STRINGSTRING
brp brp Rala Rala gbb gbb Ras64B Ras64B Tie Tie LIMK1 LIMK1 lic lic hep hep wnd wnd btl btl dpp dpp tkv tkv GluRIIA GluRIIA wg wg ftz ftz puc puc Ras85D Ras85D Akt1 Akt1 bnl bnl p38a p38a betaTub56D betaTub56D nopo nopo ths ths myo myo Tm1 Tm1 baz baz fz3 fz3 pyr pyr St1 St1 Fak Fak Ask1 Ask1 Mhc Mhc bsk bsk slpr slpr elav elav Mnt Mnt aPKC aPKC fz fz RhoBTB RhoBTB put put Jra Jra Myc Myc cic cic Mkk4 Mkk4 Pi3K92E Pi3K92E GluRIIC GluRIIC Smox Smox Act5C Act5C hiw hiw ras ras
Nodes:
Network nodes represent proteins
splice isoforms or post-translational modifications are collapsed, i.e. each node represents all the proteins produced by a single, protein-coding gene locus.
Node Color
colored nodes:
query proteins and first shell of interactors
white nodes:
second shell of interactors
Node Content
empty nodes:
proteins of unknown 3D structure
filled nodes:
a 3D structure is known or predicted
Edges:
Edges represent protein-protein associations
associations are meant to be specific and meaningful, i.e. proteins jointly contribute to a shared function; this does not necessarily mean they are physically binding to each other.
Known Interactions
from curated databases
experimentally determined
Predicted Interactions
gene neighborhood
gene fusions
gene co-occurrence
Others
textmining
co-expression
protein homology
Your Input:
brpBruchpilot, isoform J; Bruchpilot (brp) encodes a cytoskeletal protein critical for structural integrity of electron-dense projection (T-bar) at pre-active zones. It contributes to Ca[2+] channel clustering, size regulation of the synaptic vesicle readily releaseable pool and anesthesia-resistant memory formation. (2238 aa)
RalaRas-related protein Ral-a; Ras-like protein A (Rala) encodes a GTPase that regulates Notch, Jak/Stat and JNK signalling pathways. (201 aa)
gbbProtein 60A; Glass bottom boat (gbb) encodes a BMP ligand in the TGF-beta/BMP family of dimeric signaling molecules. It binds to a receptor complex to transduce signal through phosphorylation of the product of Mad. It contributes to maintain stem cell populations, control cell fate specification, proliferation, synapse growth and neuropeptide release. (455 aa)
Ras64BRas-like protein 2; May be involved in endocytic processes and/or other transport pathways mediated by vesicle trafficking. May interact functionally with ROP protein. Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity. (192 aa)
TieTie-like receptor tyrosine kinase (Tie) encodes a predicted transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor. Its potential ligands for include Pvf protein family members. It may be involved in cell survival and cell migration. (1233 aa)
LIMK1LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1) encodes a protein that belongs to a phylogenetically conserved family of serine/threonine kinases. It is a potent stabilizer of the actin cytoskeleton by inactivating the product of tsr. It stabilizes the synapse structure at the neuromuscular junction and promotes synaptic remodeling and glomerular development in the developing antennal lobe. (1257 aa)
licLicorne (lic) encodes a serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates p38 MAP kinases. (334 aa)
hepDual specificity mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase hemipterous; Required for the epithelial cell sheet movement called dorsal closure (DC), which allows establishment of the dorsal epidermis. Controls the expression in the dorsal epithelium edges of another dorsal closure gene, puckered (puc). Phosphorylates and activates the MAP kinase bsk; bsk signal transduction pathway mediates an immune response and morphogenesis; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. STE Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase kinase subfamily. (1178 aa)
wndWallenda (wnd) encodes a kinase in the mixed lineage family of MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases. Its roles include axonal injury signaling (it becomes activated in neurons after axotomy), and in regulation of the structure of presynaptic boutons. (977 aa)
btlFibroblast growth factor receptor homolog 2; May be required for patterning of muscle precursor cells: generation of mesodermal and endodermal layers, invaginations of various types of cells, and CNS formation. Essential for the ability of the migrating tracheal and midline cells to recognize external guiding cues. (1052 aa)
dppProtein decapentaplegic; Required during oogenesis for eggshell patterning and dorsal/ventral patterning of the embryo. Acts as a morphogen during embryogenesis to pattern the dorsal/ventral axis, specifying dorsal ectoderm and amnioserosa cell fate within the dorsal half of the embryo; this activity is antagonized by binding to sog and tsg. Induces the formation of visceral mesoderm and the heart in early embryos. Required later in embryogenesis for dorsal closure and patterning of the hindgut. Also functions postembryonically as a long-range morphogen during imaginal disk development [...] (588 aa)
tkvReceptor protein serine/threonine kinase; Thickveins (tkv) encodes a transforming growth factor beta type I receptor. Together with the product of put, it functions as a receptor of the product of dpp and therefore contributes to the BMP signaling pathway; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily. (575 aa)
GluRIIAGlutamate receptor IIA (GluRIIA) encodes a subunit of the muscle glutamate receptor that responds to neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. (907 aa)
wgProtein wingless; Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Segment polarity protein. May be a growth factor. Acts on neighboring cells to regulate at least one gene, the homeobox segmentation gene engrailed. Wg signal represses arm phosphorylation. Wg signaling operates by inactivating the sgg repression of engrailed autoactivation. Wg and Wnt2 have a role in the developing trachea and together are responsible for all dorsal trunk formation. Wg also acts in the developing epidermis. Acts as a morphogen, [...] (468 aa)
ftzSegmentation protein fushi tarazu; May play a role in determining neuronal identity, may be directly involved in specifying identity of individual neurons. Required during embryogenesis for the process of body segmentation. Homeotic protein, required in alternating segment primordia, it specifies the correct number of segments. (410 aa)
pucPuckered, isoform A; Puckered (puc) encodes a serine/threonine protein phosphatase that mediates a feedback loop that regulates the Jun-N-terminal kinase pathway. (476 aa)
Ras85DRas-like protein 1; Ras proteins bind GDP/GTP and possess intrinsic GTPase activity (By similarity). Plays a role in eye development by regulating cell growth, survival of postmitotic ommatidial cells and differentiation of photoreceptor cells. During larval development, mediates Ptth/tor signaling leading to the production of ecdysone, a hormone required for the initiation of metamorphosis. (189 aa)
Akt1RAC serine/threonine-protein kinase; Serine/threonine kinase involved in various developmental processes. During early embryogenesis, acts as a survival protein. During mid-embryogenesis, phosphorylates and activates trh, a transcription factor required for tracheal cell fate determination. Also regulates tracheal cell migration. Later in development, acts downstream of PI3K and Pk61C/PDK1 in the insulin receptor transduction pathway which regulates cell growth and organ size, by phosphorylating and antagonizing FOXO transcription factor. Controls follicle cell size during oogenesis. M [...] (611 aa)
bnlBranchless (bnl) encodes a Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) receptor for secreted FGF ligands that utilizes the intracellular Ras-MAP kinase pathway. It contributes to embryonic tracheal migration; Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family. (770 aa)
p38aP38a MAP kinase (p38a) encodes a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases responsive to diverse stresses. In immune response, it activates its downstream component encoded by Atf-2 that in turn regulates Duox expression. (366 aa)
betaTub56DTubulin beta chain; Tubulin is the major constituent of microtubules. It binds two moles of GTP, one at an exchangeable site on the beta chain and one at a non-exchangeable site on the alpha chain. Belongs to the tubulin family. (456 aa)
nopoNo poles (nopo) encodes a RING domain-containing E3 ubiquitin ligase that is essential for early embryogenesis. It positively regulates caspase-dependent cell death. (435 aa)
thsThisbe, isoform A; Thisbe (ths) encodes is a Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ligand for the FGF receptor encoded by htl. It regulates the development of somatic and visceral muscle in the mesoderm, cardioblasts and glial cells. Its roles include acting as a chemoattractant in directional cell migration, and regulating adhesion, differentiation, and cell survival. (748 aa)
myoMyoglianin, isoform A; Myoglianin (myo) encodes a protein expressed primarily in muscle and glia cells. Mutations in myo affect neuronal remodeling during metamorphosis by failing to activate EcR expression in the remodeling neurons. (598 aa)
Tm1Tropomyosin-1, isoforms 9A/A/B; Tropomyosin, in association with the troponin complex, plays a central role in the calcium dependent regulation of muscle contraction; Belongs to the tropomyosin family. (711 aa)
bazBazooka, isoform B; Bazooka (baz) encodes a scaffold protein that forms a complex with the products of par-6 and aPKC and with other cortical, cytoskeletal and regulatory proteins. It functions in cell polarization pathways in epithelial, neuronal and other cell types. (1520 aa)
fz3Frizzled-3; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to i [...] (646 aa)
pyrPyramus (pyr) encodes a Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and ligand for the FGF receptor encoded by htl. It regulates the development of somatic and visceral muscle in the mesoderm, cardioblasts and glial cells. Its roles include acting as a chemoattractant in directional cell migration, and regulating adhesion, differentiation, and cell survival. (766 aa)
St1Sulfotransferase 1 (St1) encodes one out of 4 sulfotransferases that catalyze the sulfonation of many proteins, lipids and glycosaminoglycans. (338 aa)
FakFocal adhesion kinase (Fak) encodes a non-Receptor Tyrosine kinase (nRTK) that is involved in signaling and cytoskeletal dynamics integrating signals from RTKs and integrins. Its function has been described in multiple contexts including embryonic muscle attachement, morphogensis of the optic stalk, synaptic growth and transmission, and in the regulation of RTK-MAP kinase signaling in epithelia. (1500 aa)
Ask1Apoptotic signal-regulating kinase 1 (Ask1) encodes a serine/threonine kinase that belongs to the MAPK kinase kinase family. In response to various stresses, it phosphorylates MAPK kinases in JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, inducing cellular stress responses including cell death and immune responses. (1363 aa)
MhcMyosin heavy chain (Mhc) encodes the motor protein that provides the force for muscle contraction through its ATP-dependent interaction with actin filaments. It functions with essential and regulatory light chains. (1962 aa)
bskStress-activated protein kinase JNK; Responds to activation by environmental stress by phosphorylating a number of transcription factors, primarily components of AP-1 such as Jra and also the transcriptional repressor aop, and thus regulates transcriptional activity. Component of the immune response activated by bacterial infection, and is involved in wound healing and in dorsal closure, a morphogenetic movement during embryogenesis. Functions in the systematic response to wounding acting downstream of the Hayan-phenoloxidase PPO1 cascade. Exhibits cytoprotective activity in neuronal c [...] (372 aa)
slprMitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase; Activates the JUN N-terminal pathway during dorsal closure. (1155 aa)
elavProtein elav; Required for the proper development and maintenance of neurons presumably by affecting RNA metabolism. Belongs to the RRM elav family. (483 aa)
MntMnt, isoform I; Mnt (Mnt) encodes a protein that belongs to the basic-helic-loop-helix-zipper class of transcription factors, which form heterodimers with the protein encoded by Max. Mnt product acts as a repressor of transcription by recruiting a co-repressor complex to its genomic binding sites. It antagonizes cell growth promoting functions of the product encoded by Myc and its depletion produces flies with larger cells, increased weight, and decreased lifespan. (790 aa)
aPKCAtypical protein kinase C; Serine/threonine protein kinase which is required for apico- basal cell polarity in the germ line as well as in epithelial and neural precursor cells, for epithelial planar cell polarity and for cell proliferation. During oocyte development, required for the posterior translocation of oocyte specification factors and for the posterior establishment of the microtubule organizing center within the presumptive oocyte. Phosphorylates l(2)gl which restricts l(2)gl activity to the oocyte posterior and regulates posterior enrichment of par-1, leading to establishmen [...] (958 aa)
fzFrizzled; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to inv [...] (612 aa)
RhoBTBRho-related BTB domain containing (RhoBTB) encodes a protein involved in anti-parasitoid immune response. (783 aa)
putSerine/threonine-protein kinase receptor; Punt (put) encodes a transforming growth factor beta type II receptor that functions in both Dpp/BMP and Activin signaling. Pathway specificity in signaling output is determined by which type I receptor (Dpp/BMP or Activin one) is engaged in the complex with the product of put; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. TKL Ser/Thr protein kinase family. TGFB receptor subfamily. (520 aa)
JraTranscription factor AP-1; Transcription factor that recognizes and binds to the enhancer heptamer motif 5'-TGA[CG]TCA-3'. Plays a role in dorsal closure. Belongs to the bZIP family. Jun subfamily. (372 aa)
MycMyc protein; Participates in the regulation of gene transcription. Binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence CAC[GA]TG. Seems to activate the transcription of growth-related genes; required for cellular proliferation and growth. Functions in the TORC2-mediated regulation of cell growth, acting downstream of the TORC2 complex. Inhibits the demethylase activity of Lid. Activates transcription of mbm. Has a role in ribosome biogenesis and endoreplication in fat body cells by activating the transcription of LTV1. Able to induce the SCF E3 ubiqui [...] (717 aa)
cicPutative transcription factor capicua; Transcriptional repressor required for the specification of numerous cell types during embryonic development. Required for terminal patterning of early embryos. May associate with gro to repress tll and hkb, restricting their expression to embryonic terminal poles where they initiate correct development of head and tail structures. Required for dorsoventral patterning of oocytes and early embryos. Cooperates with dl to repress zen and other dorsal specific genes within the embryo and promotes expression of the ventralizing factor pip in ovarian fo [...] (2150 aa)
Mkk4MAP kinase kinase 4 (Mkk4) encodes a mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) involved in the Jun kinase (JNK) pathway. It is directly activated by the MAPKKK encoded by Tak1. Mkk4 product roles include activation of intracellular JNK signalling upon the TNF family ligand encoded by egr and regulation of axon stability. (424 aa)
Pi3K92EPhosphoinositide 3-kinase, Dp110; Pi3K92E (Pi3K92E) encodes the catalytic subunit of a class I phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase that functions downstream of the product of InR and other receptors during several processes, including cell and tissue growth; Belongs to the PI3/PI4-kinase family. (1088 aa)
GluRIICGlutamate receptor IIC (GluRIIC) encodes a subunit of the muscle glutamate receptor that responds to neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction. It is required for the synaptic localization of the products of GluRIIA and GluRIIB and for synaptic transmission. (940 aa)
SmoxMothers against decapentaplegic homolog; Smad on X (Smox) encodes the primary transcription factor that mediates Activin signalling. Upon phosphorylation by the receptor encoded by babo, it forms a complex with the co-Smad protein encoded by Med. This complex translocates to the nucleus where it regulates expression of target genes. (486 aa)
Act5CActin-5C; Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (376 aa)
hiwE3 ubiquitin-protein ligase highwire; Atypical E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which specifically mediates ubiquitination of threonine and serine residues on target proteins, instead of ubiquitinating lysine residues (By similarity). Shows esterification activity towards both threonine and serine, with a preference for threonine, and acts via two essential catalytic cysteine residues that relay ubiquitin to its substrate via thioester intermediates (By similarity). Required in the presynaptic motoneuron to down-regulate the levels of wnd and restrain synaptic terminal growth at the neuromu [...] (5233 aa)
rasInosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase; Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. (590 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Drosophila melanogaster
NCBI taxonomy Id: 7227
Other names: D. melanogaster, Diptera sp. DNAS-2A9-224646, Sophophora melanogaster, fruit fly
Server load: low (16%) [HD]
STRING is a Core Data Resource as designated by Global Biodata Coalition and ELIXIR.