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mazE mazE cptA cptA mqsA mqsA mqsR mqsR parE parE yhaV yhaV mreB mreB fic fic yhfG yhfG chpS chpS chpB chpB hicA hicA yoeB yoeB yjhX yjhX hipA hipA ftsZ ftsZ yafQ yafQ dinJ dinJ yafN yafN yafO yafO ydaT ydaT ydcX ydcX ydcZ ydcZ hipB hipB relE relE relB relB cbeA cbeA cbtA cbtA yefM yefM yfaL yfaL mazF mazF
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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mazEAntitoxin of the ChpA-ChpR toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MazF endoribonuclease toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Is considered to be an 'addiction' molecule as the cell dies in its absence. Toxicity results when the levels of MazE decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. This effect can be rescued by expression of MazE, but after 6 hours in rich medium the overexpression of MazF leads to programmed cell death. Cell growth and viability are not affected when MazF and M [...] (82 aa)
cptAToxin of CptAB toxin-antitoxin pair; A probable inner membrane protein. Has been shown not to be a toxin, no effects on growth are seen in LB or minimal medium up to 6 or 21 hours (respectively) after induction of expression. Interacts with cytoskeletal proteins FtsZ and MreB; inhibits FtsZ GTP-dependent polymerization as well as MreB ATP- dependent polymerization. Restores production of prodigiosin antibiotic (Pig) in Serratia strains with deletions of sdhE-ygfX; overexpression of this protein and CptB also restores Pig production to a slightly lesser extent in Serratia. (135 aa)
mqsAAntitoxin for MqsR toxin; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Labile antitoxin that binds to the MqsR mRNA interferase toxin and neutralizes its endoribonuclease activity. Overexpression prevents MqsR-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. Initially reported to act as a cotranscription factor with MqsA. Following further experiments, the MqsR-MqsA complex does not bind DNA and all reported data are actually due to a small fraction of free MqsA alone binding DNA. Addition of MqsR to a preformed MqsA-promoter DNA complex causes d [...] (131 aa)
mqsRGCU-specific mRNA interferase toxin of the MqsR-MqsA toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Plays a significant role in the control of biofilm formation and induction of persister cells in the presence of antibiotics. An mRNA interferase which has been reported to be translation-independent. It has also been reported to be translation-dependent. Cleavage has been reported to occur on either side of G in the sequence GCU. Also reported to cleave after C in GC(A/U) sequences. There are only 14 genes in E.coli W3110 (and probably also MG1655) tha [...] (98 aa)
parEDNA topoisomerase IV, subunit B; Topoisomerase IV is essential for chromosome segregation; it is the principal protein responsible for decatenating newly replicated chromosomes. It relaxes supercoiled DNA. MukB stimulates the relaxation activity of topoisomerase IV and also has a modest effect on decatenation. Belongs to the type II topoisomerase family. ParE type 1 subfamily. (630 aa)
yhaVToxin of the SohB(PrlF)-YhaV toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Has RNase activity in vitro. Overexpression leads to growth arrest after 30 minutes; these effects are overcome by concomitant expression of antitoxin SohA (PrlF). Massive overexpression is toxic. Unlike most other characterized TA systems degrades rRNA, and co-folding of the both TA proteins is necessary in vitro for inhibition of the RNase activity. It is not known if it has any sequence-specificity. Acts as a transcription factor. The YhaV/PrlF complex binds the prlF-yhaV o [...] (154 aa)
mreBCell wall structural complex MreBCD, actin-like component MreB; Forms membrane-associated dynamic filaments that are essential for cell shape determination. Acts by regulating cell wall synthesis and cell elongation, and thus cell shape. A feedback loop between cell geometry and MreB localization maintains elongated cell shape by targeting cell wall growth to regions of negative cell wall curvature. Filaments rotate around the cell circumference in concert with the cell wall synthesis enzymes. The process is driven by the cell wall synthesis machinery and does not depend on MreB polyme [...] (347 aa)
ficStationary phase-induced protein, putative toxin; Probable adenylyltransferase that mediates the addition of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) to specific residues of target proteins (By similarity). Involved in cell filamentation induced by cyclic AMP. May have some role in cell division. (200 aa)
yhfGPutative antitoxin for Fic. (55 aa)
chpSAntitoxin of the ChpBS toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. May be involved in the regulation of cell growth. It acts as a suppressor of the endoribonuclease (inhibitory function) of ChpB protein. Both ChpS and ChpB probably bind to the promoter region of the chpS-chpB operon to autoregulate their synthesis. (83 aa)
chpBToxin of the ChpB-ChpS toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. ChpB is a sequence-specific mRNA and (weak) tmRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits protein synthesis and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage is independent of the ribosome. Cleavage occurs at ACY sequences where Y is not C. The endoribonuclease activity is not as strong as that of MazF. The endoribonuclease activity (a toxin) is inhibited by its labile cognate antitoxin ChpS. Toxicity results when the levels of ChpS decrease in the cell, leading to mRNA degradation. Both ChpS and ChpB [...] (116 aa)
hicAmRNA interferase toxin of the HicAB toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A probable translation-independent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome (after 90 minutes) by subsequent expression of antitoxin HicB. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs and tmRNA, in a translation-independent fashion, suggesting this is an mRNA interferase. mRNA interferases play a role in bacterial persistence to antibiotics ; Belongs t [...] (58 aa)
yoeBToxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Its mode of function is controversial; it has been proposed to be an mRNA interferase but also an inhibitor of translation initiation. When overproduced in wild-type cells, inhibits bacterial growth and translation by cleavage of mRNA molecules while it has a weak effect on colony forming ability. Overproduction of Lon protease specifically activates YoeB-dependent mRNA cleavage, leading to lethality. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription [...] (84 aa)
yjhXUPF0386 family protein; Belongs to the UPF0386 family. (85 aa)
hipASerine/threonine-protein kinase toxin HipA; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system, first identified by mutations that increase production of persister cells, a fraction of cells that are phenotypic variants not killed by antibiotics, which lead to multidrug tolerance. Persistence may be ultimately due to global remodeling of the persister cell's ribosomes. Phosphorylates Glu-tRNA-ligase (AC P04805, gltX, on 'Ser-239') in vivo. Phosphorylation of GltX prevents it from being charged, leading to an increase in uncharged tRNA(Glu). This induces amino acid starvation and [...] (440 aa)
ftsZGTP-binding tubulin-like cell division protein; Essential cell division protein that forms a contractile ring structure (Z ring) at the future cell division site. The regulation of the ring assembly controls the timing and the location of cell division. One of the functions of the FtsZ ring is to recruit other cell division proteins to the septum to produce a new cell wall between the dividing cells. Binds GTP and shows GTPase activity. Polymerization and bundle formation is enhanced by CbeA. (383 aa)
yafQmRNA interferase toxin of toxin-antitoxin pair YafQ/DinJ; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation elongation and induces bacterial stasis. Cleavage occurs between the second and third residue of the Lys codon followed by a G or A (5'AAA(G/A)3'), is reading-frame dependent and occurs within the 5' end of most mRNAs. Ribosome-binding confers the sequence specificity and reading frame- dependence. When overexpressed in liquid media YafQ partially inhibits protein synthesis, with a reduction in growth rat [...] (92 aa)
dinJAntitoxin of YafQ-DinJ toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A labile antitoxin that counteracts the effect of cognate toxin YafQ. YafQ and DinJ together bind their own promoter, and repress its expression. There are 2 operators with imperfect inverted repeats (IR) in the dinJ promoter, YafQ-(DinJ)2-YafQ only binds to the first (most upstream) of them to repress transcription; binding to a single IR is sufficient for activity in vivo and in vitro. DinJ alone is as potent a transcriptional repressor as the heterotetramer and also only need [...] (86 aa)
yafNAntitoxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Functions as an mRNA interferase antitoxin; overexpression prevents YafO-mediated cessation of cell growth and inhibition of cell proliferation. (97 aa)
yafOmRNA interferase toxin of the YafO-YafN toxin-antitoxin system; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A translation-dependent mRNA interferase. Overexpression causes cessation of cell growth and inhibits cell proliferation via inhibition of translation; this blockage is overcome by subsequent expression of antitoxin YafN. Overexpression causes cleavage of a number of mRNAs in a ribosome-dependent fashion. YafO binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit in the translation complex induces mRNA cleavage 3' to the region protected by the ribosome; YafO alone is not able to di [...] (132 aa)
ydaTRac prophage; uncharacterized protein. (140 aa)
ydcXDUF2566 family protein; Acts as an orphan toxin which is important for maintaining cell fitness during stress related to the stringent response (decreased amino acid, purine and thymidine availability). Overexpression inhibits cell growth and increases the formation of persister cells. Causes 99.9% of cells to undergo bacterial lysis within 2 hours after induction; nucleoids condense, the cytoplasm seems empty and the periplasmic space enlarges. The intracellular ATP level decreases about 27-fold suggesting the membrane potential may be disrupted. (57 aa)
ydcZDUF606 family inner membrane protein. (149 aa)
hipBAntitoxin of HipAB toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Neutralizes the toxic effect of cognate toxin HipA. Also neutralizes the toxic effect of non-cognate toxin YjjJ. Binds to operator sites with the consensus sequence 5-'TATCCN(8)GGATA-3' to repress the hipBA operon promoter ; binding of HipB(2) to DNA induces a 70 degree bend. This forces HipA dimerization, which blocks HipA's active site and thus its toxic action. May play a role in biofilm formation. (88 aa)
relEQin prophage; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific, ribosome-dependent mRNA endoribonuclease that inhibits translation during amino acid starvation (the stringent response). In vitro acts by cleaving mRNA with high codon specificity in the ribosomal A site between positions 2 and 3. The stop codon UAG is cleaved at a fast rate while UAA and UGA are cleaved with intermediate and slow rates. In vitro mRNA cleavage can also occur in the ribosomal E site after peptide release from peptidyl- tRNA in the P site as well as on free 30S subunits. In vivo [...] (95 aa)
relBAntitoxin of the RelE-RelB toxin-antitoxin syste; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Counteracts the effect of cognate toxin RelE via direct protein-protein interaction, preventing RelE from entering the ribosome A site and thus inhibiting its endoribonuclease activity. An autorepressor of relBE operon transcription. 2 RelB dimers bind to 2 operator sequences; DNA- binding and repression is stronger when complexed with toxin/corepressor RelE by conditional cooperativity. Increased transcription rate of relBE and activation of relE is consistent with a lower l [...] (79 aa)
cbeACP4-44 prophage; Antitoxin component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of its cognate toxin CbtA (YeeV). It does not bind to the toxin but instead binds to MreB and FtsZ (the toxin targets), enhancing their polymerization by forming higher-order bundles; it is probably retained in the MreB and FtsZ filament bundles. The mechanism has been proposed to require intergenic DNA, in cis, between the cbeA (yeeU) and cbta (yeeV) genes. The intergenic region was not found to be necessary in another study. Also counteracts the morphological defects c [...] (122 aa)
cbtACP4-44 prophage; Toxic component of a type IV toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Acts as a dual toxin inhibitor that blocks cell division and cell elongation in genetically separable interactions with FtsZ and MreB. Interacts with cytoskeletal proteins FtsZ and MreB; inhibits FtsZ GTP-dependent polymerization and GTPase activity as well as MreB ATP-dependent polymerization. Binds to both the N- and C-terminus of FtsZ, likely blocking its polymerization and localization, leading to blockage of cell division. Overexpression results in inhibition of growth in liquid cultures and decrease in col [...] (124 aa)
yefMAntitoxin of the YoeB-YefM toxin-antitoxin system; Antitoxin component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. Antitoxin that counteracts the effect of the YoeB toxin. YefM binds to the promoter region of the yefM-yeoB operon to repress transcription, YeoB acts as a corepressor. (83 aa)
yfaLAdhesin; Probably an autotransporter. (1250 aa)
mazFmRNA interferase toxin, antitoxin is MazE; Toxic component of a type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. A sequence-specific endoribonuclease it inhibits protein synthesis by cleaving mRNA and inducing bacterial stasis. It is stable, single- strand specific with mRNA cleavage independent of the ribosome, although translation enhances cleavage for some mRNAs. Cleavage occurs at the 5'-end of ACA sequences, yielding a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate and a free 5'-OH, although cleavage can also occur on the 3'-end of the first A. Digests 16S rRNA in vivo 43 nts upstream of the C- terminus; this remove [...] (111 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Escherichia coli K12
NCBI taxonomy Id: 511145
Other names: E. coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K-12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. K12 substr. MG1655, Escherichia coli str. MG1655, Escherichia coli strain MG1655
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