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| | cac | Voltage-dependent calcium channel type A subunit alpha-1; Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death (By similarity). Probably encodes a dihydropyridine- insensitive current. Vital for survival to adulthood. (2110 aa) |
| | ss | Spineless, isoform C; Spineless (ss) encodes a protein that plays a key role in defining the distal regions of the antenna and the leg. Its stochastic expression in R7 photoreceptors also controls the expression of color Rhodopsins (the product of Rh4 vs. the product of Rh3) in the two subsets of ommatidia. (1015 aa) |
| | ari-1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ariadne-1; Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, which catalyzes ubiquitination of target proteins together with ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 Ubc10. Controls the subcellular localization and morphology of muscle nuclei (myonuclei) by regulating the protein levels and distribution of the LINC (LInker of Nucleoskeleton and Cytoskeleton) complex. Functions by mediating the monoubiquitination of the LINC complex subunit koi leading to its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Appears to function, at least partially redundantly, with the RBR E3 ligase family mem [...] (503 aa) |
| | fne | Found in neurons (fne) encodes an RNA binding protein that works as a post-transcriptional regulator. It is present in the cytoplasm of all neurons. Lack of fne produces fusion of the mushroom body beta-lobes and altered male courtship behaviour. (356 aa) |
| | Nlg2 | Neuroligin 2 (Nlg2) encodes a transmembrane protein that interacts with the product of Nrx-1, and recruits scaffolding proteins for organization of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors. The product of Nlg2 functions in synaptic growth and regulation, and is involved in the modulation of social and courtship behavior. (1248 aa) |
| | corto | Centrosomal and chromosomal factor; Corto (corto) encodes an Enhancer of Trithorax and Polycomb (ETP) protein that physically interacts with several Polycomb proteins (encoded by Pc, ph-d, ph-p, esc, E(z)) and ETP (encoded by Trl, Dsp1). It also interacts with the product of CycG, with the methylated product of RpL12 (RPL12K3me3), and co-regulates the transcription of genes involved in ribosome biogenesis. (550 aa) |
| | Fmr1 | Synaptic functional regulator FMR1; Polyribosome-associated RNA-binding protein that plays a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity through the regulation of protein synthesis of mRNAs. Plays a role as a negative translational regulator of specific mRNAs. Represses translation of the microtubule-associated protein futsch mRNA to regulate microtubule-dependent synaptic growth and function. May also be involved in microRNA (miRNA)-mediated translational suppression as part of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Required for stability of the central pair of microtubule [...] (729 aa) |
| | NPFR | Neuropeptide F receptor; Receptor for NPF. Integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for the regulation of food response; coordinates larval foraging and social behavior changes during development. Required in dopaminergic (DA) neurons that innervate the mushroom body for satiety to suppress appetitive memory performance; a key factor in the internal state of hunger in the brain. NPF neurons coordinately modulate diverse sensory and motor neurons important for feeding, flight, and locomotion. NPF/NPFR pathway exerts its suppressive eff [...] (489 aa) |
| | twz | Tiwaz, isoform B; It is involved in the biological process described with: adult feeding behavior; adult locomotory behavior; protein homooligomerization; inter-male aggressive behavior; male courtship behavior. (367 aa) |
| | tko | Technical knockout (tko) encodes the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S12. It is involved in the response to hypoxia and mechanosensory and courtship behaviors. (154 aa) |
| | nan | Nanchung, isoform B; Nanchung (nan) encodes a member of the transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channel family. It is involved in the response to different stimuli such as startle, humidity or sound. (834 aa) |
| | homer | Homer, isoform E; Homer (homer) encodes a protein that acts as an adaptor protein binding to group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and other intracellular signaling proteins. It contributes to regulation of sleep, locomotor activity and ethanol tolerance. (531 aa) |
| | Poxn | Paired box pox-neuro protein; Pox neuro (Poxn) encodes a transcriptional factor that specifies the differences between mono-innervated external sensory (m-es) organs and poly-innervated external sensory (p-es) organs. Poxn expression in the external sensory organ precursor determines the fate to form larval p-es organs and adult chemosensory bristles. (425 aa) |
| | NLaz | Neural lazarillo, isoform B; Neural Lazarillo (NLaz) encodes an extracellular lipid binding protein of the Lipocalin family. It is regulated by JNK signaling and negatively regulates the IIS pathway. It contributes to longevity, stress resistance, and behavior. (245 aa) |
| | dsx | Protein doublesex; Controls somatic sexual differentiation. Binds directly and specifically to the FBE (fat body enhancer) of the yolk protein 1 and 2 genes (Yp1 and Yp2). This enhancer is sufficient to direct the female- specific transcription characteristic of the Yp genes in adult fat bodies. Involved in regulation of male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associated fat body. (572 aa) |
| | lov | Protein jim lovell; Has a regulatory role during midline cell development. (1143 aa) |
| | slo | Calcium-activated potassium channel slowpoke; Potassium channel activated by both membrane depolarization or increase in cytosolic Ca(2+) that mediates export of K(+). Its activation dampens the excitatory events that elevate the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and/or depolarize the cell membrane. It therefore contributes to repolarization of the membrane potential. Kinetics are determined by alternative splicing, phosphorylation status and its combination interaction with Slob and 14-3-3-zeta. While the interaction with Slob1 alone increases its activity, its interaction with both Slob [...] (1217 aa) |
| | CASK | Peripheral plasma membrane protein CASK; CASK (CASK) encodes a member of the MAGUK family of scaffolding proteins. In epithelial tissues, the product of CASK functions as an adhesion molecule involved in cell proliferation, cytoskeletal remodeling and cell migration. In neurons, the product of CASK serves as a scaffold for a number of signaling and transmembrane molecules and is involved in synaptic development and plasticity. (929 aa) |
| | Mef2 | Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2; Transcription factor that could be a key player in early mesoderm differentiation and may be required for subsequent cell fate specifications within the somatic and visceral/heart mesodermal layers. Essential for myoblast fusion and consequently muscle formation in adults. During embryonic and pupal development, binds to the enhancer of the myoblast fusion gene sing and activates its transcription. Belongs to the MEF2 family. (606 aa) |
| | Dop1R1 | Dopamine receptor 1; Receptor for dopamine. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Might be involved in the processing of visual information and/or visual learning. Important for Pavlovian conditioning: required in the mushroom body as a receptor conveying unconditional stimuli information, has a role in memory formation for aversive and appetitive learning. Sleep-deprivation-induced impairments in learning can be partially explained through alterations in dopamine signaling, Dop1R1 expression levels are reduced; sleep may have a role i [...] (560 aa) |
| | Oamb | Octopamine receptor Oamb; Receptor for octopamine (OA) which is a neurotransmitter, neurohormone and neuromodulator in invertebrates. Stimulates intracellular accumulation of cAMP and Ca(2+) following ligand binding. Required for ovulation. Following activation on mature follicle cells by OA, induces activity of the metalloprotease Mmp2 which leads to breakdown of the posterior follicle wall, resulting in ovulation. Ligand binding probably also leads to activation of CamKII which is also required for ovulation. Modulates sleep/wake behavior by acting in neurons of the pars intercerebra [...] (751 aa) |
| | para | Sodium channel protein para; Mediates the voltage-dependent sodium ion permeability of excitable membranes. Assuming opened or closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane, the protein forms a sodium-selective channel through which Na(+) ions may pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient. Belongs to the sodium channel (TC 1.A.1.10) family. Para subfamily. (2145 aa) |
| | VGlut | Vesicular glutamate transporter, isoform A. (632 aa) |
| | Sxl | Protein sex-lethal; Sex determination switch protein which controls sexual development by sex-specific splicing. Regulates dosage compensation in females by suppressing hyperactivation of X-linked genes. Expression of the embryo-specific isoform is under the control of primary sex- determining signal, which depends on the ratio of X chromosomes relative to autosomes (X:A ratio). Expression occurs in 2X:2A cells, but not in X:2A cells. The X:A ratio seems to be signaled by the relative concentration of the X-linked transcription factors SIS-A and SIS-B. As a result, the embryo-specific [...] (722 aa) |
| | NPF | Neuropeptide F; Integral part of the sensory system that mediates food signaling, providing the neural basis for the regulation of food response; coordinates larval foraging and social behavior changes during development. Required in dopaminergic (DA) neurons that innervate the mushroom body for satiety to suppress appetitive memory performance; a key factor in the internal state of hunger in the brain. NPF neurons coordinately modulate diverse sensory and motor neurons important for feeding, flight, and locomotion. NPF/NPFR pathway exerts its suppressive effect on larval aversion to d [...] (102 aa) |
| | TrpA1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel A1 (TrpA1) encodes a cation channel activated by warming and by reactive chemicals. Its roles include the control of thermotaxis at innocuous temperatures, as well as thermal and chemical nociception in response to noxious heat and chemical exposure. (1232 aa) |
| | mlt | Mulet, isoform A; Mulet (mlt) encodes a tubulin-specific chaperone E-like protein involved in sperm individualization and regulation of microtubule depolymerization. (459 aa) |
| | Rac2 | Ras-related protein Rac2; Involved in integrin alpha-PS3/beta-nu-mediated phagocytosis of Gram-positive S.aureus by hemocytes. (192 aa) |
| | mGluR | Metabotropic glutamate receptor; G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors. (976 aa) |
| | dsf | Dissatisfaction, isoform A; Dissatisfaction (dsf) encodes a nuclear receptor that regulates hemocyte proliferation, courtship behavior and neural differentiation. (691 aa) |
| | dnc | Dunce (dnc) encodes a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, responsible for cAMP degradation. dnc product plays a pivotal role in neurological and behavioral plasticity including synaptic development and function, learning and courtship. The product of dnc is also known to affect regulation of several developmental processes such as oogenesis; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. PDE4 subfamily. (1209 aa) |
| | TfAP-2 | Transcription factor AP-2 (TfAP-2) encodes a transcription factor with essential roles in leg, proboscis, and central nervous system development. It mediates Notch signaling in the developing tarsus. (471 aa) |
| | shi | Dynamin; Microtubule-associated force-producing protein which is involved in the production of microtubule bundles and which is able to bind and hydrolyze GTP. Implicated in endocytic protein sorting; Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. Dynamin/Fzo/YdjA family. (896 aa) |
| | Rdl | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta; Resistant to dieldrin (Rdl) encodes a widely-expressed ligand-gated chloride channel which mediates the fast inhibitory effects of GABA. It has been shown to have roles in the circuits underlying visual processing, odor coding, learning and memory, sleep and courtship behavior. (608 aa) |
| | Syn1 | Syntrophin-like 1, isoform B; Syntrophin-like 1 (Syn1) encodes an adaptor protein associated with the Dystrophin glycoprotein complex that recruits different signaling components, including the product of Nos in neurons. Dystrophin-Syn1-neuronal Nos signaling via histone modifications regulates gene expression, including expression of miRNAs, and adapts cellular homeostasis, which is compromised under stress and dystrophic conditions. (627 aa) |
| | 5-HT7 | 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 7 (5-HT7) encodes a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) GPCR that belongs to the Class A GPCR family. They bind and transmit the signal from the neurotransmitter 5-HT (serotonin). The family can be subdivided into several subclasses based on pharmacology, signal transduction and structure. There are 5 genes encoding serotonin receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster genome: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7. The product of 5-HT7 is involved in olfactory learning and memory, and courtship behaviors. (564 aa) |
| | Alh | Alhambra, isoform P; Alhambra (Alh) encodes a zinc finger/leucine zipper nuclear protein. It is required in the nervous system for maintaining eve expression and normal growth. It is also involved in muscle development and male courtship behavior. (1717 aa) |
| | Tk | Tachykinin-associated peptide 1; Tachykinins are active peptides which excite neurons, evoke behavioral responses, are potent vasodilators and secretagogues, and contract (directly or indirectly) many smooth muscles. Stimulates gut muscle contractions. Required for the response to the male sex pheromone CH503 which is transferred from males to females during mating and inhibits courtship behavior by other males. The Gr68a gustatory receptor is required for detection of the pheromone and Gr68a-expressing neurons in the male foreleg relay signals to the suboesophageal zone (SEZ) which le [...] (297 aa) |
| | mbl | Muscleblind (mbl) encodes an RNA binding protein that regulates RNA metabolism at the levels of alternative splicing, transcript localization and miRNA and circRNA biogenesis. It contributes to terminal muscle, eye and neural differentiation. (956 aa) |
| | orb2 | Translational regulator orb2; Required in mushroom body gamma neurons for long-term memory in male courtship. Binds to mRNA 3'- UTRs. In its monomeric form, acts as a translational repressor of genes involved in neuronal growth, synapse formation and protein turnover. In its amyloid- like oligomeric form, acts as a translational activator. The monomeric form reduces poly(A) tail length and destabilizes mRNA while the oligomeric form protects and elongates the poly(A) tail and stabilizes mRNA. Isoform A is required for initial memory acquisition and, following subsequent late dopaminerg [...] (769 aa) |
| | Ir84a | Ionotropic receptor 84a (Ir84a) encodes a member of the Ionotropic Receptor (IR) family of variant ionotropic glutamate receptors. It functions in detection of phenylacetic acid and controls male courtship behavior. (644 aa) |
| | GABA-B-R2 | Metabotropic GABA-B receptor subtype 2, isoform C; G protein-coupled GABA receptor activity; protein heterodimerization activity; transmembrane signaling receptor activity. (1224 aa) |
| | Adar | Double-stranded RNA-specific editase Adar; Has A-to-I RNA editing activity on extended dsRNA: edits RNA- binding protein Rnp4F. A-to-I editing of pre-mRNAs acts predominantly through nervous system targets to affect adult nervous system integrity, function and behavior. Essential for adaptation to environmental stresses, such as oxygen deprivation, and for the prevention of premature neuronal degeneration, through the editing of ion channels as targets. (669 aa) |
| | SPR | Sex peptide receptor; Receptor for two functionally unrelated ligands; SP (A70A) for controlling reproductive behaviors and MIP for controlling sleep behavior. MIP-SPR pathway functions as a sleep homeostat which perceives the need for sleep and stabilizes it by providing a slow-acting inhibitory input to the fly arousal system that involve the pigment dispersing factor (pdf) neurons. SP-SPR is one of the multiple SP pathways that induce female post- mating behavioral responses (PMR) such as the suppression of mating receptivity and initiation of egg laying. The PMR switch is achieved [...] (435 aa) |
| | Ubc7 | Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme activity; ubiquitin-protein transferase activity. It is involved in the biological process described with: positive regulation of innate immune response; protein polyubiquitination; ubiquitin-dependent ERAD pathway; ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; defense response to Gram-negative bacterium. (167 aa) |
| | jhamt | Juvenile hormone acid O-methyltransferase; O-methyltransferase that transfers a methyl group from S- adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) to the carboxyl group of juvenile hormone acids to produce active juvenile hormones in the corpora allata, the last step during juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Also able to methylate farnesoate to methyl farnesoate. (297 aa) |
| | robo1 | Roundabout 1 (robo1) encodes a member of the Robo receptor family that uses the secreted glycoprotein encoded by sli as ligand and the products of Sdc and Dscam1 as co-receptors. It contributes to axon guidance and dendrite morphogenesis as well as regulating trachea and heart tube development. (1395 aa) |
| | lola | Longitudinals lacking protein, isoforms F/I/K/T; Longitudinals lacking (lola) encodes a protein involved in Notch signaling, cell death, regulation of retrotransposons and expression of axon and dendrite patterning genes. It contributes to oogenesis, spermatogenesis, neural wiring, eye development and a variety of behaviors. (970 aa) |
| | bs | Serum response factor homolog; Required for the formation of intervein tissue of the wing. Acts in a dosage-dependent manner to suppress wing vein formation and promote development of intervein cells. Might play a role in the proper formation and maintenance of the trachea. (449 aa) |
| | CG3776 | LD24657p; Ribosome binding; protein binding. It is involved in the biological process described with: inner mitochondrial membrane organization; protein insertion into mitochondrial inner membrane from matrix. (263 aa) |
| | sra | Protein sarah; Required for elongation of meiosis I spindle. Critical for ovulation, meiotic progression in oocytes and female courtship behavior, including their postmating changes. Regulates female meiosis by controlling calcineurin activity in the germline. Has a role in calcium signaling during egg activation; bcd mRNA polyadenylation and translation in the oocyte. Belongs to the RCAN family. (292 aa) |
| | Csp | DnaJ homolog subfamily C member 5 homolog; Cysteine string protein (Csp) encodes a synaptic vesicle-associated co-chaperone of Hsc70 that is vital for presynaptic proteostasis and maintenance of synaptic function. The substartes of the product of Csp include SNARE proteins and the product of shi, which mediate synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis respectively. (249 aa) |
| | ple | Pale (ple) encodes a tyrosine hydroxylase, the first and rate-limiting step in the synthesis of dopamine (and eventually, melanin). Dopamine has critical roles in system development. (579 aa) |
| | TyrR | Tyramine receptor (TyrR) encodes a Tyramine 2 class receptor. When heterologously expressed it shows a very high specificity for the release of intercellular calcium by tyramine; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (631 aa) |
| | CrebB | Cyclic AMP response element-binding protein B; Isoform E is a PKA-dependent transcriptional activator. Isoform J is a direct antagonist of activation by isoform E in cell culture. Binds the cAMP response element (CRE) (consensus: 5'- GTGACGT[AC][AG]-3'), a sequence present in many viral and cellular promoters. Has a role in long-term memory ; Belongs to the bZIP family. ATF subfamily. (331 aa) |
| | y | Yellow (y) is the founding gene of the Yellow family. Lack of y function results in an abnormal male courtship behavior and a characteristic yellow color of the adult cuticle and larval mouthparts; Belongs to the major royal jelly protein family. (541 aa) |
| | trr | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase trr; Histone methyltransferase that acts as a coactivator for the ecdysone receptor during development. Specifically trimethylates 'Lys- 4' of histone H3, a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Recruited by EcR in an ecdysone-dependent manner causing H3 'Lys-4' trimethylation at ecdysone-inducible promoters, leading to activate expression. Plays a central role in the developing compound eye, during the progression of the morphogenetic furrow and in post- furrow differentiation of the retinal epithelium, notably by activating express [...] (2431 aa) |
| | egh | Beta-1,4-mannosyltransferase egh; Glycosyltransferase with a proposed role in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Neurogenic protein implicated in epithelial development. Critical component of a differential oocyte-follicle cell adhesive system; Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 2 family. (457 aa) |
| | per | Period circadian protein; Essential for biological clock functions. Determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms; an increase in PER dosage leads to shortened circadian rhythms and a decrease leads to lengthened circadian rhythms. Essential for the circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, eclosion behavior, and for the rhythmic component of the male courtship song that originates in the thoracic nervous system. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promot [...] (1218 aa) |
| | w | White (w) encodes a member of the ABCG2 class of transporters, transporting molecules such as cyclic GMP, biogenic amines and pigments including drosopterins and ommochromes. Mutation of w results in viable flies with white eyes. A shortened version of the gene (mini-w) has been widely used in transformation constructs as a selectable marker. (687 aa) |
| | N | Processed neurogenic locus Notch protein; Essential signaling protein which has a major role in many developmental processes. Functions as a receptor for membrane-bound ligands Delta and Serrate to regulate cell-fate determination. Upon ligand activation, and releasing from the cell membrane, the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) forms a transcriptional activator complex with Su(H) (Suppressor of hairless) and activates genes of the E(spl) complex. Regulates oogenesis, the differentiation of the ectoderm and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system, eye, wing disk, [...] (2703 aa) |
| | iav | Inactive (iav) encodes a protein involved in the response to different stimuli such as startle, heat or sound; Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. (1123 aa) |
| | Moe | Moesin/ezrin/radixin homolog 1; Involved in connections of major cytoskeletal structures to the plasma membrane. Together with wgn, involved in control of axon targeting of R8 and R2-R5 photoreceptors, independent of egr. In the nucleus, recruited to sites of active transcription by RNA polymerase II where it has a role in nuclear mRNA export together with the mRNA export factor PCID2 and other messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles. (649 aa) |
| | retn | Protein dead ringer; Transcription factor which is a downstream target of gcm and repo. Directly or indirectly activates the transcription of locos and pros, which are essential for the development of some glial cells. Plays an essential role in defining the cell shape and migration characteristics of longitudinal glia that enable them to establish a normal axon scaffold. (911 aa) |
| | pain | Transient receptor potential cation channel protein painless; Receptor-activated non-selective cation channel involved in detection of pain sensation due to high temperature. Involved in heat nociception by being activated by noxious temperature of 38 degrees Celsius; Belongs to the transient receptor (TC 1.A.4) family. (913 aa) |
| | tipE | Protein tipE; Enhances para sodium channel function. Required during pupal development to rescue adult paralysis and also protects adult flies against heat-induced lethality. (452 aa) |
| | sesB | ADP,ATP carrier protein; Catalyzes the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. (312 aa) |
| | LIMK1 | LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) encodes a protein that belongs to a phylogenetically conserved family of serine/threonine kinases. It is a potent stabilizer of the actin cytoskeleton by inactivating the product of tsr. It stabilizes the synapse structure at the neuromuscular junction and promotes synaptic remodeling and glomerular development in the developing antennal lobe. (1257 aa) |
| | g | AP-3 complex subunit delta; Garnet (g) encodes a protein that forms the Adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) complex together with the other subunits encoded by or, rb and cm. These complexes select cargo for inclusion into vesicles for transport within the cell. AP-3 delivers protein cargo to a number of specialized organelles including pigment granules, late endosomes, lysosomes and synaptic vesicles. AP-3 genes were first found through defects in pigment granules that alter eye color. (1034 aa) |
| | nonA | Protein no-on-transient A; Required for normal vision and courtship behavior in Drosophila. (742 aa) |
| | amn | Amnesiac neuropeptides; Required for associative learning and memory in adults. Expression pattern suggests a modulatory role in memory formation. Controls neurotransmitter-mediated signaling pathways associated with the structure of the larval peripheral nerve. (180 aa) |
| | lush | General odorant-binding protein lush; Odorant-binding protein required for olfactory behavior and for activity of pheromone-sensitive neurons. Binds to alcohols and mediates avoidance behavior to high concentrations of alcohols, the alcohol-binding possibly resulting in activation of receptors on T2B neurons, the activation of these receptors inhibiting these neurons. Acts in concert with Snmp and lush to capture cVA molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex. Required for cVA response, probably by [...] (153 aa) |
| | Dysb | Dysbindin protein homolog; Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis and membrane trafficking in synapses. In response to high synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions, stabilizes Pldn protein levels and, together with Pldn, plays a role in promoting efficient synaptic vesicle recycling and re-formation through early endosomes ; Belongs to the dysbindin family. (288 aa) |
| | rpr | Cell death protein rpr; Reaper (rpr) encodes Reaper, Hid, Grim (RHG) protein. It contributes to the caspase dependent apoptosis by inhibiting the anti-apoptotic protein encoded by Diap1. (65 aa) |
| | grim | Cell death protein Grim; Grim (grim) encodes a member of the inhibitor of apoptotic protein antagonists. In response to death signals, it induces apoptosis of cells in the central nervous system. It is important particularly for the apoptosis of specific juvenile neurons during metamorphosis. (138 aa) |
| | hid | Cell death protein hid; Activator of apoptosis, with grim and rpr, that acts on the effector Dredd. Seems to act genetically upstream of baculoviral anti-apoptotic p35. Blocks Diap2 from binding and inactivating the effector caspase Drice. (410 aa) |
| | tra | Female-specific protein transformer; Member of the regulatory pathway controlling female somatic sexual differentiation, regulated by Sxl. Activates dsx female-specific splicing by promoting the formation of a splicing enhancer complex which consists of tra, tra2 and sr proteins. Together with tra-2, plays a role in switching fru splicing from the male-specific pattern to the female-specific pattern through activation of the female-specific fru 5'-splice site. No known function in males. (197 aa) |
| | CG33158 | Tr-type G domain-containing protein; GTPase activity; ribosome binding; GTP binding. It is involved in the biological process described with: mature ribosome assembly. (1033 aa) |
| | aos | Protein giant-lens; Regulates cell determination; development of ommatidia and optic lobe. Is a signaling molecule involved in the process of axon pathfinding in the eye. Part of the Ras pathway regulating programmed cell death in pupal eyes; activated by lozenge (lz). Antagonist for the Egfr receptor (gurken). Inhibits Egfr signaling without interacting directly with the receptor, but instead by sequestering the Egfr- activating ligand spitz (spi). (444 aa) |
| | CG12316 | GH22749p; Chromatin binding. It is involved in the biological process described with: histone H4-K16 acetylation. (1188 aa) |
| | SP | Accessory gland-specific peptide 70A; Male seminal protein which triggers short- and long-term post-mating behavioral responses (PMR) in female Drosophila. Binds initially to sperm where it is later cleaved to release an active peptide within the female reproductive tract. Signals via the sex peptide receptor (SPR) in female flies; may also act via other receptors. Moderates the activity of distinct neuronal circuitries in the female genital tract to promote specific PMRs including: enhanced ovulation, increased egg laying rate, increased feeding/foraging rate, induced antimicrobial pe [...] (55 aa) |
| | rols | Rolling pebbles (rols) encodes a protein required for myoblast fusion in founder cells. it interacts with the membrane spanning Immunoglobulin superfamily protein encoded by kirre and with the product of Mhcl. (1900 aa) |
| | Gr68a | Gustatory receptor 68a; Dsx-dependent essential component of pheromone-driven courtship behavior. Recognizes a female pheromone involved in the second step (tapping step) of the courtship display which is essential for efficient execution of the entire courtship sequence and timely mating. Required for detection of the male sex pheromone CH503 which is transferred from males to females during mating and inhibits courtship behavior by other males. Gr68a-expressing neurons in the male foreleg relay signals to the suboesophageal zone (SEZ) and courtship suppression is mediated by the rele [...] (389 aa) |
| | Or67d | Odorant receptor 67d; Plays a role in detection and sensitivity to pheromones and signal transduction of the fatty-acid-derived male pheromone 11-cis vaccenyl acetate (cVA). Acts in concert with Snmp and lush to capture cVA molecules on the surface of Or67d expressing olfactory dendrites and facilitate their transfer to the odorant-receptor Orco complex. Necessary to mediate behavioral responses to cVA by regulating both male and female mating behavior. Activation of Or67d neurons by cVA inhibits courtship of other males, whereas in females their activation promotes receptivity to othe [...] (391 aa) |
| | aay | Phosphoserine phosphatase; Catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of serine from carbohydrates. The reaction mechanism proceeds via the formation of a phosphoryl-enzyme intermediates (By similarity); Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. SerB family. (270 aa) |
| | tilB | Protein tilB; Touch insensitive larva B (tilB) encodes a protein required for the assembly and/or transport to the cilium of axonemal dynein arms. tilB depletion results in deafness and male sterility because it specifically affects chordotonal neurons and spermatids, the only fly motile cilia cells. It interacts with the product of Zmynd10, which has a similar distribution and mutant phenotype. (395 aa) |
| | fipi | Factor of interpulse interval. (450 aa) |
| | park | Parkin (park) encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase with a key role in protein ubiquitination. It is involved in mitochondrion organization, oxidative stress and locomotion; Belongs to the RBR family. Parkin subfamily. (482 aa) |
| | qtc | Quick-to-court, isoform A; Quick-to-court (qtc) encodes an alpha-helical coiled-coiled protein whose mutants exhibit altered male courtship behavior. (721 aa) |
| | Cyp4d21 | Probable cytochrome P450 4d21; May be involved in the metabolism of insect hormones and in the breakdown of synthetic insecticides. (511 aa) |
| | Sps2 | Selenide, water dikinase 2; Selenophosphate synthetase 2 (Sps2) is essential for selenoprotein biosynthesis. It encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of selenophosphate from selenide and/or other selenium metabolites. Selenophosphate is an active selenium donor for the formation of selenocysteine. (370 aa) |
| | Gr32a | Gustatory and pheromone receptor 32a; Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Required for the response to N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. Functions as a pheromone receptor for a male inhibitory pheromone and promotes male-male aggression and suppresses male-male courtship. Also promotes preferentially virgin females courting over mated females. Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr21a subfamily. (461 aa) |
| | Hacd1 | Very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase; Catalyzes the third of the four reactions of the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process, allows the addition of two carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids/VLCFAs per cycle. This enzyme catalyzes the dehydration of the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA intermediate into trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA, within each cycle of fatty acid elongation. Thereby, it participates to the production of VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors [...] (245 aa) |
| | Gr33a | Gustatory and pheromone receptor 33a; Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Required for sensing all nonvolatile repulsive chemicals, including tastants, pheromones, and especially N,N-Diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), the most widely used insect repellent worldwide. Functions also as a pheromone receptor for a male inhibitory pheromone leading to male-male courtship suppression. Belongs to the insect chemoreceptor superfamily. Gustatory receptor (GR) family. Gr66a subfamily. (475 aa) |
| | Ugt36E1 | UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; UDP-glycosyltransferase activity; transferase activity, transferring hexosyl groups. It is involved in the biological process described with: UDP-glucose metabolic process; xenobiotic metabolic process; Belongs to the UDP-glycosyltransferase family. (517 aa) |
| | Hr39 | Hormone receptor-like in 39 (Hr39) encodes a nuclear hormone receptor protein in subfamily 5. It is a master regulator of female reproductive gland development from the bipotential genital disc, and in adults is required for reproductive gland secretion, ovulation and additional functions. (808 aa) |
| | Gr39a | Gustatory and pheromone receptor 39a, isoform C; Gustatory receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. Plays a role in sustaining courtship behavior in males, possibly through the reception of a stimulating arrestant pheromone. (381 aa) |
| | ato | Protein atonal; Developmental protein involved in neurogenesis. Required for the formation of chordotonal organs and photoreceptors. Seems to bind to E boxes. Specifically required for the photoreceptor R8 selection. (312 aa) |
| | Desat1 | Desaturase 1 (Desat1) encodes a transmembrane fatty acid desaturase that utilizes myristate and stearate (C16:0 and C18:0) to synthesize myristoleic and oleic acids (C16:1 and C18:1). It is involved in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. (383 aa) |
| | sim | Protein single-minded; Transcription factor that functions as a master developmental regulator controlling midline development of the ventral nerve cord. Required to correctly specify the formation of the central brain complex, which controls walking behavior. Also required for correct patterning of the embryonic genital disk and anal pad anlage. Plays a role in synapse development. (688 aa) |
| | Ace | Acetylcholinesterase 16 kDa subunit; Acetylcholine esterase (Ace) encodes an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to acetate and choline, thus resetting the neurotransmission mechanism at neuromuscular junctions; Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family. (649 aa) |
| | ninaB | Carotenoid isomerooxygenase; Catalyzes the oxidative cleavage at the 15,15'-double bond of carotenoids and the simultaneous all-trans to 11-cis isomerization of one cleavage product. Carotenoids like 11-cis retinal can promote visual pigment biogenesis in the dark. Essential for the biosynthesis of the 3-hydroxyretinal chromophore of rhodopsin from zeaxanthin and for proper photoreceptor development. Also essential for larval light perception. (620 aa) |
| | ort | Ora transientless (ort) encodes an ionotropic histamine-gated chloride channel required for vision. It is essential in the first-order interneurons to receive histaminergic inputs from the photoreceptors. In the central brain the product of ort modulates preference and tolerance for high and low temperature; Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. (485 aa) |
| | ninaE | Opsin Rh1; Neither inactivation nor afterpotential E (ninaE) encodes a protein that plays a major role in light detection and vision. It is the rhodopsin expressed in the largest class of photoreceptors in the adult retina. The stimulation by light of the product of ninaE induces G-protein signaling activation, the opening of the channels encoded by trp and trpl and photoreceptor cell membrane depolarization. (373 aa) |
| | Ktl | Kctd12-like, isoform A; Kctd12-like (Ktl) encodes a protein involved in male aggression and mating behavior. (228 aa) |
| | gb | Genderblind, isoform A; Genderblind (gb) encodes an amino acid transporter involved in glutamate secretion into the extracellular space. It regulates synaptic transmission and male courtship behavior by altering glutamate receptor abundance in the nervous system. (517 aa) |
| | mil | AT14585p; Milkah (mil) encodes a nucleosome assembly factor of the Nap family. It is involved in spermatogenesis, long-term memory formation and male courtship. (283 aa) |
| | mle | Dosage compensation regulator; Required in males for dosage compensation of X chromosome linked genes. Mle, msl-1 and msl-3 are colocalized on X chromosome. Each of the msl proteins requires all the other msls for wild-type X- chromosome binding. Probably unwinds double-stranded DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction; Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DEAH subfamily. (1293 aa) |
| | ap | Apterous (ap) encodes a transcription factor that functions in a tetramer consisting of a dimer of the product of Chi and two monomers ODF the product of ap. It contributes to the dorsal identity of wing cells, muscle development, juvenile hormone production and neuronal path finding. (469 aa) |
| | ppk25 | Pickpocket 25 (ppk25) encodes a DEG/ENaC channel subunit involved in male courtship behavior and pheromone detection; Belongs to the amiloride-sensitive sodium channel (TC 1.A.6) family. (451 aa) |
| | Obp56h | General odorant-binding protein 56h; Present in the aqueous fluid surrounding olfactory sensory dendrites and are thought to aid in the capture and transport of hydrophobic odorants into and through this fluid (By similarity). May function in both olfactory and gustatory systems. (134 aa) |
| | Psi | P-element somatic inhibitor (Psi) encodes a protein that has dual roles in RNA processing and transcriptional regulation. It is required for activating Myc transcription. (797 aa) |
| | VGAT | Vesicular GABA Transporter (VGAT) encodes an essential transporter that is responsible for packaging the neurotransmitter GABA into synaptic vesicles. (549 aa) |
| | CG17716 | Uncharacterized protein, isoform A; CG17716 encodes a predicted secreted immunoglobulin domain protein expressed in the embryonic central nervous system. (822 aa) |
| | nemy | No extended memory (nemy) likely encodes a human cytochrome b561 homolog and is involved in middle-term olfactory associative memory and courtship conditioning memory. (290 aa) |
| | ix | Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 29; Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors (By similarity). Required [...] (188 aa) |
| | Or47b | Odorant receptor 47b; Odorant receptor which mediates acceptance or avoidance behavior, depending on its substrates. The odorant receptor repertoire encodes a large collection of odor stimuli that vary widely in identity, intensity, and duration. May form a complex with Orco to form odorant-sensing units, providing sensitive and prolonged odorant signaling and calcium permeability. Plays an important role in sociosexual interactions since its enhances courtship in a pheromone- dependent manner. (412 aa) |
| | dare | NADPH:adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, mitochondrial; Defective in the avoidance of repellents (dare) encodes an enzyme associated with steroid hormone synthesis and required for normal olfactory behavior. Some mutants show widespread degeneration of adult nervous system; Belongs to the ferredoxin--NADP reductase type 1 family. (466 aa) |
| | ChAT | Choline O-acetyltransferase 13 kDa chain; Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) encodes a protein that catalyzes the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. It is considered to be a specific marker for cholinergic neurons. (721 aa) |
| | Sh | Potassium voltage-gated channel protein Shaker; Voltage-gated potassium channel that mediates transmembrane potassium transport in excitable membranes. The channel alternates between opened and closed conformations in response to the voltage difference across the membrane. Forms rapidly inactivating tetrameric potassium-selective channels through which potassium ions pass in accordance with their electrochemical gradient and may contribute to A- type currents. Plays a role in the regulation of sleep need or efficiency ; Belongs to the potassium channel family. A (Shaker) (TC 1.A.1.2) s [...] (655 aa) |
| | tra2 | Transformer-2 sex-determining protein; Required for female sex determination in somatic cells and for spermatogenesis in male germ cells. Positive regulator of female- specific splicing and/or polyadenylation of doublesex (dsx) pre-mRNA. Splicing requires an enhancer complex, dsxRE (dsx repeat element: which contains six copies of a 13-nucleotide repeat and a purine-rich enhancer (PRE)). DsxRE is formed through cooperative interactions between tra, tra2 and the sr proteins, and these interactions require both the repeat sequences and PRE. PRE is required for specific binding of tra2 to [...] (264 aa) |
| | Tbh | Tyramine beta-hydroxylase; Converts tyramine into octopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in ovulation and locomotion. Functions in an amine-mediated Bacc-dependent signaling pathway that negatively regulates acute ethanol sensitivity. Belongs to the copper type II ascorbate-dependent monooxygenase family. (670 aa) |
| | otu | Protein ovarian tumor locus; Essential for female fertility; germ cell division and differentiation. (853 aa) |
| | CheB42a | Chemosensory protein B 42a (CheB42a) encodes a member of a family of small secreted proteins associated with the chemosensory system and is involved in male courtship behavior. (198 aa) |
| | Vmat | Vesicular monoamine transporter (Vmat) encodes a protein responsible for packaging the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and octopamine into secretory vesicles. (646 aa) |
| | DopEcR | Dopamine/Ecdysteroid receptor (DopEcR) encodes a GPCR that shows ligand-biased activation. It can be activated by dopamine to increase cyclic AMP levels and by the insect steroid ecdysone to activate the MAPKinase pathway. It is widely expressed in the nervous system and can modulate a wide variety of complex behaviors including male courtship, locomotion, the response to stressful social interactions and the regulation of appetite. (322 aa) |
| | CadN | Neural-cadherin; Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell adhesion proteins. They preferentially interact with themselves in a homophilic manner in connecting cells; cadherins may thus contribute to the sorting of heterogeneous cell types. May associate with arm neural isoform and participate in the transmission of developmental information. (3101 aa) |
| | Syn | Synapsin-1; Synapsin (Syn) encodes a phosphoprotein associated with synaptic vesicles. It interacts with the endocytic scaffolding protein encoded by Dap160. Phosphorylation of synapsin at serine 6 is required for associative short-term learning/memory and short-term olfactory habituation. It is important for outgrowth of synaptic boutons at the larval neuromuscular junction. (1041 aa) |
| | Sox102F | Sox102F, isoform B; Sox102F (Sox102F) encodes a transcription factor in the Sox gene family that regulates the Wnt signaling pathway. Its roles include heart development and cardiac function, and wing vein development and patterning. (618 aa) |
| | eag | Potassium voltage-gated channel protein eag; Structural component of a potassium channel. Mediates the potassium permeability of membranes; potassium current is regulated by CaMKII and CASK. Has a role in growth of the perineurial glial layer of the larval peripheral nerve. (1270 aa) |
| | CG34460 | SVWC domain-containing protein. (192 aa) |
| | ppk23 | Pickpocket 23 (ppk23) encodes a gustatory-specific putative non-voltage gated cation channel that belongs to the Degenerin/Epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family. It contributes to pheromone perception and male courtship behavior. (591 aa) |
| | prt | Portabella (prt) encodes an orphan vesicular transporter expressed in a discrete number of cells in larvae and adults, including Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies. prt depletion produces male mating behavior defects and a modest learning deficit. (602 aa) |
| | Ir52a | Ionotropic receptor 52a; Ligand-gated ion channel activity. It is involved in the biological process described with: detection of chemical stimulus. (599 aa) |
| | btv | Beethoven (btv) encodes the minor cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain, which is the retrograde motor for intraflagellar transport. It is required for the proper assembly of the sensory cilia in chordotonal organs. It contributes to hearing and other chordotonal-dependent functions such as larval locomotion. (4236 aa) |
| | ppk29 | Pickpocket 29 (ppk29) encodes a putative non-voltage gated cation channel that belongs to the Degenerin/Epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family. It contributes to pheromone signaling and neuronal excitability. (425 aa) |
| | CaMKII | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) encodes an abundant Ca[2+]-calmodulin-regulated serine/threonine protein kinase. In neurons it has a wide range of substrates in multiple subcellular compartments, regulating synaptic plasticity, excitability and cytoskeletal interactions. (531 aa) |
| | Camta | Calmodulin-binding transcription activator (Camta) encodes a Ca[2+]-responsive transcription factor that either binds directly to DNA sequences containing a CGCG core motif or functions as a coactivator of NKX2 transcription factors. It mediates various physiological functions, including the regulation of visual signal transduction, memory formation and cell survival. (2044 aa) |
| | fru | Sex determination protein fruitless; Probably acts as a transcriptional regulator. Part of the somatic sex determination hierarchy; sex determination genes transformer (tra) and transformer-2 (tra-2) switch fru splicing from the male-specific pattern to the female-specific pattern through activation of the female-specific fru 5'-splice site. Vital for the development of males and females. Controls the development of the male specific abdominal muscle of Lawrence. Plays a role in male courtship behavior and sexual orientation. Enhances male-specific expression of takeout in brain-associ [...] (960 aa) |
| | dlg1 | Disks large 1 tumor suppressor protein; During embryonic development, some isoforms are essential for proper neuronal differentiation and organization. Required for cell polarity; maintenance of apicobasal polarity. Plays a critical role at septate junctions in cellular growth control during larval development. The presence of a guanylate kinase domain suggests involvement in cellular adhesion as well as signal transduction to control cellular proliferation. (1030 aa) |
| | 5-HT1A | 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 1A (5-HT1A) encodes a 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) GPCR that belongs to the Class A GPCR family. They bind and transmit the signal from the neurotransmitter 5-HT (serotonin). The family can be subdivided into several subclasses based on pharmacology, signal transduction and structure. There are 5 genes encoding serotonin receptors in the Drosophila melanogaster genome: 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT7. The product of 5-HT1A has been implicated in several aspects of adult behavior, including baseline sleep, aggression, courtship, as w [...] (846 aa) |
| | Blos1 | Biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 1; Component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex-1 (BLOC-1) involved in pigment granule biogenesis and membrane trafficking in synapses. In response to high synaptic activity at neuromuscular junctions, stabilizes Pldn protein levels and, together with Pldn, plays a role in promoting efficient synaptic vesicle recycling and re-formation through early endosomes. (147 aa) |
| | SIFaR | SIFamide receptor (SIFaR) encodes a G-protein coupled peptide receptor involved in both the neuropeptide and the G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathways. It is required for sensory perception of pain, determination of lifespan and sexual behavior. (758 aa) |
| | EcR | Ecdysone receptor (EcR) encodes a protein that interacts with the product of usp to form the nuclear ecdysone receptor heterodimer, which modulates, in conjunction with co-activators and co-repressors, the activities of hundreds of genes in a tissue- and stage-specific way. EcR is widely expressed in embryonic and larval tissues and in some adult tissues where its activities (modulated by the hormone ecdysone) trigger both molting and metamorphosis. (878 aa) |
| | Pka-R1 | Protein kinase, cAMP-dependent, regulatory subunit type 1 (Pka-R1) encodes a cAMP-dependent protein kinase regulator that contributes to actin filament and microtubule organization. It is involved in neuromuscular synaptic transmission, molting and response to ethanol. (464 aa) |
| | nej | Nejire, isoform C; Nejire (nej) encodes the transcriptional co-activator CBP. It acetylates several nuclear proteins, including the histone encoded by His3 on K18, K27, and H4 on K8. By regulating gene expression, the product of nej has roles in cell proliferation, cell signaling and differentiation, and in developmental patterning. (3282 aa) |
| | pros | Homeobox protein prospero; Homeodomain protein that controls neuronal identity. As a transcriptional factor, regulates the expression of ftz, eve and en in a subset of neuroblast progeny and modulates the transcriptional activity of other homeodomain proteins such as Dfd. Required for proper neuronal differentiation, axonal outgrowth and pathfinding of most or all neurons and their precursors in central and peripheral nervous systems. Regulates asymmetric stem cell self- renewal together with brat. (1835 aa) |
| | FoxP | Forkhead box P (FoxP) encodes a transcription factor expressed in the nervous system. It is involved in locomotion, operant self-learning and courtship behavior. (520 aa) |
| | mld | Molting defective (mld) encodes a nuclear zinc finger protein required for ecdysone biosynthesis. (1965 aa) |
| | SIFa | Neuropeptide SIFamide; Ligand for the neuropeptide SIFamide receptor. Modulates sexual behavior by negatively regulating female receptivity to male courtship and by playing a role in male sex discrimination. Also involved in promoting sleep. Belongs to the FARP (FMRFamide related peptide) family. (72 aa) |
| | Tab2 | TAK1-associated binding protein 2 (Tab2) encodes a protein with an ubiquitin binding domain. It interacts with the product of Tak1, a MAP kinase kinase kinase involved the activation of the immune deficiency, JNK and Grindelwald-Eiger pathways. (831 aa) |
| | Nrg | Neuroglian; The long isoform may play a role in neural and glial cell adhesion in the developing embryo. The short isoform may be a more general cell adhesion molecule involved in other tissues and imaginal disk morphogenesis. Vital for embryonic development. Essential for septate junctions. Septate junctions, which are the equivalent of vertebrates tight junctions, are characterized by regular arrays of transverse structures that span the intermembrane space and form a physical barrier to diffusion. Required for the blood-brain barrier formation. (1309 aa) |
