Isocitrate lyase; Involved in the metabolic adaptation in response to environmental changes. Catalyzes the reversible formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key step of the glyoxylate cycle, which operates as an anaplerotic route for replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle during growth on fatty acid substrates.

Glutamate synthase, large subunit; Catalyzes the conversion of L-glutamine and 2-oxoglutarate into two molecules of L-glutamate.

Isocitrate lyase; Involved in the metabolic adaptation in response to environmental changes. Catalyzes the reversible formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key step of the glyoxylate cycle, which operates as an anaplerotic route for replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle during growth on fatty acid substrates.

Transcriptional repressor; Regulation of the glyoxylate bypass operon (aceBAK), which encodes isocitrate lyase, malate synthase as well as isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/phosphorylase. Glyoxylate disrupts the interaction with the promoter by favoring the inactive dimeric form. Pyruvate enhances promoter binding by stabilizing the tetrameric form.

Isocitrate lyase; Involved in the metabolic adaptation in response to environmental changes. Catalyzes the reversible formation of succinate and glyoxylate from isocitrate, a key step of the glyoxylate cycle, which operates as an anaplerotic route for replenishing the tricarboxylic acid cycle during growth on fatty acid substrates.

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

cadBA operon transcriptional activator; Required for Pcad induction, a promoter upstream of cadBA that is responsible for the pH-regulated expression of CadA and CadB. Probably acts as an activating transcription factor.

Glutamate decarboxylase A, PLP-dependent; Converts glutamate to gamma-aminobutyrate (GABA), consuming one intracellular proton in the reaction. The gad system helps to maintain a near-neutral intracellular pH when cells are exposed to extremely acidic conditions. The ability to survive transit through the acidic conditions of the stomach is essential for successful colonization of the mammalian host by commensal and pathogenic bacteria.

cadBA operon transcriptional activator; Required for Pcad induction, a promoter upstream of cadBA that is responsible for the pH-regulated expression of CadA and CadB. Probably acts as an activating transcription factor.

Gad regulon transcriptional activator; Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci.

cadBA operon transcriptional activator; Required for Pcad induction, a promoter upstream of cadBA that is responsible for the pH-regulated expression of CadA and CadB. Probably acts as an activating transcription factor.

UV-inducible global regulator, EvgA-, GadE-dependent; Induces the expression of gadE and mdtEF. Could also regulate the expression of other genes involved in acid resistance.

Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY.

Flagellar filament structural protein (flagellin); Flagellin is the subunit protein which polymerizes to form the filaments of bacterial flagella.

Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY.

Response regulator in two-component regulatory system with PhoR; This protein is a positive regulator for the phosphate regulon. Transcription of this operon is positively regulated by PhoB and PhoR when phosphate is limited.

Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY.

Quorum sensing DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with QseC; Member of a two-component regulatory system QseB/QseC. Activates the flagella regulon by activating transcription of FlhDC. Currently it is not known whether this effect is direct or not.

Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY.

RNA polymerase, sigma 54 (sigma N) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is responsible for the expression of enzymes involved in arginine catabolism. The open complex (sigma-54 and core RNA polymerase) serves as the receptor for the receipt of the melting signal from the remotely bound activator protein GlnG(NtrC).

Chemotaxis protein CheA; Involved in the transmission of sensory signals from the chemoreceptors to the flagellar motors. CheA is autophosphorylated; it can transfer its phosphate group to either CheB or CheY.

Methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein I, serine sensor receptor; Receptor for the attractant L-serine and related amino acids. Is also responsible for chemotaxis away from a wide range of repellents, including leucine, indole, and weak acids.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Flagellar filament structural protein (flagellin); Flagellin is the subunit protein which polymerizes to form the filaments of bacterial flagella.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Gad regulon transcriptional activator; Regulates the expression of several genes involved in acid resistance. Required for the expression of gadA and gadBC, among others, regardless of media or growth conditions. Binds directly to the 20 bp GAD box found in the control regions of both loci.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Quorum sensing DNA-binding response regulator in two-component regulatory system with QseC; Member of a two-component regulatory system QseB/QseC. Activates the flagella regulon by activating transcription of FlhDC. Currently it is not known whether this effect is direct or not.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

RNA polymerase, sigma 70 (sigma D) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the primary sigma factor during exponential growth. Preferentially transcribes genes associated with fast growth, such as ribosomal operons, other protein-synthesis related genes, rRNA- and tRNA-encoding genes and prfB. Belongs to the sigma-70 factor family. RpoD/SigA subfamily.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

RNA polymerase, sigma S (sigma 38) factor; Sigma factors are initiation factors that promote the attachment of RNA polymerase to specific initiation sites and are then released. This sigma factor is the master transcriptional regulator of the stationary phase and the general stress response. Controls, positively or negatively, the expression of several hundred genes, which are mainly involved in metabolism, transport, regulation and stress management.

Anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transport; Responsible for the transport of C4-dicarboxylates during anaerobic growth; Belongs to the DcuC/DcuD transporter (TC 2.A.61) family.

Anaerobic fumarate reductase catalytic and NAD/flavoprotein subunit; Two distinct, membrane-bound, FAD-containing enzymes are responsible for the catalysis of fumarate and succinate interconversion; the fumarate reductase is used in anaerobic growth, and the succinate dehydrogenase is used in aerobic growth. Belongs to the FAD-dependent oxidoreductase 2 family. FRD/SDH subfamily.

Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, heavy chain; Protein involved in amine catabolic process.

Ethanolamine transporter; Possibly involved in the transport of ethanolamine from the periplasm to the cytoplasm.

Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, heavy chain; Protein involved in amine catabolic process.

Putative ethanol utilization carboxysome structural protein; May be involved in the formation of a specific microcompartment in the cell in which the metabolism of potentially toxic by-products takes place; Belongs to the bacterial microcompartments protein family.

Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase, heavy chain; Protein involved in amine catabolic process.

RmlC-like cupin domain protein; Protein involved in amine catabolic process.