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LOXL3 | Lysyl oxidase homolog 3; Protein-lysine 6-oxidase that mediates the oxidation of peptidyl lysine residues to allysine in target proteins. Catalyzes the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors of elastin and different types of collagens, a prerequisite in the formation of cross-links between collagens and elastin. Required for somite boundary formation by catalyzing oxidation of fibronectin (FN1), enhancing integrin signaling in myofibers and their adhesion to the myotendinous junction (MTJ) (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of inflammatory [...] (753 aa) | ||||
SNCA | Alpha-synuclein; Neuronal protein that plays several roles in synaptic activity such as regulation of synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release. Participates as a monomer in synaptic vesicle exocytosis by enhancing vesicle priming, fusion and dilation of exocytotic fusion pores. Mechanistically, acts by increasing local Ca(2+) release from microdomains which is essential for the enhancement of ATP-induced exocytosis. Acts also as a molecular chaperone in its multimeric membrane-bound state, assisting in the folding of synaptic fusion components called SNAREs [...] (140 aa) | ||||
CUTA | Protein CutA; May form part of a complex of membrane proteins attached to acetylcholinesterase (AChE); Belongs to the CutA family. (198 aa) | ||||
OR4E2 | Olfactory receptor 4E2; Odorant receptor; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (313 aa) | ||||
OR5AR1 | Olfactory receptor 5AR1; Odorant receptor. (310 aa) | ||||
HAMP | Hepcidin-20; Liver-produced hormone that constitutes the main circulating regulator of iron absorption and distribution across tissues. Acts by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin, leading to the retention of iron in iron-exporting cells and decreased flow of iron into plasma. Controls the major flows of iron into plasma: absorption of dietary iron in the intestine, recycling of iron by macrophages, which phagocytose old erythrocytes and other cells, and mobilization of stored iron from hepatocytes. Belongs to the hepcidin family. (84 aa) | ||||
SCO2 | Protein SCO2 homolog, mitochondrial; Copper metallochaperone essential for the synthesis and maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Also acts as a thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase to regulate the redox state of the cysteines in SCO1 during maturation of MT-CO2/COX2. (266 aa) | ||||
CCS | Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase; Delivers copper to copper zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1); In the C-terminal section; belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family. (274 aa) | ||||
HEPH | Hephaestin; May function as a ferroxidase for ferrous (II) to ferric ion (III) conversion and may be involved in copper transport and homeostasis. Implicated in iron homeostasis and may mediate iron efflux associated to ferroportin 1. (1212 aa) | ||||
ATOX1 | Copper transport protein ATOX1; Binds and deliver cytosolic copper to the copper ATPase proteins. May be important in cellular antioxidant defense; Belongs to the ATX1 family. (68 aa) | ||||
AOC1 | Amiloride-sensitive amine oxidase [copper-containing]; Catalyzes the degradation of compounds such as putrescine, histamine, spermine, and spermidine, substances involved in allergic and immune responses, cell proliferation, tissue differentiation, tumor formation, and possibly apoptosis. Placental DAO is thought to play a role in the regulation of the female reproductive function; Belongs to the copper/topaquinone oxidase family. (770 aa) | ||||
PRNP | Major prion protein; Its primary physiological function is unclear. May play a role in neuronal development and synaptic plasticity. May be required for neuronal myelin sheath maintenance. May promote myelin homeostasis through acting as an agonist for ADGRG6 receptor. May play a role in iron uptake and iron homeostasis. Soluble oligomers are toxic to cultured neuroblastoma cells and induce apoptosis (in vitro) (By similarity). Association with GPC1 (via its heparan sulfate chains) targets PRNP to lipid rafts. Also provides Cu(2+) or ZN(2+) for the ascorbate-mediated GPC1 deaminase deg [...] (253 aa) | ||||
S100A13 | Protein S100-A13; Plays a role in the export of proteins that lack a signal peptide and are secreted by an alternative pathway. Binds two calcium ions per subunit. Binds one copper ion. Binding of one copper ion does not interfere with calcium binding. Required for the copper-dependent stress-induced export of IL1A and FGF1. The calcium-free protein binds to lipid vesicles containing phosphatidylserine, but not to vesicles containing phosphatidylcholine (By similarity). (98 aa) | ||||
DCT | L-dopachrome tautomerase; Catalyzes the conversion of L-dopachrome into 5,6- dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA). Involved in regulating eumelanin and phaeomelanin levels. Belongs to the tyrosinase family. (552 aa) | ||||
LACC1 | Laccase domain-containing protein 1; Central regulator of the metabolic function and bioenergetic state of macrophages. In macrophages, promotes flux through de novo lipogenesis to concomitantly drive high levels of both fatty-acid oxidation and glycolysis. (430 aa) | ||||
SNCB | Beta-synuclein; Non-amyloid component of senile plaques found in Alzheimer disease. Could act as a regulator of SNCA aggregation process. Protects neurons from staurosporine and 6-hydroxy dopamine (6OHDA)-stimulated caspase activation in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Contributes to restore the SNCA anti-apoptotic function abolished by 6OHDA. Not found in the Lewy bodies associated with Parkinson disease; Belongs to the synuclein family. (134 aa) | ||||
DBH | Soluble dopamine beta-hydroxylase; Conversion of dopamine to noradrenaline. (617 aa) | ||||
LOXL2 | Lysyl oxidase homolog 2; Mediates the post-translational oxidative deamination of lysine residues on target proteins leading to the formation of deaminated lysine (allysine). Acts as a transcription corepressor and specifically mediates deamination of trimethylated 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me3), a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Shows no activity against histone H3 when it is trimethylated on 'Lys-9' (H3K9me3) or 'Lys-27' (H3K27me3) or when 'Lys-4' is monomethylated (H3K4me1) or dimethylated (H3K4me2). Also mediates deamination of methylated TAF10, a member of [...] (774 aa) | ||||
SOD3 | Extracellular superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]; Protect the extracellular space from toxic effect of reactive oxygen intermediates by converting superoxide radicals into hydrogen peroxide and oxygen. (240 aa) | ||||
SNCG | Gamma-synuclein; Plays a role in neurofilament network integrity. May be involved in modulating axonal architecture during development and in the adult. In vitro, increases the susceptibility of neurofilament-H to calcium-dependent proteases (By similarity). May also function in modulating the keratin network in skin. Activates the MAPK and Elk-1 signal transduction pathway (By similarity); Belongs to the synuclein family. (127 aa) | ||||
ADNP | Activity-dependent neuroprotector homeobox protein; Potential transcription factor. May mediate some of the neuroprotective peptide VIP-associated effects involving normal growth and cancer proliferation. (1102 aa) | ||||
CUTC | Copper homeostasis protein cutC homolog; May play a role in copper homeostasis. Can bind one Cu(1+) per subunit. (273 aa) | ||||
S100A12 | Protein S100-A12; S100A12 is a calcium-, zinc- and copper-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. Its proinflammatory activity involves recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF- kappa-B signaling pathways leadi [...] (92 aa) | ||||
S100A5 | Protein S100-A5; Binds calcium, zinc and copper. One subunit can simultaneously bind 2 calcium ions or 2 copper ions plus 1 zinc ion. Calcium and copper ions compete for the same binding sites. (92 aa) | ||||
MOXD1 | Monooxygenase DBH like 1. (613 aa) | ||||
F5 | Coagulation factor V heavy chain; Central regulator of hemostasis. It serves as a critical cofactor for the prothrombinase activity of factor Xa that results in the activation of prothrombin to thrombin. (2224 aa) | ||||
COA6 | Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 homolog; Involved in the maturation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV subunit MT-CO2/COX2. Thereby, may regulate early steps of complex IV assembly. Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV or cytochrome c oxidase is the component of the respiratory chain that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from intermembrane space cytochrome c to molecular oxygen in the matrix and as a consequence contributes to the proton gradient involved in mitochondrial ATP synthesis. May also be required for efficient formation of respiratory supercomp [...] (155 aa) | ||||
MT-CO2 | Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2; Component of the cytochrome c oxidase, the last enzyme in the mitochondrial electron transport chain which drives oxidative phosphorylation. The respiratory chain contains 3 multisubunit complexes succinate dehydrogenase (complex II, CII), ubiquinol- cytochrome c oxidoreductase (cytochrome b-c1 complex, complex III, CIII) and cytochrome c oxidase (complex IV, CIV), that cooperate to transfer electrons derived from NADH and succinate to molecular oxygen, creating an electrochemical gradient over the inner membrane that drives transmembrane transport and t [...] (227 aa) | ||||
F8 | Factor VIIIa heavy chain, 200 kDa isoform; Factor VIII, along with calcium and phospholipid, acts as a cofactor for F9/factor IXa when it converts F10/factor X to the activated form, factor Xa. (2351 aa) | ||||
P2RX4 | P2X purinoceptor 4; Receptor for ATP that acts as a ligand-gated ion channel. This receptor is insensitive to the antagonists PPADS and suramin. (404 aa) | ||||
APOA4 | Apolipoprotein A-IV; May have a role in chylomicrons and VLDL secretion and catabolism. Required for efficient activation of lipoprotein lipase by ApoC-II; potent activator of LCAT. Apoa-IV is a major component of HDL and chylomicrons; Belongs to the apolipoprotein A1/A4/E family. (396 aa) | ||||
ATP7A | Copper-transporting ATPase 1; May supply copper to copper-requiring proteins within the secretory pathway, when localized in the trans-Golgi network. Under conditions of elevated extracellular copper, it relocalized to the plasma membrane where it functions in the efflux of copper from cells; Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (1500 aa) | ||||
PARK7 | Protein/nucleic acid deglycase DJ-1; Protein and nucleotide deglycase that catalyzes the deglycation of the Maillard adducts formed between amino groups of proteins or nucleotides and reactive carbonyl groups of glyoxals. Thus, functions as a protein deglycase that repairs methylglyoxal- and glyoxal-glycated proteins, and releases repaired proteins and lactate or glycolate, respectively. Deglycates cysteine, arginine and lysine residues in proteins, and thus reactivates these proteins by reversing glycation by glyoxals. Acts on early glycation intermediates (hemithioacetals and aminoca [...] (189 aa) | ||||
ANG | Angiogenin; Binds to actin on the surface of endothelial cells; once bound, angiogenin is endocytosed and translocated to the nucleus. Stimulates ribosomal RNA synthesis including that containing the initiation site sequences of 45S rRNA. Cleaves tRNA within anticodon loops to produce tRNA-derived stress-induced fragments (tiRNAs) which inhibit protein synthesis and triggers the assembly of stress granules (SGs). Angiogenin induces vascularization of normal and malignant tissues. Angiogenic activity is regulated by interaction with RNH1 in vivo. (147 aa) | ||||
SNAI3 | Zinc finger protein SNAI3; Seems to inhibit myoblast differentiation. Transcriptional repressor of E-box-dependent transactivation of downstream myogenic bHLHs genes. Binds preferentially to the canonical E-box sequences 5'- CAGGTG-3' and 5'-CACCTG-3' (By similarity). (292 aa) | ||||
ATP13A2 | Cation-transporting ATPase 13A2; ATPase that plays a role in intracellular cation homeostasis and the maintenance of neuronal integrity. Required for a proper lysosomal and mitochondrial maintenance. Regulates the autophagy-lysosome pathway through the control of SYT11 expression at both transcriptional and post- translational levels. Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type V subfamily. (1180 aa) | ||||
HEPHL1 | Ferroxidase HEPHL1; Is a copper-binding glycoprotein with ferroxidase activity. It oxidizes Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. May be involved in the regulation of intracellular iron content. (1159 aa) | ||||
AOC3 | Membrane primary amine oxidase; Cell adhesion protein that participates in lymphocyte extravasation and recirculation by mediating the binding of lymphocytes to peripheral lymph node vascular endothelial cells in an L-selectin- independent fashion. Has semicarbazide-sensitive (SSAO) monoamine oxidase activity. May play a role in adipogenesis. (763 aa) | ||||
COMMD1 | COMM domain-containing protein 1; Proposed scaffold protein that is implicated in diverse physiological processes and whose function may be in part linked to its ability to regulate ubiquitination of specific cellular proteins. Can modulate activity of cullin-RING E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes by displacing CAND1; in vitro promotes CRL E3 activity and dissociates CAND1 from CUL1 and CUL2. Promotes ubiquitination of NF-kappa-B subunit RELA and its subsequent proteasomal degradation. Down-regulates NF-kappa-B activity. Involved in the regulation of membrane expression and ubiquitin [...] (190 aa) | ||||
PRND | Prion-like protein doppel; Required for normal acrosome reaction and for normal male fertility (By similarity). Can bind Cu(2+) ; Belongs to the prion family. (176 aa) | ||||
PAM | Peptidyl-alpha-hydroxyglycine alpha-amidating lyase; Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the post-translational modification of inactive peptidylglycine precursors to the corresponding bioactive alpha-amidated peptides, a terminal modification in biosynthesis of many neural and endocrine peptides. Alpha-amidation involves two sequential reactions, both of which are catalyzed by separate catalytic domains of the enzyme. The first step, catalyzed by peptidyl alpha-hydroxylating monoxygenase (PHM) domain, is the copper-, ascorbate-, and O2- dependent stereospecific hydroxylation (with S st [...] (974 aa) | ||||
COX11 | Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein COX11, mitochondrial; Exerts its effect at some terminal stage of cytochrome c oxidase synthesis, probably by being involved in the insertion of the copper B into subunit I. (276 aa) | ||||
ALB | Serum albumin; Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc. Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific man [...] (609 aa) | ||||
RNF7 | RING-box protein 2; Probable component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction and transcription. CRLs complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins, ARIH1 mediating addition of the first ubiquitin on CRLs targets (By similarity). Through the RING- type zinc finger, seems to recruit the E2 ubiquitination enzyme to the complex and brings it into close proximity to the substrat [...] (113 aa) | ||||
SUMF1 | Formylglycine-generating enzyme; Oxidase that catalyzes the conversion of cysteine to 3- oxoalanine on target proteins, using molecular oxygen and an unidentified reducing agent. 3- oxoalanine modification, which is also named formylglycine (fGly), occurs in the maturation of arylsulfatases and some alkaline phosphatases that use the hydrated form of 3-oxoalanine as a catalytic nucleophile. Known substrates include GALNS, ARSA, STS and ARSE. Belongs to the sulfatase-modifying factor family. (374 aa) | ||||
SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase [Cu-Zn]; Destroys radicals which are normally produced within the cells and which are toxic to biological systems; Belongs to the Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase family. (154 aa) | ||||
TP53 | Cellular tumor antigen p53; Acts as a tumor suppressor in many tumor types; induces growth arrest or apoptosis depending on the physiological circumstances and cell type. Involved in cell cycle regulation as a trans-activator that acts to negatively regulate cell division by controlling a set of genes required for this process. One of the activated genes is an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases. Apoptosis induction seems to be mediated either by stimulation of BAX and FAS antigen expression, or by repression of Bcl-2 expression. Its pro-apoptotic activity is activated via its intera [...] (393 aa) | ||||
CP | Ceruloplasmin; Ceruloplasmin is a blue, copper-binding (6-7 atoms per molecule) glycoprotein. It has ferroxidase activity oxidizing Fe(2+) to Fe(3+) without releasing radical oxygen species. It is involved in iron transport across the cell membrane. Provides Cu(2+) ions for the ascorbate-mediated deaminase degradation of the heparan sulfate chains of GPC1. May also play a role in fetal lung development or pulmonary antioxidant defense (By similarity). (1065 aa) | ||||
GPC1 | Secreted glypican-1; Cell surface proteoglycan that bears heparan sulfate. Binds, via the heparan sulfate side chains, alpha-4 (V) collagen and participates in Schwann cell myelination (By similarity). May act as a catalyst in increasing the rate of conversion of prion protein PRPN(C) to PRNP(Sc) via associating (via the heparan sulfate side chains) with both forms of PRPN, targeting them to lipid rafts and facilitating their interaction. Required for proper skeletal muscle differentiation by sequestering FGF2 in lipid rafts preventing its binding to receptors (FGFRs) and inhibiting th [...] (558 aa) | ||||
IL1A | Interleukin-1 alpha; Produced by activated macrophages, IL-1 stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL-1 proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. (271 aa) | ||||
TYR | Tyrosinase; This is a copper-containing oxidase that functions in the formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds. Catalyzes the initial and rate limiting step in the cascade of reactions leading to melanin production from tyrosine. In addition to hydroxylating tyrosine to DOPA (3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine), also catalyzes the oxidation of DOPA to DOPA-quinone, and possibly the oxidation of DHI (5,6-dihydroxyindole) to indole-5,6 quinone. Belongs to the tyrosinase family. (529 aa) | ||||
LOXL1 | Lysyl oxidase homolog 1; Active on elastin and collagen substrates. (574 aa) | ||||
COX17 | Cytochrome c oxidase copper chaperone; Copper metallochaperone essential for the assembly of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (CIV), also known as cytochrome c oxidase. Binds two copper ions and delivers them to the metallochaperone SCO1 which transports the copper ions to the Cu(A) site on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). (63 aa) | ||||
LOXL4 | Lysyl oxidase homolog 4; May modulate the formation of a collagenous extracellular matrix. (756 aa) | ||||
SCO1 | Protein SCO1 homolog, mitochondrial; Copper metallochaperone essential for the maturation of cytochrome c oxidase subunit II (MT-CO2/COX2). Not required for the synthesis of MT-CO2/COX2 but plays a crucial role in stabilizing MT- CO2/COX2 during its subsequent maturation. Involved in transporting copper to the Cu(A) site on MT-CO2/COX2. Plays an important role in the regulation of copper homeostasis by controlling the abundance and cell membrane localization of copper transporter CTR1 (By similarity). Belongs to the SCO1/2 family. (301 aa) | ||||
AOC2 | Retina-specific copper amine oxidase; Has a monoamine oxidase activity with substrate specificity for 2-phenylethylamine and tryptamine. May play a role in adipogenesis. May be a critical modulator of signal transmission in retina. (756 aa) | ||||
ATP7B | Copper-transporting ATPase 2; Copper ion transmembrane transporter involved in the export of copper out of the cells. It is involved in copper homeostasis in the liver, where it ensures the efflux of copper from hepatocytes into the bile in response to copper overload. Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IB subfamily. (1465 aa) | ||||
LOX | Protein-lysine 6-oxidase, short form; Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Regulator of Ras expression. May play a role in tumor suppression. Plays a role in the aortic wall architecture (By similarity); Belongs to the lysyl oxidase family. (417 aa) | ||||
ACR | Acrosin heavy chain; Acrosin is the major protease of mammalian spermatozoa. It is a serine protease of trypsin-like cleavage specificity, it is synthesized in a zymogen form, proacrosin and stored in the acrosome. (421 aa) | ||||
MT3 | Metallothionein-3; Binds heavy metals. Contains three zinc and three copper atoms per polypeptide chain and only a negligible amount of cadmium. Inhibits survival and neurite formation of cortical neurons in vitro. (68 aa) |