STRINGSTRING
GSC GSC MSX2 MSX2 TRAF2 TRAF2 PDGFRA PDGFRA TRAF5 TRAF5 SMAD2 SMAD2 EPCAM EPCAM NEUROD1 NEUROD1 TBXT TBXT SOX17 SOX17 MESP1 MESP1 P2RY1 P2RY1 FGF5 FGF5 HNF4A HNF4A FGF8 FGF8 DAND5 DAND5 SMAD3 SMAD3 TRAF3IP2 TRAF3IP2 PARP1 PARP1 CER1 CER1 MSX1 MSX1 TBX6 TBX6 PAX6 PAX6
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Network nodes represent proteins
splice isoforms or post-translational modifications are collapsed, i.e. each node represents all the proteins produced by a single, protein-coding gene locus.
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colored nodes:
query proteins and first shell of interactors
white nodes:
second shell of interactors
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empty nodes:
proteins of unknown 3D structure
filled nodes:
a 3D structure is known or predicted
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Edges represent protein-protein associations
associations are meant to be specific and meaningful, i.e. proteins jointly contribute to a shared function; this does not necessarily mean they are physically binding to each other.
Known Interactions
from curated databases
experimentally determined
Predicted Interactions
gene neighborhood
gene fusions
gene co-occurrence
Others
textmining
co-expression
protein homology
Your Input:
GSCHomeobox protein goosecoid; Regulates chordin (CHRD). May play a role in spatial programing within discrete embryonic fields or lineage compartments during organogenesis. In concert with NKX3-2, plays a role in defining the structural components of the middle ear; required for the development of the entire tympanic ring (By similarity). Probably involved in the regulatory networks that define neural crest cell fate specification and determine mesoderm cell lineages in mammals. (257 aa)
MSX2Homeobox protein MSX-2; Acts as a transcriptional regulator in bone development. Represses the ALPL promoter activity and antagonizes the stimulatory effect of DLX5 on ALPL expression during osteoblast differentiation. Probable morphogenetic role. May play a role in limb-pattern formation. In osteoblasts, suppresses transcription driven by the osteocalcin FGF response element (OCFRE). Binds to the homeodomain-response element of the ALPL promoter; Belongs to the Msh homeobox family. (267 aa)
TRAF2TNF receptor-associated factor 2; Regulates activation of NF-kappa-B and JNK and plays a central role in the regulation of cell survival and apoptosis. Required for normal antibody isotype switching from IgM to IgG. Has E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity and promotes 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination of target proteins, such as BIRC3, RIPK1 and TICAM1. Is an essential constituent of several E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes, where it promotes the ubiquitination of target proteins by bringing them into contact with other E3 ubiquitin ligases. Regulates BIRC2 and BIRC3 protein levels [...] (501 aa)
PDGFRAPlatelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as a cell-surface receptor for PDGFA, PDGFB and PDGFC and plays an essential role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, survival and chemotaxis. Depending on the context, promotes or inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration. Plays an important role in the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Required for normal skeleton development and cephalic closure during embryonic development. Required for normal development of the mucosa lining the gastrointes [...] (1089 aa)
TRAF5TNF receptor-associated factor 5; Adapter protein and signal transducer that links members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family to different signaling pathways by association with the receptor cytoplasmic domain and kinases. Mediates activation of NF-kappa-B and probably JNK. Seems to be involved in apoptosis. Plays a role in mediating activation of NF- kappa-B by EIF2AK2/PKR. (557 aa)
SMAD2Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2; Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD2/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. May act as a tumor suppressor in colorectal carcinoma. Positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a negative regulator. (467 aa)
EPCAMEpithelial cell adhesion molecule; May act as a physical homophilic interaction molecule between intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) at the mucosal epithelium for providing immunological barrier as a first line of defense against mucosal infection. Plays a role in embryonic stem cells proliferation and differentiation. Up-regulates the expression of FABP5, MYC and cyclins A and E. (314 aa)
NEUROD1Neurogenic differentiation factor 1; Acts as a transcriptional activator: mediates transcriptional activation by binding to E box-containing promoter consensus core sequences 5'-CANNTG-3'. Associates with the p300/CBP transcription coactivator complex to stimulate transcription of the secretin gene as well as the gene encoding the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor CDKN1A. Contributes to the regulation of several cell differentiation pathways, like those that promote the formation of early retinal ganglion cells, inner ear sensory neurons, granule cells forming either the cerebellum or [...] (356 aa)
TBXTT-box transcription factor T; Involved in the transcriptional regulation of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation. Binds to a palindromic site (called T site) and activates gene transcription when bound to such a site. (435 aa)
SOX17Transcription factor SOX-17; Acts as transcription regulator that binds target promoter DNA and bends the DNA. Binds to the sequences 5'-AACAAT-'3 or 5'- AACAAAG-3'. Modulates transcriptional regulation via WNT3A. Inhibits Wnt signaling. Promotes degradation of activated CTNNB1. Plays a key role in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal development of the definitive gut endoderm. Required for normal looping of the embryonic heart tube. Plays an important role in embryonic and postnatal vascular development, including development of arteries. Plays an important rol [...] (414 aa)
MESP1Mesoderm posterior protein 1; Transcription factor. Plays a role in the epithelialization of somitic mesoderm and in the development of cardiac mesoderm. Defines the rostrocaudal patterning of the somites by participating in distinct Notch pathways (By similarity). (268 aa)
P2RY1P2Y purinoceptor 1; Receptor for extracellular adenine nucleotides such as ADP. In platelets, binding to ADP leads to mobilization of intracellular calcium ions via activation of phospholipase C, a change in platelet shape, and ultimately platelet aggregation. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (373 aa)
FGF5Fibroblast growth factor 5; Plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation and cell differentiation. Required for normal regulation of the hair growth cycle. Functions as an inhibitor of hair elongation by promoting progression from anagen, the growth phase of the hair follicle, into catagen the apoptosis-induced regression phase (By similarity); Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family. (268 aa)
HNF4AHepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha; Transcriptional regulator which controls the expression of hepatic genes during the transition of endodermal cells to hepatic progenitor cells, facilitating the recruitment of RNA pol II to the promoters of target genes. Activates the transcription of CYP2C38 (By similarity). Represses the CLOCK- ARNTL/BMAL1 transcriptional activity and is essential for circadian rhythm maintenance and period regulation in the liver and colon cells. (474 aa)
FGF8Fibroblast growth factor 8; Plays an important role in the regulation of embryonic development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. Required for normal brain, eye, ear and limb development during embryogenesis. Required for normal development of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal system. Plays a role in neurite outgrowth in hippocampal cells. Belongs to the heparin-binding growth factors family. (244 aa)
DAND5DAN domain family member 5; Seems to play a role in the correct specification of the left-right axis. May antagonize NODAL and BMP4 signaling. Cystine knot- containing proteins play important roles during development, organogenesis, tissue growth and differentiation (By similarity). Belongs to the DAN family. (189 aa)
SMAD3Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3; Receptor-regulated SMAD (R-SMAD) that is an intracellular signal transducer and transcriptional modulator activated by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) and activin type 1 receptor kinases. Binds the TRE element in the promoter region of many genes that are regulated by TGF-beta and, on formation of the SMAD3/SMAD4 complex, activates transcription. Also can form a SMAD3/SMAD4/JUN/FOS complex at the AP- 1/SMAD site to regulate TGF-beta-mediated transcription. Has an inhibitory effect on wound healing probably by modulating both growth and m [...] (425 aa)
TRAF3IP2Adapter protein CIKS; Could be involved in the activation of both NF-kappa-B via a NF-kappa-B inhibitor kinase (IKK)-dependent mechanism and stress- activated protein kinase (SAPK)/JNK. (574 aa)
PARP1Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1; Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates poly-ADP- ribosylation of proteins and plays a key role in DNA repair. Mainly mediates glutamate and aspartate ADP-ribosylation of target proteins: the ADP-D- ribosyl group of NAD(+) is transferred to the acceptor carboxyl group of glutamate and aspartate residues and further ADP-ribosyl groups are transferred to the 2'-position of the terminal adenosine moiety, building up a polymer with an average chain length of 20-30 units. Mediates the poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of a number of proteins, including itself, APLF an [...] (1014 aa)
CER1Cerberus; Cytokine that may play a role in anterior neural induction and somite formation during embryogenesis in part through a BMP- inhibitory mechanism. Can regulate Nodal signaling during gastrulation as well as the formation and patterning of the primitive streak (By similarity); Belongs to the DAN family. (267 aa)
MSX1Homeobox protein MSX-1; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. May play a role in limb- pattern formation. Acts in cranofacial development and specifically in odontogenesis. Expression in the developing nail bed mesenchyme is important for nail plate thickness and integrity. Belongs to the Msh homeobox family. (303 aa)
TBX6T-box transcription factor TBX6; T-box transcription factor that plays an essential role in the determination of the fate of axial stem cells: neural vs mesodermal. Acts in part by down-regulating, a specific enhancer (N1) of SOX2, to inhibit neural development. Seems to play also an essential role in left/right axis determination and acts through effects on Notch signaling around the node as well as through an effect on the morphology and motility of the nodal cilia (By similarity). (436 aa)
PAX6Paired box protein Pax-6; Transcription factor with important functions in the development of the eye, nose, central nervous system and pancreas. Required for the differentiation of pancreatic islet alpha cells (By similarity). Competes with PAX4 in binding to a common element in the glucagon, insulin and somatostatin promoters. Regulates specification of the ventral neuron subtypes by establishing the correct progenitor domains (By similarity). Isoform 5a appears to function as a molecular switch that specifies target genes; Belongs to the paired homeobox family. (436 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Homo sapiens
NCBI taxonomy Id: 9606
Other names: H. sapiens, human, man
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