acetyl-L- glutamate; Belongs to the acetylglutamate kinase family. ArgB subfamily. (258 aa)
aceBMalate synthase A; Protein involved in glyoxylate cycle. (533 aa)
cadBPutative lysine/cadaverine transporter; Probable cadaverine/lysine antiporter or part of it. (444 aa)
ldcCLysine decarboxylase 2, constitutive; Plays a role in lysine utilization by acting as a lysine decarboxylase. (713 aa)
argFOrnithine carbamoyltransferase 2, chain F; Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of the carbamoyl group from carbamoyl phosphate (CP) to the N(epsilon) atom of ornithine (ORN) to produce L-citrulline, which is a substrate for argininosuccinate synthetase, the enzyme involved in the final step in arginine biosynthesis. (334 aa)
lacYLactose permease; Responsible for transport of beta-galactosides into the cell, with the concomitant import of a proton (symport system). Can transport lactose, melibiose, lactulose or the analog methyl-1-thio-beta,D- galactopyranoside (TMG), but not sucrose or fructose. The substrate specificity is directed toward the galactopyranosyl moiety of the substrate. (417 aa)
lacZbeta-D-galactosidase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 2 family. (1024 aa)
proCPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, NAD(P)-binding; Catalyzes the reduction of 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (PCA) to L-proline. Does not catalyze the reverse reaction. (269 aa)
nagAN-acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate deacetylase; Involved in the first step in the biosynthesis of amino- sugar-nucleotides. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the N-acetyl group of N- acetylglucosamine-6-phosphate (GlcNAc-6-P) to yield glucosamine 6- phosphate and acetate. In vitro, can also hydrolyze substrate analogs such as N-thioacetyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate, N-trifluoroacetyl-D- glucosamine-6-phosphate, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine-6-sulfate, N-acetyl-D- galactosamine-6-phosphate, and N-formyl-D-glucosamine-6-phosphate. (382 aa)
nagBGlucosamine-6-phosphate deaminase; Catalyzes the reversible isomerization-deamination of glucosamine 6-phosphate (GlcN6P) to form fructose 6-phosphate (Fru6P) and ammonium ion; Belongs to the glucosamine/galactosamine-6-phosphate isomerase family. NagB subfamily. (266 aa)
nagEN-acetyl glucosamine specific PTS enzyme IIC, IIB, and IIA components; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. This system is involved in N-acetylglucosamine transport. It can also transport and phosphorylate the antibiotic streptozotocin. Could play a significant role in the recycling of peptidoglycan. (648 aa)
glnSGlutamine tRNA synthetase; Protein involved in tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation. (554 aa)
aroG3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase, phenylalanine repressible; Stereospecific condensation of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and D-erythrose-4-phosphate (E4P) giving rise to 3-deoxy-D-arabino- heptulosonate-7-phosphate (DAHP); Belongs to the class-I DAHP synthase family. (350 aa)
rhtAThreonine and homoserine efflux system; Involved in the efflux of threonine and homoserine. Can also export other amino acids such as proline, serine, histidine and cysteine; Belongs to the drug/metabolite transporter (DMT) superfamily. 10 TMS drug/metabolite exporter (DME) (TC 2.A.7.3) family. (295 aa)
deoRDeoxyribose-5-phosphate-inducible deoxyribose operon transcriptional repressor; This protein is one of the repressors that regulate the expression of deoCABD genes, which encode nucleotide and deoxy ribonucleotide catabolizing enzymes. It also negatively regulates the expression of nupG (a transport protein) and tsx (a pore-forming protein). The inducer is deoxyribose-5-phosphate. (252 aa)
ybjEPutative transporter; Mediates export of lysine; Belongs to the LysO family. (299 aa)
icdIsocitrate dehydrogenase, specific for NADP+; Protein involved in tricarboxylic acid cycle and anaerobic respiration; Belongs to the isocitrate and isopropylmalate dehydrogenases family. (416 aa)
hemAGlutamyl tRNA reductase; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of glutamyl-tRNA(Glu) to glutamate 1-semialdehyde (GSA). In the absence of NADPH, exhibits substrate esterase activity, leading to the release of glutamate from tRNA. (418 aa)
trpDAnthranilate phosphoribosyltransferase; Part of a heterotetrameric complex that catalyzes the two- step biosynthesis of anthranilate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. In the first step, the glutamine-binding beta subunit (TrpG) of anthranilate synthase (AS) provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity which generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by the large alpha subunit of AS (TrpE) to produce anthranilate. In the absence of TrpG, TrpE can synthesize anthranilate directly from chorismate and high con [...] (531 aa)
trpEComponent I of anthranilate synthase; Part of a heterotetrameric complex that catalyzes the two- step biosynthesis of anthranilate, an intermediate in the biosynthesis of L-tryptophan. In the first step, the glutamine-binding beta subunit (TrpG) of anthranilate synthase (AS) provides the glutamine amidotransferase activity which generates ammonia as a substrate that, along with chorismate, is used in the second step, catalyzed by the large alpha subunit of AS (TrpE) to produce anthranilate. In the absence of TrpG, TrpE can synthesize anthranilate directly from chorismate and high conce [...] (520 aa)
patDGamma-aminobutyraldehyde dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the oxidation 4-aminobutanal (gamma- aminobutyraldehyde) to 4-aminobutanoate (gamma-aminobutyrate or GABA). This is the second step in one of two pathways for putrescine degradation, where putrescine is converted into 4-aminobutanoate via 4-aminobutanal, which allows E.coli to grow on putrescine as the sole nitrogen source. Also functions as a 5-aminopentanal dehydrogenase in a a L-lysine degradation pathway to succinate that proceeds via cadaverine, glutarate and L-2-hydroxyglutarate. Can also oxidize n-alkyl medium-chain aldehydes, bu [...] (474 aa)
gadBGlutamate decarboxylase B, PLP-dependent; Converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), consuming one intracellular proton in the reaction. The gad system helps to maintain a near-neutral intracellular pH when cells are exposed to extremely acidic conditions. The ability to survive transit through the acidic conditions of the stomach is essential for successful colonization of the mammalian host by commensal and pathogenic bacteria; Belongs to the group II decarboxylase family. (466 aa)
pfkB6-phosphofructokinase II; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis. (309 aa)
gapAGlyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase A; Catalyzes the oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (G3P) to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) using the cofactor NAD. The first reaction step involves the formation of a hemiacetal intermediate between G3P and a cysteine residue, and this hemiacetal intermediate is then oxidized to a thioester, with concomitant reduction of NAD to NADH. The reduced NADH is then exchanged with the second NAD, and the thioester is attacked by a nucleophilic inorganic phosphate to produce BPG. (331 aa)
amyACytoplasmic alpha-amylase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process and polysaccharide catabolic process; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. (495 aa)
dldD-lactate dehydrogenase, FAD-binding, NADH independent; Catalyzes the oxidation of D-lactate to pyruvate. Electrons derived from D-lactate oxidation are transferred to the ubiquinone/cytochrome electron transfer chain, where they may be used to provide energy for the active transport of a variety of amino acids and sugars across the membrane. (571 aa)
fruAFused fructose-specific PTS enzymes: IIBcomponent/IIC components; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II FruAB PTS system is involved in fructose transport. (563 aa)
ackAAcetate kinase A and propionate kinase 2; Catalyzes the formation of acetyl phosphate from acetate and ATP. Can also catalyze the reverse reaction. During anaerobic growth of the organism, this enzyme is also involved in the synthesis of most of the ATP formed catabolically; Belongs to the acetokinase family. (400 aa)
ptaPhosphate acetyltransferase; Involved in acetate metabolism. Catalyzes the reversible interconversion of acetyl-CoA and acetyl phosphate. The direction of the overall reaction changes depending on growth conditions. On minimal medium acetyl-CoA is generated. In rich medium acetyl-CoA is converted to acetate and allowing the cell to dump the excess of acetylation potential in exchange for energy in the form of ATP. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the CobB/CobQ family. (714 aa)
glkGlucokinase; Not highly important in E.coli as glucose is transported into the cell by the PTS system already as glucose 6-phosphate. (321 aa)
gltXglutamyl-tRNA synthetase; Catalyzes the attachment of glutamate to tRNA(Glu) in a two- step reaction: glutamate is first activated by ATP to form Glu-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Glu). (471 aa)
crrGlucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...] (169 aa)
murQN-acetylmuramic acid 6-phosphate (MurNAc-6-P) etherase; Specifically catalyzes the cleavage of the D-lactyl ether substituent of MurNAc 6-phosphate, producing GlcNAc 6-phosphate and D- lactate. Is required for growth on MurNAc as the sole source of carbon and energy. Together with AnmK, is also required for the utilization of anhydro-N-acetylmuramic acid (anhMurNAc) either imported from the medium or derived from its own cell wall murein, and thus plays a role in cell wall recycling. (298 aa)
murPN-acetylmuramic acid permease, EIIBC component, PTS system; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. This system is involved in N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc) transport, yielding cytoplasmic MurNAc-6-P. Is responsible for growth on MurNAc as the sole source of carbon and energy. Is also able to take up anhydro-N- acetylmuramic acid (anhMurNAc), but cannot phosphorylate the carbon 6, [...] (474 aa)
gabT4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, PLP-dependent; Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme that catalyzes transamination between primary amines and alpha-keto acids. Catalyzes the transfer of the amino group from gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA) to alpha-ketoglutarate (KG) to yield succinic semialdehyde (SSA) and glutamate. Thereby functions in a GABA degradation pathway that allows some E.coli strains to utilize GABA as a nitrogen source for growth. Also catalyzes the conversion of 5-aminovalerate to glutarate semialdehyde, as part of a L-lysine degradation pathway that proceeds via cadaverine, [...] (426 aa)
hemLGlutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase (aminomutase). (426 aa)
araBL-ribulokinase; Protein involved in carbohydrate catabolic process; Belongs to the ribulokinase family. (566 aa)
araAL-arabinose isomerase; Catalyzes the conversion of L-arabinose to L-ribulose. (500 aa)
araDL-ribulose-5-phosphate 4-epimerase; Involved in the degradation of L-arabinose. Catalyzes the interconversion of L-ribulose 5-phosphate (LRu5P) and D- xylulose 5-phosphate (D-Xu5P) via a retroaldol/aldol mechanism (carbon- carbon bond cleavage analogous to a class II aldolase reaction). (231 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Escherichia coli K12
NCBI taxonomy Id: 511145
Other names: E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. MG1655, Escherichia coli strain MG1655
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