Protein disaggregation chaperone; Part of a stress-induced multi-chaperone system, it is involved in the recovery of the cell from heat-induced damage, in cooperation with DnaK, DnaJ and GrpE. Acts before DnaK, in the processing of protein aggregates. Protein binding stimulates the ATPase activity; ATP hydrolysis unfolds the denatured protein aggregates, which probably helps expose new hydrophobic binding sites on the surface of ClpB-bound aggregates, contributing to the solubilization and refolding of denatured protein aggregates by DnaK.

DNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...]

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...]

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Targeting factor for csrBC sRNA degradation; Serves as a specificity factor required for RNase E-mediated decay of the small global regulatory RNAs CsrB and CsrC, it is probably not a nuclease. Nor does its activity involve c-di-GMP, despite its domain composition. Positively modulates motility gene expression, is also required for curli expression.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Adenylate cyclase; Catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Its transcript is probably degraded by endoribonuclease LS (rnlA), decreasing cAMP levels and the negative regulator Crp-cAMP, which then induces its own transcription again.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

DNA-binding transcriptional regulator NtrC; Member of the two-component regulatory system NtrB/NtrC, which controls expression of the nitrogen-regulated (ntr) genes in response to nitrogen limitation. Phosphorylated NtrC binds directly to DNA and stimulates the formation of open promoter-sigma54-RNA polymerase complexes. Activates transcription of many genes and operons whose products minimize the slowing of growth under nitrogen-limiting conditions, including genes coding for glutamine synthetase (glnA), transporters, amino acid permeases and catabolic enzymes.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

DNA recombination and repair protein; Required for homologous recombination and the bypass of mutagenic DNA lesions by the SOS response. Catalyzes ATP-driven homologous pairing and strand exchange of DNA molecules necessary for DNA recombinational repair. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP in the presence of single-stranded DNA, the ATP-dependent uptake of single- stranded DNA by duplex DNA, and the ATP-dependent hybridization of homologous single-stranded DNAs. The SOS response controls an apoptotic-like death (ALD) induced (in the absence of the mazE-mazF toxin-antitoxin module) in resp [...]

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Endoribonuclease; Endoribonuclease that plays a central role in RNA processing and decay. Required for the maturation of 5S and 16S rRNAs and the majority of tRNAs. Also involved in the degradation of most mRNAs. Can also process other RNA species, such as RNAI, a molecule that controls the replication of ColE1 plasmid, and the cell division inhibitor DicF- RNA. It initiates the decay of RNAs by cutting them internally near their 5'-end. It is able to remove poly(A) tails by an endonucleolytic process. Required to initiate rRNA degradation during both starvation and quality control; ac [...]

Glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...]

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...]

Targeting factor for csrBC sRNA degradation; Serves as a specificity factor required for RNase E-mediated decay of the small global regulatory RNAs CsrB and CsrC, it is probably not a nuclease. Nor does its activity involve c-di-GMP, despite its domain composition. Positively modulates motility gene expression, is also required for curli expression.

Glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...]

Adenylate cyclase; Catalyzes the formation of the second messenger cAMP from ATP. Its transcript is probably degraded by endoribonuclease LS (rnlA), decreasing cAMP levels and the negative regulator Crp-cAMP, which then induces its own transcription again.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Diguanylate cyclase, zinc-sensing; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules. May act as a zinc sensor that controls, via c-di-GMP, post-translational events. Overexpression leads to a strong repression of swimming; swimming returnes to normal when residues 206-207 are both mutated to Ala. Overexpression also leads to a reduction in flagellar abundance and a 20-fold increase in c-di-GMP levels in vivo. Required for aminoglycoside-mediated induction of biofilm formation, it also plays a lesser role in biofilm production in response to ot [...]

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase; Part of a signaling cascade that regulates curli biosynthesis. The cascade is composed of two cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) control modules, in which c-di-GMP controlled by the DgcE/PdeH pair (module I) regulates the activity of the DgcM/PdeR pair (module II), which in turn regulates activity of the transcription factor MlrA and expression of the master biofilm regulator csgD. PdeR acts as a trigger enzyme that connects modules I and II. It inhibits DgcM and MlrA by direct interaction. Inhibition is relieved when PdeR binds and degrades c-di-GMP generated by [...]

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Transcriptional activator of csgD and csgBA; Activates transcription of csgD, the master regulator of biofilm formation, by binding to its promoter region. Also controls the transcription of cadC and ibaG. Part of a signaling cascade that regulates curli biosynthesis. The cascade is composed of two c-di-GMP control modules, in which c-di-GMP controlled by the DgcE/PdeH pair (module I) regulates the activity of the DgcM/PdeR pair (module II), which in turn regulates activity of the transcription factor MlrA.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

Putative membrane-anchored diguanylate cyclase; Bifunctional protein that catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic- di-GMP (c-di-GMP) in response to reductive stress and then dynamically relocates to the division site to arrest cell division in response to envelope stress. In the presence of high intracellular c-di-GMP levels, and in response to envelope stress, interacts with cell division proteins and halts cell division, without disassembling the Z ring, but by blocking its further progress toward cytokinesis. Part of a network that regulates cell motility by altering levels of c- di-GMP.

csgBAC operon transcriptional regulator; The master regulator for adhesive curli fimbriae expression; necessary for transcription of the csgBAC/ymdA operon. Plays a positive role in biofilm formation. May have the capability to respond to starvation and/or high cell density by activating csgBA transcription. Low-level constitutive expression confers an adherent curli fimbriae- expressing phenotype, up-regulates 10 genes and down-regulates 14 others.

cyclic-di-GMP phosphodiesterase, FlhDC-regulated; Involved in the control of the switch from cell motility to adhesion via regulation of cellular levels of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP). Part of a signaling cascade that regulates curli biosynthesis. The cascade is composed of two c-di-GMP control modules, in which c-di-GMP controlled by the DgcE/PdeH pair (module I) regulates the activity of the DgcM/PdeR pair (module II), which in turn regulates activity of the transcription factor MlrA and expression of the master biofilm regulator csgD. Effect on flagella is controlled via the c-di-GMP-b [...]

Targeting factor for csrBC sRNA degradation; Serves as a specificity factor required for RNase E-mediated decay of the small global regulatory RNAs CsrB and CsrC, it is probably not a nuclease. Nor does its activity involve c-di-GMP, despite its domain composition. Positively modulates motility gene expression, is also required for curli expression.

cAMP-activated global transcription factor, mediator of catabolite repression; A global transcription regulator. Complexes with cyclic AMP (cAMP) which allosterically activates DNA binding (to consensus sequence 5'-AAATGTGATCTAGATCACATTT-3') to directly regulate the transcription of about 300 genes in about 200 operons and indirectly regulate the expression of about half the genome. There are 3 classes of CRP promoters; class I promoters have a single CRP-binding site upstream of the RNA polymerase (RNAP)-binding site, whereas in class II promoters the single CRP- and RNAP-binding site [...]

Targeting factor for csrBC sRNA degradation; Serves as a specificity factor required for RNase E-mediated decay of the small global regulatory RNAs CsrB and CsrC, it is probably not a nuclease. Nor does its activity involve c-di-GMP, despite its domain composition. Positively modulates motility gene expression, is also required for curli expression.

Glucose-specific enzyme IIA component of PTS; The phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (sugar PTS), a major carbohydrate active transport system, catalyzes the phosphorylation of incoming sugar substrates concomitantly with their translocation across the cell membrane. The enzyme II complex composed of PtsG and Crr is involved in glucose transport. The non-phosphorylated EIII-Glc is an inhibitor for uptake of certain sugars such as maltose, melibiose, lactose, and glycerol. Phosphorylated EIII-Glc, however, may be an activator for adenylate cyclase. It is an im [...]

Targeting factor for csrBC sRNA degradation; Serves as a specificity factor required for RNase E-mediated decay of the small global regulatory RNAs CsrB and CsrC, it is probably not a nuclease. Nor does its activity involve c-di-GMP, despite its domain composition. Positively modulates motility gene expression, is also required for curli expression.

Diguanylate cyclase, zinc-sensing; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic-di-GMP (c-di-GMP) via the condensation of 2 GTP molecules. May act as a zinc sensor that controls, via c-di-GMP, post-translational events. Overexpression leads to a strong repression of swimming; swimming returnes to normal when residues 206-207 are both mutated to Ala. Overexpression also leads to a reduction in flagellar abundance and a 20-fold increase in c-di-GMP levels in vivo. Required for aminoglycoside-mediated induction of biofilm formation, it also plays a lesser role in biofilm production in response to ot [...]