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| | GUCA1A | Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 1; Stimulates retinal guanylyl cyclase when free calcium ions concentration is low and inhibits guanylyl cyclase when free calcium ions concentration is elevated. This Ca(2+)-sensitive regulation of retinal guanylyl cyclase is a key event in recovery of the dark state of rod photoreceptors following light exposure (By similarity). May be involved in cone photoreceptor light response and recovery of response in bright light (By similarity). (201 aa) |
| | GNA11 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-11; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Acts as an activator of phospholipase C. (359 aa) |
| | P2RY10 | Putative P2Y purinoceptor 10; Putative receptor for purines coupled to G-proteins. (339 aa) |
| | IMPG2 | Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 2; Chondroitin sulfate- and hyaluronan-binding proteoglycan involved in the organization of interphotoreceptor matrix; may participate in the maturation and maintenance of the light-sensitive photoreceptor outer segment. Binds heparin. (1241 aa) |
| | RGS17 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 17; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades, including signaling via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM2 and dopamine receptor DRD2. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds selectively to GNAZ and GNAI2 subunits, accelerates their GTPase activity and regulates their signaling activities. Negatively regulates mu-opioid receptor-mediated activation of the G-proteins (By similarity). (210 aa) |
| | GUCY2F | Retinal guanylyl cyclase 2; Responsible for the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in rods and cones of photoreceptors. Plays an essential role in phototransduction, by mediating cGMP replenishment (By similarity). May also participate in the trafficking of membrane-asociated proteins to the photoreceptor outer segment membrane (By similarity). Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. (1108 aa) |
| | CRX | Cone-rod homeobox protein; Transcription factor that binds and transactivates the sequence 5'-TAATC[CA]-3' which is found upstream of several photoreceptor-specific genes, including the opsin genes. Acts synergistically with other transcription factors, such as NRL, RORB and RAX, to regulate photoreceptor cell-specific gene transcription. Essential for the maintenance of mammalian photoreceptors. Belongs to the paired homeobox family. (299 aa) |
| | RCVRN | Recoverin; Acts as a calcium sensor and regulates phototransduction of cone and rod photoreceptor cells (By similarity). Modulates light sensitivity of cone photoreceptor in dark and dim conditions (By similarity). In response to high Ca(2+) levels induced by low light levels, prolongs RHO/rhodopsin activation in rod photoreceptor cells by binding to and inhibiting GRK1-mediated phosphorylation of RHO/rhodopsin (By similarity). Plays a role in scotopic vision/enhances vision in dim light by enhancing signal transfer between rod photoreceptors and rod bipolar cells (By similarity). Impr [...] (200 aa) |
| | GNB3 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-3; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (340 aa) |
| | TULP1 | Tubby-related protein 1; Required for normal development of photoreceptor synapses. Required for normal photoreceptor function and for long-term survival of photoreceptor cells. Interacts with cytoskeleton proteins and may play a role in protein transport in photoreceptor cells (By similarity). Binds lipids, especially phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-bisphosphate, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid (in vitr [...] (542 aa) |
| | GUCA1B | Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 2; Stimulates two retinal guanylyl cyclases (GCs) GUCY2D and GUCY2F when free calcium ions concentration is low, and inhibits GUCY2D and GUCY2F when free calcium ions concentration is elevated (By similarity). This Ca(2+)-sensitive regulation of GCs is a key event in recovery of the dark state of rod photoreceptors following light exposure (By similarity). May be involved in cone photoreceptor response and recovery of response in bright light (By similarity). (200 aa) |
| | PRPH2 | Peripherin-2; Essential for retina photoreceptor outer segment disk morphogenesis, may also play a role with ROM1 in the maintenance of outer segment disk structure (By similarity). Required for the maintenance of retinal outer nuclear layer thickness (By similarity). Required for the correct development and organization of the photoreceptor inner segment (By similarity). Belongs to the PRPH2/ROM1 family. (346 aa) |
| | GNAT1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-1; Functions as signal transducer for the rod photoreceptor RHO. Required for normal RHO-mediated light perception by the retina. Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as the photoreceptor RHO. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP- bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Activated RHO promotes GDP release and GTP binding. Signaling is mediated via downstream effector proteins, [...] (350 aa) |
| | GNB4 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-4; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (340 aa) |
| | PTGER2 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP2 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. The subsequent raise in intracellular cAMP is responsible for the relaxing effect of this receptor on smooth muscle. (358 aa) |
| | S1PR4 | Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 4; Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. May be involved in cell migration processes that are specific for lymphocytes. (384 aa) |
| | GNG11 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-11; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (73 aa) |
| | GNGT1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(T) subunit gamma-T1; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (74 aa) |
| | OPN1SW | Short-wave-sensitive opsin 1; Visual pigments are the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to cis-retinal (Probable). Required for the maintenance of cone outer segment organization in the ventral retina, but not essential for the maintenance of functioning cone photoreceptors (By similarity). Involved in ensuring correct abundance and localization of retinal membrane proteins (By similarity). May increase spectral sensitivity in dim light (By similarity); Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily. (348 aa) |
| | CNGB1 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-1; Subunit of cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels, nonselective cation channels, which play important roles in both visual and olfactory signal transduction. When associated with CNGA1, it is involved in the regulation of ion flow into the rod photoreceptor outer segment (ROS), in response to light-induced alteration of the levels of intracellular cGMP. (1251 aa) |
| | GNAT2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(t) subunit alpha-2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Transducin is an amplifier and one of the transducers of a visual impulse that performs the coupling between rhodopsin and cGMP- phosphodiesterase. (354 aa) |
| | GUCY2D | Retinal guanylyl cyclase 1; Catalyzes the synthesis of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in rods and cones of photoreceptors. Plays an essential role in phototransduction, by mediating cGMP replenishment. May also participate in the trafficking of membrane-asociated proteins to the photoreceptor outer segment membrane (By similarity). Belongs to the adenylyl cyclase class-4/guanylyl cyclase family. (1103 aa) |
| | PDE6A | Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha; This protein participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. (860 aa) |
| | RGS8 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 8; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades, including signaling via muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM2 and dopamine receptor DRD2 (By similarity). Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Modulates the activity of potassium channels that are activated in response to DRD2 and CHRM2 signaling (By similarity). (198 aa) |
| | GABBR2 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2; Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-depend [...] (941 aa) |
| | PDCL | Phosducin-like protein; Acts as a positive regulator of hedgehog signaling and regulates ciliary function. [Isoform 2]: Acts as a negative regulator of heterotrimeric G proteins assembly by trapping the preloaded G beta subunits inside the CCT chaperonin; Belongs to the phosducin family. (301 aa) |
| | GUCA1C | Guanylyl cyclase-activating protein 3; Stimulates guanylyl cyclase 1 (GC1) and GC2 when free calcium ions concentration is low and inhibits guanylyl cyclases when free calcium ions concentration is elevated. This Ca(2+)-sensitive regulation of guanylyl cyclase (GC) is a key event in recovery of the dark state of rod photoreceptors following light exposure. (209 aa) |
| | GNB5 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-5; Enhances GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity of regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) proteins, hence involved in the termination of the signaling initiated by the G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) by accelerating the GTP hydrolysis on the G-alpha subunits, thereby promoting their inactivation (Probable). Increases RGS9 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity, hence contributes to the deactivation of G protein signaling initiated by D(2) dopamine receptors. May play an important role in neuronal signaling, including in the par [...] (395 aa) |
| | SLC24A1 | Sodium/potassium/calcium exchanger 1; Critical component of the visual transduction cascade, controlling the calcium concentration of outer segments during light and darkness. Light causes a rapid lowering of cytosolic free calcium in the outer segment of both retinal rod and cone photoreceptors and the light-induced lowering of calcium is caused by extrusion via this protein which plays a key role in the process of light adaptation. Transports 1 Ca(2+) and 1 K(+) in exchange for 4 Na(+). (1099 aa) |
| | RGS9 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 9; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to GNAT1. Involved in phototransduction; key element in the recovery phase of visual transduction (By similarity). (674 aa) |
| | GNAO1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(o) subunit alpha; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(o) protein function is not clear. Stimulated by RGS14; Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(i/o/t/z) subfamily. (354 aa) |
| | GNA15 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-15; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. (374 aa) |
| | EFHD1 | EF-hand domain-containing protein D1; Acts as a calcium sensor for mitochondrial flash (mitoflash) activation, an event characterized by stochastic bursts of superoxide production. May play a role in neuronal differentiation (By similarity). (239 aa) |
| | GRK7 | Rhodopsin kinase GRK7; Retina-specific kinase involved in the shutoff of the photoresponse and adaptation to changing light conditions via cone opsin phosphorylation, including rhodopsin (RHO). Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily. (553 aa) |
| | PDE6H | Retinal cone rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma; Participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. cGMP-PDEs are the effector molecules in G- protein-mediated phototransduction in vertebrate rods and cones; Belongs to the rod/cone cGMP-PDE gamma subunit family. (83 aa) |
| | CNGA3 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-3; Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cyclic GMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and thereby causing a depolarization of cone photoreceptors. Induced a flickering channel gating, weakened the outward rectification in the presence of extracellular calcium, increased sensitivity for L-cis diltiazem and enhanced the cAMP efficacy of the channel when coexpressed with CNGB3 (By similarity). Essential for the generation of light-evok [...] (694 aa) |
| | PLA1A | Phospholipase A1 member A; Hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-1 position of glycerophospholipids and produces 2-acyl lysophospholipids. Hydrolyzes phosphatidylserine (PS) in the form of liposomes and 1-acyl-2 lysophosphatidylserine (lyso-PS), but not triolein, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidic acid (PA) or phosphatidylinositol (PI). Isoform 2 hydrolyzes lyso-PS but not PS. Hydrolysis of lyso-PS in peritoneal mast cells activated by receptors for IgE leads to stimulate histamine production. Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family. (456 aa) |
| | ROM1 | Rod outer segment membrane protein 1; Plays a role in rod outer segment (ROS) morphogenesis (By similarity). May play a role with PRPH2 in the maintenance of the structure of ROS curved disks (By similarity). Plays a role in the organization of the ROS and maintenance of ROS disk diameter (By similarity). Involved in the maintenance of the retina outer nuclear layer (By similarity). (351 aa) |
| | ADRA2A | Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is oxymetazoline > clonidine > epinephrine > norepinephrine > phenylephrine > dopamine > p-synephrine > p-tyramine > serotonin = p- octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > phentolamine = mianserine > chlorpromazine = spiperone = prazosin > propanolol > alprenolol = pindolol. (465 aa) |
| | GNAQ | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Regulates B-cell selection and survival and is required to prevent B-cell-dependent autoimmunity. Regulates chemotaxis of BM- derived neutrophils and dendritic cells (in vitro) (By similarity). Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily. (359 aa) |
| | PTGER1 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(q) proteins which activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. May play a role as an important modulator of renal function. Implicated the smooth muscle contractile response to PGE2 in various tissues; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (402 aa) |
| | GNG3 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-3; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (75 aa) |
| | KCNJ3 | G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 1; This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. This receptor plays a crucial role in regulating t [...] (501 aa) |
| | RHO | Rhodopsin; Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light- induced isomerization of the chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans- retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling. (348 aa) |
| | RP9 | Retinitis pigmentosa 9 protein; Is thought to be a target protein for the PIM1 kinase. May play some roles in B-cell proliferation in association with PIM1 (By similarity). (221 aa) |
| | RGS20 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 20; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds selectively to G(z)-alpha and G(alpha)- i2 subunits, accelerates their GTPase activity and regulates their signaling activities. The G(z)-alpha activity is inhibited by the phosphorylation and palmitoylation of the G-protein. Negatively regulates mu-opioid receptor-mediated activation of the G-proteins (By similarity). (388 aa) |
| | GNG8 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-8; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (70 aa) |
| | PTGER4 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. Has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle. May play an important role in regulating renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine function. (488 aa) |
| | RAC3 | Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 3; Plasma membrane-associated small GTPase which cycles between an active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound state. In active state binds to a variety of effector proteins to regulate cellular responses, such as cell spreading and the formation of actin-based protusions including lamellipodia and membrane ruffles. Promotes cell adhesion and spreading on fibrinogen in a CIB1 and alpha-IIb/beta3 integrin-mediated manner. (192 aa) |
| | GNB2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (340 aa) |
| | ADRB2 | Beta-2 adrenergic receptor; Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The beta-2-adrenergic receptor binds epinephrine with an approximately 30- fold greater affinity than it does norepinephrine. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRB2 sub-subfamily. (413 aa) |
| | CHRM1 | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1; The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is Pi turnover; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily. CHRM1 sub-subfamily. (460 aa) |
| | ADRA1B | Alpha-1B adrenergic receptor; This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine (PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA1B sub-subfamily. (520 aa) |
| | PCP2 | Purkinje cell protein 2 homolog; May function as a cell-type specific modulator for G protein- mediated cell signaling. (136 aa) |
| | ARR3 | Arrestin-C; May play a role in an as yet undefined retina-specific signal transduction. Could binds to photoactivated-phosphorylated red/green opsins. (388 aa) |
| | GRK2 | Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1; Specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors, probably inducing a desensitization of them. Key regulator of LPAR1 signaling. Competes with RALA for binding to LPAR1 thus affecting the signaling properties of the receptor. Desensitizes LPAR1 and LPAR2 in a phosphorylation- independent manner. Positively regulates ciliary smoothened (SMO)-dependent Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway by facilitating the trafficking of SMO into the cilium and the stimulation of SMO activity (By similarity). Belong [...] (689 aa) |
| | GNAI2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. The G(i) proteins are involved in hormonal regulation of adenylate cyclase: they inhibit the cyclase in response to beta- adrenergic stimuli. May play a role in cell division. (355 aa) |
| | RRH | Visual pigment-like receptor peropsin; May play a role in rpe physiology either by detecting light directly or by monitoring the concentration of retinoids or other photoreceptor-derived compounds. (337 aa) |
| | CNGB3 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel beta-3; Visual signal transduction is mediated by a G-protein coupled cascade using cGMP as second messenger. This protein can be activated by cGMP which leads to an opening of the cation channel and thereby causing a depolarization of rod photoreceptors. Induced a flickering channel gating, weakened the outward rectification in the presence of extracellular calcium, increased sensitivity for L-cis diltiazem and enhanced the cAMP efficiency of the channel when coexpressed with CNGA3 (By similarity). Essential for the generation of light-evoked ele [...] (809 aa) |
| | GRK3 | Beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 2; Specifically phosphorylates the agonist-occupied form of the beta-adrenergic and closely related receptors; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. AGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. GPRK subfamily. (688 aa) |
| | ZNF513 | Zinc finger protein 513; Transcriptional regulator that plays a role in retinal development and maintenance. (541 aa) |
| | OR2A4 | Olfactory receptor 2A4; Odorant receptor; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (310 aa) |
| | CABP4 | Calcium-binding protein 4; Involved in normal synaptic function through regulation of Ca(2+) influx and neurotransmitter release in photoreceptor synaptic terminals and in auditory transmission. Modulator of CACNA1D and CACNA1F, suppressing the calcium-dependent inactivation and shifting the activation range to more hyperpolarized voltages (By similarity). (275 aa) |
| | RIC8A | Synembryn-A; Guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which can activate some, but not all, G-alpha proteins. Able to activate GNAI1, GNAO1 and GNAQ, but not GNAS by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Involved in regulation of microtubule pulling forces during mitotic movement of chromosomes by stimulating G(i)-alpha protein, possibly leading to release G(i)-alpha-GTP and NuMA proteins from the NuMA-GPSM2-G(i)- alpha-GDP complex (By similarity). Also acts as an activator for G(q)- alpha (GNAQ) protein by enhancing the G(q)-coupled receptor-mediated ERK activation. (537 aa) |
| | PDE6G | Retinal rod rhodopsin-sensitive cGMP 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit gamma; Participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. cGMP-PDEs are the effector molecules in G- protein-mediated phototransduction in vertebrate rods and cones. (87 aa) |
| | S1PR5 | Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 5; Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. Is coupled to both the G(i/0)alpha and G(12) subclass of heteromeric G-proteins (By similarity). May play a regulatory role in the transformation of radial glial cells into astrocytes and may affect proliferative activity of these cells. (398 aa) |
| | CNGA2 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated olfactory channel; Odorant signal transduction is probably mediated by a G- protein coupled cascade using cAMP as second messenger. The olfactory channel can be shown to be activated by cyclic nucleotides which leads to a depolarization of olfactory sensory neurons; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel (TC 1.A.1.5) family. CNGA2 subfamily. (664 aa) |
| | PCARE | Photoreceptor cilium actin regulator; Plays an essential role for normal photoreceptor cell maintenance and vision. (1288 aa) |
| | RGS9BP | Regulator of G-protein signaling 9-binding protein; Regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in phototransduction. Participates in the recovery phase of visual transduction via its interaction with RGS9-1 isoform. Acts as a membrane-anchor that mediates the targeting of RGS9-1 to the photoreceptor outer segment, where phototransduction takes place. Enhances the ability of RGS9-1 to stimulate G protein GTPase activity, allowing the visual signal to be terminated on the physiologically time scale. It also controls the proteolytic stability of RGS9-1, probably by protectin [...] (235 aa) |
| | GNG2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction (By similarity). (71 aa) |
| | RGS7BP | Regulator of G-protein signaling 7-binding protein; Regulator of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling. Regulatory subunit of the R7-Gbeta5 complexes that acts by controlling the subcellular location of the R7-Gbeta5 complexes. When palmitoylated, it targets the R7-Gbeta5 complexes to the plasma membrane, leading to inhibit G protein alpha subunits. When it is unpalmitoylated, the R7-Gbeta5 complexes undergo a nuclear/cytoplasmic shuttling. May also act by controlling the proteolytic stability of R7 proteins, probably by protecting them from degradation. (257 aa) |
| | GRK1 | Rhodopsin kinase GRK1; Retina-specific kinase involved in the signal turnoff via phosphorylation of rhodopsin (RHO), the G protein- coupled receptor that initiates the phototransduction cascade. This rapid desensitization is essential for scotopic vision and permits rapid adaptation to changes in illumination (By similarity). May play a role in the maintenance of the outer nuclear layer in the retina (By similarity). (563 aa) |
| | PLCB1 | 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-1; The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. (1216 aa) |
| | RGS12 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 12; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. (1447 aa) |
| | NYX | Nyctalopin. (481 aa) |
| | CERKL | Ceramide kinase-like protein; Has no detectable ceramide-kinase activity. Overexpression of CERKL protects cells from apoptosis in oxidative stress conditions. (558 aa) |
| | EGFLAM | Pikachurin; Involved in both the retinal photoreceptor ribbon synapse formation and physiological functions of visual perception. Necessary for proper bipolar dendritic tip apposition to the photoreceptor ribbon synapse. Promotes matrix assembly and cell adhesiveness (By similarity). (1017 aa) |
| | GRK6 | G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6; Specifically phosphorylates the activated forms of G protein- coupled receptors. Such receptor phosphorylation initiates beta- arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling events leading to their desensitization. Seems to be involved in the desensitization of D2-like dopamine receptors in striatum and chemokine receptor CXCR4 which is critical for CXCL12-induced cell chemotaxis (By similarity). Phosphorylates rhodopsin (RHO) (in vitro) and a non G-protein-coupled receptor: LRP6 during Wnt signaling (in vitro). (576 aa) |
| | PTGER3 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor can couple to both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase mediated by G(i) proteins, and to an elevation of intracellular calcium. Required for normal development of fever in response to pyrinogens, including IL1B, prostaglandin E2 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Required for normal potentiation of platelet aggregation by prostaglandin E2, and thus plays a role in the regulation of blood coagulation. Required for increased HCO3(-) secretion in the duodenum in response to muco [...] (418 aa) |
| | RGR | RPE-retinal G protein-coupled receptor; Receptor for all-trans- and 11-cis-retinal. Binds preferentially to the former and may catalyze the isomerization of the chromophore by a retinochrome-like mechanism. (295 aa) |
| | TOPORS | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase Topors; Functions as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase and as an E3 SUMO1-protein ligase. Probable tumor suppressor involved in cell growth, cell proliferation and apoptosis that regulates p53/TP53 stability through ubiquitin-dependent degradation. May regulate chromatin modification through sumoylation of several chromatin modification-associated proteins. May be involved in DNA damage-induced cell death through IKBKE sumoylation. (1045 aa) |
| | OPN3 | Opsin-3; May play a role in encephalic photoreception; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily. (402 aa) |
| | RGS7 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 7; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. The RGS7/GNB5 dimer enhances GNAO1 GTPase activity. May play a role in synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Modulates the activity of potassium channels that are activated by GNAO1 in response to muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2/CHRM2 signaling. (487 aa) |
| | RD3 | Protein RD3; Plays a critical role in the regulation of enzymes involved in nucleotide cycle in photoreceptors. Inhibits the basal catalytic activity and the GCAP-stimulated activity of GUCY2D and GUCY2F, two retinal guanylyl cyclases involved in the production of cGMP in photoreceptors. Involved in the transport of GUCY2D and GUCY2F to their target sites in the photoreceptor outer segment. Up-regulates the activity of GUK1, a kinase that plays also an essential role for recycling GMP and indirectly, cGMP. Plays an important role for the survival of rods and cones in the retina (By sim [...] (195 aa) |
| | RGS18 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 18; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i) alpha-1, G(i) alpha-2, G(i) alpha-3 and G(q) alpha. (235 aa) |
| | RGS16 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 16; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. Plays an important role in the phototransduction cascade by regulating the lifetime and effective concentration of activated transducin alpha. May regulate extra and intracellular mitogenic signals (By similarity). (202 aa) |
| | KCNJ9 | G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 3; This receptor is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium (By similarity); Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potass [...] (393 aa) |
| | SEMA4A | Semaphorin-4A; Cell surface receptor for PLXNB1, PLXNB2, PLXNB3 and PLXND1 that plays an important role in cell-cell signaling (By similarity). Regulates glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse development (By similarity). Promotes the development of inhibitory synapses in a PLXNB1-dependent manner and promotes the development of excitatory synapses in a PLXNB2-dependent manner (By similarity). Plays a role in priming antigen-specific T-cells, promotes differentiation of Th1 T- helper cells, and thereby contributes to adaptive immunity (By similarity). Promotes phosphorylation of TIMD2 (By [...] (761 aa) |
| | RGS10 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 10; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades, including signaling downstream of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor CHRM2. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Modulates the activity of potassium channels that are activated in response to CHRM2 signaling. Activity on GNAZ is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein. (181 aa) |
| | ADRB1 | Beta-1 adrenergic receptor; Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. This receptor binds epinephrine and norepinephrine with approximately equal affinity. Mediates Ras activation through G(s)-alpha- and cAMP-mediated signaling. Involved in the regulation of sleep/wake behaviors ; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRB1 sub-subfamily. (477 aa) |
| | GNAI3 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha; Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding. The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal. Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modul [...] (354 aa) |
| | OPN1LW | Long-wave-sensitive opsin 1; Visual pigments are the light-absorbing molecules that mediate vision. They consist of an apoprotein, opsin, covalently linked to cis-retinal. (364 aa) |
| | ABCA4 | Retinal-specific phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA4; Catalyzes the translocation of specific phospholipids from the extracellular/lumenal to the cytoplasmic leaflet of membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Transports preferentially phosphatidylethanolamine. In the visual cycle, acts as an inward-directed retinoid flipase, retinoid substrates imported by ABCA4 from the extracellular or intradiscal (rod) membrane surfaces to the cytoplasmic membrane surface are all- trans-retinaldehyde (ATR) and N-retinyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (NR- PE). Once transported to the cytoplasmic su [...] (2273 aa) |
| | LPAR3 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 3; Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. May play a role in the development of ovarian cancer. Seems to be coupled to the G(i)/G(o) and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins. (353 aa) |
| | EYS | Protein eyes shut homolog; Required to maintain the integrity of photoreceptor cells. Specifically required for normal morphology of the photoreceptor ciliary pocket, and might thus facilitate protein trafficking between the photoreceptor inner and outer segments via the transition zone (By similarity); Belongs to the EYS family. (3165 aa) |
| | CTBS | Di-N-acetylchitobiase; Involved in the degradation of asparagine-linked glycoproteins. Hydrolyze of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine (1-4)N- acetylglucosamine chitobiose core from the reducing end of the bond, it requires prior cleavage by glycosylasparaginase; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 18 family. (385 aa) |
| | GNG5 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-5; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (68 aa) |
| | GNG12 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-12; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (72 aa) |
| | OPN5 | Opsin-5; Opsin 5. (354 aa) |
| | PDE6C | Cone cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit alpha; As cone-specific cGMP phosphodiesterase, it plays an essential role in light detection and cone phototransduction by rapidly decreasing intracellular levels of cGMP. (858 aa) |
| | PREX1 | Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Rac exchanger 1 protein; Functions as a RAC guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), which activates the Rac proteins by exchanging bound GDP for free GTP. Its activity is synergistically activated by phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate and the beta gamma subunits of heterotrimeric G protein. May function downstream of heterotrimeric G proteins in neutrophils. (1659 aa) |
| | OPN4 | Melanopsin; Photoreceptor required for regulation of circadian rhythm. Contributes to pupillar reflex and other non-image forming responses to light. May be able to isomerize covalently bound all-trans retinal back to 11-cis retinal (By similarity); Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Opsin subfamily. (489 aa) |
| | RGS3 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 3; Down-regulates signaling from heterotrimeric G-proteins by increasing the GTPase activity of the alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Down-regulates G-protein- mediated release of inositol phosphates and activation of MAP kinases. (1198 aa) |
| | GNG10 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-10; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. Interacts with beta-1 and beta-2, but not with beta-3. (68 aa) |
| | LPAR1 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 1; Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Plays a role in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, cell migration, differentiation and proliferation, and thereby contributes to the responses to tissue damage and infectious agents. Activates downstream signaling cascades via the G(i)/G(o), G(12)/G(13), and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins. Signaling inhibits adenylyl cyclase activity and decreases cellular cAMP levels. Signaling triggers an increase of cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels. Activates RALA; this leads to the activation of phospholipase C [...] (364 aa) |
| | S1PR3 | Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 3; Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effect on most types of cells and tissues. When expressed in rat HTC4 hepatoma cells, is capable of mediating S1P-induced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. (378 aa) |
| | CACNA1F | Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1F; [Isoform 1]: Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1F gives rise to L-type calcium currents. Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. They are blocked by dihydropyridines (DHP), phenylalkylamines, and by benzot [...] (1977 aa) |
| | GNA14 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-14; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. (355 aa) |
| | GABBR1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1; Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-depend [...] (961 aa) |
| | LPAR6 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 6; Binds to oleoyl-L-alpha-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Intracellular cAMP is involved in the receptor activation. Important for the maintenance of hair growth and texture. (344 aa) |
| | PLCB4 | 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase beta-4; The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. This form has a role in retina signal transduction. (1194 aa) |
| | GNB1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (340 aa) |
| | ADRA1D | Alpha-1D adrenergic receptor; This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its effect through the influx of extracellular calcium; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA1D sub-subfamily. (572 aa) |
| | CNGA4 | Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel alpha-4; Second messenger, cAMP, causes the opening of cation- selective cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channels and depolarization of the neuron (olfactory sensory neurons, OSNs). CNGA4 is the modulatory subunit of this channel which is known to play a central role in the transduction of odorant signals and subsequent adaptation. By accelerating the calcium-mediated negative feedback in olfactory signaling it allows rapid adaptation to odor stimulation and extends its range of odor detection (By similarity). (575 aa) |
| | ADRA1A | Alpha-1A adrenergic receptor; This alpha-adrenergic receptor mediates its action by association with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol- calcium second messenger system. Its effect is mediated by G(q) and G(11) proteins. Nuclear ADRA1A-ADRA1B heterooligomers regulate phenylephrine(PE)-stimulated ERK signaling in cardiac myocytes. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA1A sub-subfamily. (475 aa) |
| | KCNV2 | Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily V member 2; Potassium channel subunit. Modulates channel activity by shifting the threshold and the half-maximal activation to more negative values; Belongs to the potassium channel family. V (TC 1.A.1.2) subfamily. Kv8.2/KCNV2 sub-subfamily. (545 aa) |
| | PDC | Phosducin; May participate in the regulation of visual phototransduction or in the integration of photoreceptor metabolism. Inhibits the transcriptional activation activity of the cone-rod homeobox CRX. Belongs to the phosducin family. (246 aa) |
| | GRK5 | G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5; Serine/threonine kinase that phosphorylates preferentially the activated forms of a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Such receptor phosphorylation initiates beta-arrestin-mediated receptor desensitization, internalization, and signaling events leading to their down-regulation. Phosphorylates a variety of GPCRs, including adrenergic receptors, muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (more specifically Gi-coupled M2/M4 subtypes), dopamine receptors and opioid receptors. In addition to GPCRs, also phosphorylates various substrates: Hsc70-inte [...] (590 aa) |
| | SPATA7 | Spermatogenesis-associated protein 7; Involved in the maintenance of both rod and cone photoreceptor cells (By similarity). It is required for recruitment and proper localization of RPGRIP1 to the photoreceptor connecting cilium (CC), as well as photoreceptor-specific localization of proximal CC proteins at the distal CC (By similarity). Maintenance of protein localization at the photoreceptor-specific distal CC is essential for normal microtubule stability and to prevent photoreceptor degeneration (By similarity). (599 aa) |
| | RGS11 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 11; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. (467 aa) |
| | KCNJ15 | ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 15; Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium; Belongs to the inward rectifier-type potassium channel (TC 1.A.2.1) family. KCNJ15 subfamily. (375 aa) |
| | CNGA1 | cGMP-gated cation channel alpha-1; Subunit of the rod cyclic GMP-gated cation channel, which is involved in the final stage of the phototransduction pathway. When light hits rod photoreceptors, cGMP concentrations decrease causing rapid closure of CNGA1/CNGB1 channels and, therefore, hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. (759 aa) |
| | ADRA2C | Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. ADRA2C sub-subfamily. (462 aa) |
| | RGS14 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 14; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. Besides, modulates signal transduction via G protein alpha subunits by functioning as a GDP-dissociation inhibitor (GDI). Has GDI activity on G(i) alpha subunits GNAI1 and GNAI3, but not on GNAI2 and G(o) alpha subunit GNAO1. Has GAP activity on GNAI0, GNAI2 and GNAI3. May act as a scaffold integrating G protein and Ras/Raf MAPkinase signaling pa [...] (566 aa) |
| | SAG | S-arrestin; Binds to photoactivated, phosphorylated RHO and terminates RHO signaling via G-proteins by competing with G-proteins for the same binding site on RHO (By similarity). May play a role in preventing light-dependent degeneration of retinal photoreceptor cells. (405 aa) |
| | LPAR5 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5; Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. (372 aa) |
| | TBXA2R | Thromboxane A2 receptor; Receptor for thromboxane A2 (TXA2), a potent stimulator of platelet aggregation. The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G- protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. In the kidney, the binding of TXA2 to glomerular TP receptors causes intense vasoconstriction. Activates phospholipase C. Isoform 1 activates adenylyl cyclase. Isoform 2 inhibits adenylyl cyclase. (407 aa) |
| | RGS4 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 4; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Activity on G(z)-alpha is inhibited by phosphorylation of the G-protein. Activity on G(z)-alpha and G(i)- alpha-1 is inhibited by palmitoylation of the G-protein. (302 aa) |
| | GNG4 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-4; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (75 aa) |
| | CHRM2 | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2; The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is adenylate cyclase inhibition. Signaling promotes phospholipase C activity, leading to the release of inositol trisphosphate (IP3); this then triggers calcium ion release into the cytosol. (466 aa) |
| | GNA13 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-13; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Activates effector molecule RhoA by binding and activating RhoGEFs (ARHGEF1/p115RhoGEF, ARHGEF11/PDZ-RhoGEF and ARHGEF12/LARG). GNA13-dependent Rho signaling subsequently regulates transcription factor AP-1 (activating protein-1) (By similarity). Promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis by activating RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. Inhibits CDH1-mediated cell adhesion in process independent from Rho a [...] (377 aa) |
| | AAMP | Angio-associated migratory cell protein; Plays a role in angiogenesis and cell migration. In smooth muscle cell migration, may act through the RhoA pathway. (435 aa) |
| | ARRB2 | Beta-arrestin-2; Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta- arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin- associated sorting proteins) and re [...] (430 aa) |
| | LPAR4 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4; Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. Transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ions and by stimulating adenylyl cyclase activity. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is 1- oleoyl- > 1-stearoyl- > 1-palmitoyl- > 1-myristoyl- > 1-alkyl- > 1- alkenyl-LPA. (370 aa) |
| | CHRM4 | Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4; The muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mediates various cellular responses, including inhibition of adenylate cyclase, breakdown of phosphoinositides and modulation of potassium channels through the action of G proteins. Primary transducing effect is inhibition of adenylate cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subfamily. CHRM4 sub-subfamily. (479 aa) |
| | ARRB1 | Beta-arrestin-1; Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta- arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin- associated sorting proteins) and re [...] (418 aa) |
| | CASR | Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor; G-protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration and modulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in parathyroid glands (By similarity). The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The G-protein-coupled receptor activity is activated by a co-agonist mechanism: aromatic amino acids, such as T [...] (1088 aa) |
| | PDE6B | Rod cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase subunit beta; This protein participates in processes of transmission and amplification of the visual signal. Necessary for the formation of a functional phosphodiesterase holoenzyme; Belongs to the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase family. (854 aa) |
| | GNGT2 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-T2; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as a modulator or transducer in various transmembrane signaling systems. The beta and gamma chains are required for the GTPase activity, for replacement of GDP by GTP, and for G protein-effector interaction. (69 aa) |
| | RGS21 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 21; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. (152 aa) |
| | RGS5 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 5; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to G(i)-alpha and G(o)-alpha, but not to G(s)-alpha (By similarity). (185 aa) |
| | KCNJ5 | G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4; This potassium channel is controlled by G proteins. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by external barium. Belongs to the [...] (419 aa) |
| | OMP | Olfactory marker protein; May act as a modulator of the olfactory signal-transduction cascade; Belongs to the olfactory marker protein family. (163 aa) |
| | IGSF9B | Protein turtle homolog B; Transmembrane protein which is abundantly expressed in interneurons, where it may regulate inhibitory synapse development. May mediate homophilic cell adhesion. (1437 aa) |
| | TRPM1 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 1; Cation channel essential for the depolarizing photoresponse of retinal ON bipolar cells. It is part of the GRM6 signaling cascade. May play a role in metastasis suppression (By similarity). May act as a spontaneously active, calcium-permeable plasma membrane channel. (1642 aa) |
| | CLUL1 | Clusterin-like protein 1; Clusterin like 1. (518 aa) |
| | RGS13 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 13; Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits thereby driving them into their inactive GDP-bound form. Binds to both G(i)-alpha and G(q)-alpha (By similarity). (159 aa) |
| | GPR17 | Uracil nucleotide/cysteinyl leukotriene receptor; Dual specificity receptor for uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs). Signals through G(i) and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. May mediate brain damage by nucleotides and CysLTs following ischemia; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (367 aa) |
| | LPAR2 | Lysophosphatidic acid receptor 2; Receptor for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a mediator of diverse cellular activities. Seems to be coupled to the G(i)/G(o), G(12)/G(13), and G(q) families of heteromeric G proteins. Plays a key role in phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) signaling pathway. Stimulates phospholipase C (PLC) activity in a manner that is independent of RALA activation. (351 aa) |
| | RGS6 | Regulator of G-protein signaling 6; Regulates G protein-coupled receptor signaling cascades. Inhibits signal transduction by increasing the GTPase activity of G protein alpha subunits, thereby driving them into their inactive GDP- bound form. The RGS6/GNB5 dimer enhances GNAO1 GTPase activity. (490 aa) |
| | NRL | Neural retina-specific leucine zipper protein; Acts as a transcriptional activator which regulates the expression of several rod-specific genes, including RHO and PDE6B. Functions also as a transcriptional coactivator, stimulating transcription mediated by the transcription factor CRX and NR2E3. Binds in a sequence-specific manner to the rhodopsin promoter. (237 aa) |
| | ELFN1 | Protein ELFN1; Postsynaptic protein that regulates circuit dynamics in the central nervous system by modulating the temporal dynamics of interneuron recruitment. Specifically present in excitatory synapses onto oriens-lacunosum molecular (OLM) interneurons and acts as a regulator of presynaptic release probability to direct the formation of highly facilitating pyramidal-OLM synapses (By similarity). Inhibits phosphatase activity of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) complexes. (828 aa) |
| | RBP3 | Retinol-binding protein 3; IRBP shuttles 11-cis and all trans retinoids between the retinol isomerase in the pigment epithelium and the visual pigments in the photoreceptor cells of the retina. (1247 aa) |
| | KCNJ16 | Inward rectifier potassium channel 16; Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. KCNJ16 may be involved in the regulation of fluid and pH balance. In the kidney, together with KCNJ10, mediates basolater [...] (453 aa) |
| | PRCD | Photoreceptor disk component PRCD; Involved in vision; Belongs to the PRCD family. (54 aa) |
| | LRIT3 | Leucine-rich repeat, immunoglobulin-like domain and transmembrane domain-containing protein 3; Plays a role in the synapse formation and synaptic transmission between cone photoreceptor cells and retinal bipolar cells (By similarity). Required for normal transmission of a light-evoked stimulus from the cone photoreceptor cells to the ON-bipolar cells and ON-ganglion cells in the inner retina. Required in retinal ON-bipolar cells for normal localization of the cation channel TRPM1 at dendrite tips (By similarity). Seems to play a specific role in synaptic contacts made by ON-bipolar cel [...] (679 aa) |
| | OPN1MW | Opsin 1, medium wave sensitive. (364 aa) |
| | KCNJ6 | G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 2; This potassium channel may be involved in the regulation of insulin secretion by glucose and/or neurotransmitters acting through G- protein-coupled receptors. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due t [...] (423 aa) |
| | TEX28 | Testis-specific protein TEX28; Testis expressed 28. (410 aa) |
| | GNAZ | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(z) subunit alpha; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. (355 aa) |
| | ADRA2B | Alpha-2B adrenergic receptor; Alpha-2 adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine- induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. The rank order of potency for agonists of this receptor is clonidine > norepinephrine > epinephrine = oxymetazoline > dopamine > p-tyramine = phenylephrine > serotonin > p-synephrine / p-octopamine. For antagonists, the rank order is yohimbine > chlorpromazine > phentolamine > mianserine > spiperone > prazosin > alprenolol > propanolol > pindolol; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. Adrenergic receptor subfamily. [...] (450 aa) |
| | NR2E3 | Photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor; Orphan nuclear receptor of retinal photoreceptor cells. Transcriptional factor that is an activator of rod development and repressor of cone development. Binds the promoter region of a number of rod- and cone-specific genes, including rhodopsin, M- and S-opsin and rod-specific phosphodiesterase beta subunit. Enhances rhodopsin expression. Represses M- and S-cone opsin expression. Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily. (410 aa) |
| | GPR179 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 179; Orphan receptor, involved in vision. Required for signal transduction through retinal depolarizing bipolar cells. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 3 family. (2367 aa) |
| | GNG14 | Putative guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(O) subunit gamma-14; G protein subunit gamma 14. (107 aa) |
| | GPR174 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 174; Putative receptor for purines coupled to G-proteins. (333 aa) |
| | KCNJ10 | ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 10; May be responsible for potassium buffering action of glial cells in the brain. Inward rectifier potassium channels are characterized by a greater tendency to allow potassium to flow into the cell rather than out of it. Their voltage dependence is regulated by the concentration of extracellular potassium; as external potassium is raised, the voltage range of the channel opening shifts to more positive voltages. The inward rectification is mainly due to the blockage of outward current by internal magnesium. Can be blocked by extracellu [...] (379 aa) |
| | S1PR2 | Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2; Receptor for the lysosphingolipid sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). S1P is a bioactive lysophospholipid that elicits diverse physiological effects on most types of cells and tissues. When expressed in rat HTC4 hepatoma cells, is capable of mediating S1P-induced cell proliferation and suppression of apoptosis. Receptor for the chemokine-like protein FAM19A5. Mediates the inhibitory effect of FAM19A5 on vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration (By similarity). (353 aa) |
| | GRM6 | Metabotropic glutamate receptor 6; G-protein coupled receptor for glutamate. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase activity (By similarity). Signaling stimulates TRPM1 channel activity and Ca(2+) uptake. Required for normal vision. (877 aa) |
| | GNAI1 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit alpha-1; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) function as transducers downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in numerous signaling cascades. The alpha chain contains the guanine nucleotide binding site and alternates between an active, GTP-bound state and an inactive, GDP-bound state. Signaling by an activated GPCR promotes GDP release and GTP binding. The alpha subunit has a low GTPase activity that converts bound GTP to GDP, thereby terminating the signal. Both GDP release and GTP hydrolysis are modulated by numer [...] (354 aa) |
