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| | ROPN1 | Ropporin-1A; Important for male fertility. With ROPN1L, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA- dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation. Belongs to the ropporin family. (212 aa) |
| | TCP11 | T-complex protein 11 homolog; Plays a role in the process of sperm capacitation and acrosome reactions. Probable receptor for the putative fertilization- promoting peptide (FPP) at the sperm membrane that may modulate the activity of the adenylyl cyclase cAMP pathway. Belongs to the TCP11 family. (516 aa) |
| | AK2 | Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrial, N-terminally processed; Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis. (239 aa) |
| | CALM2 | Calmodulin 2. (149 aa) |
| | CALM1 | Calmodulin-1; Calmodulin 1; Belongs to the calmodulin family. (150 aa) |
| | PPP3R2 | Calcineurin subunit B type 2; Regulatory subunit of calcineurin, a calcium-dependent, calmodulin stimulated protein phosphatase. Confers calcium sensitivity. (173 aa) |
| | DYNC2H1 | Cytoplasmic dynein 2 heavy chain 1; May function as a motor for intraflagellar retrograde transport. Functions in cilia biogenesis. May play a role in transport between endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi or organization of the Golgi in cells (By similarity). (4314 aa) |
| | PFKM | ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis; Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily. (883 aa) |
| | RPGR | X-linked retinitis pigmentosa GTPase regulator; Could be a guanine-nucleotide releasing factor. Plays a role in ciliogenesis. Probably regulates cilia formation by regulating actin stress filaments and cell contractility. Plays an important role in photoreceptor integrity. May play a critical role in spermatogenesis and in intraflagellar transport processes (By similarity). May be involved in microtubule organization and regulation of transport in primary cilia. (1152 aa) |
| | CATSPERZ | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit zeta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for a distribution of the CatSper complex in linear quadrilateral nanodomains along the flagellum, maximizing fertilization inside the mammalian female reproductive tract. Together with EFCAB9, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two-row structure of each single CatSper channel. (200 aa) |
| | DNAH10 | Dynein heavy chain 10, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity). Probable inner arm dynein heavy chain. (4471 aa) |
| | HAVCR1 | Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 1; May play a role in T-helper cell development and the regulation of asthma and allergic diseases. Receptor for TIMD4 (By similarity). May play a role in kidney injury and repair. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Ebolavirus and Marburg virus by binding exposed phosphatidyl-serine at the surface of virion membrane; Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. TIM family. (401 aa) |
| | LRRC6 | Protein tilB homolog; May play a role in dynein arm assembly, hence essential for proper axoneme building for cilia motility. Belongs to the tilB family. (466 aa) |
| | LYZL6 | Lysozyme-like protein 6; May be involved sperm-egg plasma membrane adhesion and fusion during fertilization. Exhibits bacteriolytic activity in vitro against Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus. Shows weak bacteriolytic activity against Gram-positive bacteria at physiological pH. Bacteriolytic activity is pH-dependent, with a maximum at around pH 5.6. (148 aa) |
| | CABYR | Calcium-binding tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated protein; May function as a regulator of both motility- and head- associated functions such as capacitation and the acrosome reaction. Isoform 1 binds calcium in vitro. Isoform 2 and isoform 6 probably bind calcium. Isoform 3 and isoform 5 do not bind calcium in vitro. Isoform 4 probably does not bind calcium. (493 aa) |
| | MAFIP-2 | MaFF-interacting protein; Acts as coactivator of MAFF transcriptional activity. Inhibits cell growth and colony-forming efficiency. Belongs to the tektin family. (124 aa) |
| | FAM71D | Protein FAM71D; Family with sequence similarity 71 member D. (422 aa) |
| | CFAP99 | Cilia and flagella associated protein 99. (646 aa) |
| | DNAI1 | Dynein intermediate chain 1, axonemal; Part of the dynein complex of respiratory cilia; Belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family. (703 aa) |
| | SEPTIN2 | Septin-2; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Plays a role in the biogenesis of polarized columnar- shaped epithelium by maintaining polyglutamylated microtubules, thus facilitating efficient vesicle transport, and by impeding MAP4 binding to tubulin. Required for the progression through mitosis. Forms a scaffo [...] (396 aa) |
| | MAFIP | MAFF interacting protein. (129 aa) |
| | TTC25 | Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 25; Required for the docking of the outer dynein arm to cilia, hence plays an essential role in cilia motility. (672 aa) |
| | DNAH11 | Dynein heavy chain 11, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. (4516 aa) |
| | DYNC2LI1 | Cytoplasmic dynein 2 light intermediate chain 1; Required for correct intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bi- directional movement of particles required for the assembly, maintenance and functioning of primary cilia. Involved in the regulation of ciliary length. (352 aa) |
| | IL4I1 | L-amino-acid oxidase; Lysosomal L-amino-acid oxidase with highest specific activity with phenylalanine. May play a role in lysosomal antigen processing and presentation (By similarity). (589 aa) |
| | IFT20 | Intraflagellar transport protein 20 homolog; Part of intraflagellar transport (IFT) particles involved in ciliary process assembly. May play a role in the trafficking of ciliary membrane proteins from the Golgi complex to the cilium. Regulates the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) signaling pathway. Required for protein stability of E3 ubiquitin ligases CBL and CBLB that mediate ubiquitination and internalization of PDGFRA for proper feedback inhibition of PDGFRA signaling. Essential for male fertility. Plays an important role in spermatogenesis, particularly sperm [...] (158 aa) |
| | SPATA33 | Spermatogenesis-associated protein 33; Spermatogenesis associated 33. (140 aa) |
| | FOPNL | LisH domain-containing protein FOPNL; Involved in the biogenesis of cilia. Required for the recruitment of PLK1 to centrosomes and S phase progression. (198 aa) |
| | DNAH2 | Dynein heavy chain 2, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity). (4427 aa) |
| | TMEM249 | Transmembrane protein 249. (235 aa) |
| | SLIRP | SRA stem-loop-interacting RNA-binding protein, mitochondrial; RNA-binding protein that acts as a nuclear receptor corepressor. Probably acts by binding the SRA RNA, and repressing the SRA-mediated nuclear receptor coactivation. Binds the STR7 loop of SRA RNA. Also able to repress glucocorticoid (GR), androgen (AR), thyroid (TR) and VDR-mediated transactivation. (109 aa) |
| | ATP1A1 | Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1; This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIC subfamily. (1023 aa) |
| | TTLL9 | Probable tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL9; Probable tubulin polyglutamylase that forms polyglutamate side chains on tubulin. Acts when complexed with other proteins. By mediating tubulin polyglutamylation, plays a role in the establishment of microtubule heterogeneity in sperm flagella. (439 aa) |
| | HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequenc [...] (850 aa) |
| | LDHC | L-lactate dehydrogenase C chain; Possible role in sperm motility. (332 aa) |
| | CCDC189 | Coiled-coil domain containing 189. (331 aa) |
| | TMEM262 | Transmembrane protein 262. (116 aa) |
| | SPA17 | Sperm surface protein Sp17; Sperm surface zona pellucida binding protein. Helps to bind spermatozoa to the zona pellucida with high affinity. Might function in binding zona pellucida and carbohydrates (By similarity). (151 aa) |
| | TAS2R43 | Taste receptor type 2 member 43; Gustducin-coupled receptor immplicated in the perception of bitter compounds in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. Signals through PLCB2 and the calcium-regulated cation channel TRPM5. Activated by the sulfonyl amide sweeteners saccharin and acesulfame K. In airway epithelial cells, binding of bitter compounds increases the intracellular calcium ion concentration and stimulates ciliary beat frequency. May act as chemosensory receptors in airway epithelial cells to detect and eliminate potential noxious agents from the airways (By similarity). (309 aa) |
| | ROPN1B | Ropporin-1B; Important for male fertility. With ROPN1L, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA- dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation. Belongs to the ropporin family. (212 aa) |
| | TTC29 | Tetratricopeptide repeat domain 29. (501 aa) |
| | ROPN1L | Ropporin-1-like protein; Important for male fertility. With ROPN1, involved in fibrous sheath integrity and sperm motility, plays a role in PKA-dependent signaling processes required for spermatozoa capacitation. (230 aa) |
| | IQUB | IQ and ubiquitin-like domain-containing protein; May play roles in cilia formation and/or maintenance. (791 aa) |
| | SPATA6L | Spermatogenesis associated 6 like; Belongs to the SPATA6 family. (334 aa) |
| | CAMSAP3 | Calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3; Key microtubule-organizing protein that specifically binds the minus-end of non-centrosomal microtubules and regulates their dynamics and organization. Specifically recognizes growing microtubule minus-ends and autonomously decorates and stabilizes microtubule lattice formed by microtubule minus-end polymerization. Acts on free microtubule minus-ends that are not capped by microtubule-nucleating proteins or other factors and protects microtubule minus-ends from depolymerization. In addition, it also reduces the velocity of microtubule [...] (1276 aa) |
| | CFAP300 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 300; Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. May play a role in outer and inner dynein arm assembly. (267 aa) |
| | SEPTIN7 | Septin-7; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Required for normal progress through mitosis. Involved in cytokinesis. Required for normal association of CENPE with the kinetochore. Plays a role in ciliogenesis and collective cell movements. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation. (401 aa) |
| | PGAM4 | Phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4. (254 aa) |
| | IQCA1 | Dynein regulatory complex protein 11; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. (830 aa) |
| | IFT74 | Intraflagellar transport protein 74 homolog; Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B: together with IFT81, forms a tubulin-binding module that specifically mediates transport of tubulin within the cilium. Binds beta-tubulin via its basic region. Required for ciliogenesis. Belongs to the IFT74 family. (600 aa) |
| | ODF2 | Outer dense fiber protein 2; Seems to be a major component of sperm tail outer dense fibers (ODF). ODFs are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. May have a modulating influence on sperm motility. Functions as a general scaffold protein that is specifically localized at the distal/subdistal appendages of mother centrioles. Component of the centrosome matrix required for the localization of PLK1 and NIN to th [...] (829 aa) |
| | DNAH1 | Dynein heavy chain 1, axonemal; Force generating protein of cilia required for sperm flagellum motility. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Required in spermatozoa for the formation of the inner dynein arms and biogenesis of the axoneme ; Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family. (4265 aa) |
| | FSIP2 | Fibrous sheath-interacting protein 2; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. (6907 aa) |
| | CAPZB | F-actin-capping protein subunit beta; F-actin-capping proteins bind in a Ca(2+)-independent manner to the fast growing ends of actin filaments (barbed end) thereby blocking the exchange of subunits at these ends. Unlike other capping proteins (such as gelsolin and severin), these proteins do not sever actin filaments. Plays a role in the regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeletal organization. (301 aa) |
| | IQCD | Dynein regulatory complex protein 10; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes; Belongs to the DRC10 family. (449 aa) |
| | DNAI2 | Dynein intermediate chain 2, axonemal; Part of the dynein complex of respiratory cilia; Belongs to the dynein intermediate chain family. (605 aa) |
| | ARL13A | ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13A; ADP ribosylation factor like GTPase 13A. (256 aa) |
| | IFT27 | Intraflagellar transport protein 27 homolog; Small GTPase-like component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B that promotes the exit of the BBSome complex from cilia via its interaction with ARL6. Not involved in entry of the BBSome complex into cilium. Prevents aggregation of GTP-free ARL6. Required for hedgehog signaling. Forms a subcomplex within the IFT complex B with IFT25. Its role in intraflagellar transport is mainly seen in tissues rich in ciliated cells such as kidney and testis. Essential for male fertility, spermiogenesis and sperm flagella formation. Plays a rol [...] (186 aa) |
| | CFAP221 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 221; May play a role in cilium morphogenesis. (840 aa) |
| | TCP11X2 | T-complex 11 family, X-linked 2; Belongs to the TCP11 family. (407 aa) |
| | TTLL3 | Tubulin monoglycylase TTLL3; Monoglycylase which modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin. Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the glycylation reaction by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains. Not involved in elongation step of the polyglycylation reaction. (915 aa) |
| | TTLL8 | Protein monoglycylase TTLL8; Monoglycylase which modifies both tubulin and non-tubulin proteins, generating side chains of glycine on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues of target proteins. Monoglycylates tubulin, with a preference for alpha-tubulin toward beta-tubulin. Has the ability to modify non-tubulin proteins such as ANP32A, ANP32B, SET and NCL. Involved in the side-chain initiation step of the glycylation reaction by adding a single glycine chain to generate monoglycine side chains. Not involved in elongation step of the polyglycylation reaction (By similarity). (849 aa) |
| | CCDC103 | Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 103; Dynein-attachment factor required for cilia motility. Belongs to the CCDC103/PR46b family. (242 aa) |
| | CATSPER4 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 4; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in calcium-dependent physiological responses essential for successful fertilization, such as sperm hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and chemotaxis towards the oocyte; Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (472 aa) |
| | ZBBX | Zinc finger B-box domain containing. (839 aa) |
| | CATSPERG | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit gamma; Probably involved in sperm cell hyperactivation via its association with CATSPER1. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. (1159 aa) |
| | FLACC1 | Flagellum-associated coiled-coil domain-containing protein 1; Flagellum associated containing coiled-coil domains 1. (445 aa) |
| | WDR19 | WD repeat-containing protein 19; As component of the IFT complex A (IFT-A), a complex required for retrograde ciliary transport and entry into cilia of G protein- coupled receptors (GPCRs), it is involved in cilia function and/or assembly. Essential for functional IFT-A assembly and ciliary entry of GPCRs. Associates with the BBSome complex to mediate ciliary transport (By similarity). (1342 aa) |
| | MROH2B | Maestro heat-like repeat-containing protein family member 2B; May play a role in the process of sperm capacitation. (1585 aa) |
| | DRC3 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 3; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes; Belongs to the DRC3 family. (523 aa) |
| | DCDC2C | Doublecortin domain containing 2C. (364 aa) |
| | EFCAB9 | EF-hand calcium-binding domain-containing protein 9; pH-dependent Ca(2+) sensor required to activate the CatSper channel, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Associates with the CatSper complex via direct interaction with CATSPERZ, and senses intracellular Ca(2+). Together with CATSPERZ, associates with the CatSper channel pore and is required for the two-row structure of each single CatSper channel. (197 aa) |
| | PAFAH1B1 | Platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase IB subunit alpha; Required for proper activation of Rho GTPases and actin polymerization at the leading edge of locomoting cerebellar neurons and postmigratory hippocampal neurons in response to calcium influx triggered via NMDA receptors. Non-catalytic subunit of an acetylhydrolase complex which inactivates platelet-activating factor (PAF) by removing the acetyl group at the SN-2 position (By similarity). Positively regulates the activity of the minus-end directed microtubule motor protein dynein. May enhance dynein-mediated microtubule slidi [...] (410 aa) |
| | TEKT3 | Tektin-3; May be a structural component of the sperm flagellum. Required for normal sperm mobility. (490 aa) |
| | SLC26A6 | Solute carrier family 26 member 6; Apical membrane anion-exchanger with wide epithelial distribution that plays a role as a component of the pH buffering system for maintaining acid-base homeostasis. Acts as a versatile DIDS- sensitive inorganic and organic anion transporter that mediates the uptake of monovalent anions like chloride, bicarbonate, formate and hydroxyl ion and divalent anions like sulfate and oxalate. Functions in multiple exchange modes involving pairs of these anions, which include chloride-bicarbonate, chloride-oxalate, oxalate-formate, oxalate- sulfate and chloride- [...] (759 aa) |
| | DAAM1 | Disheveled-associated activator of morphogenesis 1; Binds to disheveled (Dvl) and Rho, and mediates Wnt-induced Dvl-Rho complex formation. May play a role as a scaffolding protein to recruit Rho-GDP and Rho-GEF, thereby enhancing Rho-GTP formation. Can direct nucleation and elongation of new actin filaments. Involved in building functional cilia. Involved in the organization of the subapical actin network in multiciliated epithelial cells (By similarity). Together with DAAM2, required for myocardial maturation and sarcomere assembly (By similarity). Belongs to the formin homology family. (1078 aa) |
| | SLC9B2 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B2; Na(+)/H(+) antiporter that extrudes Na(+) or Li(+) in exchange for external protons across the membrane. Contributes to the regulation of intracellular pH, sodium homeostasis, and cell volume. Plays an important role for insulin secretion and clathrin-mediated endocytosis in beta-cells (By similarity). Involved in sperm motility and fertility (By similarity). It is controversial whether SLC9B2 plays a role in osteoclast differentiation or not (By similarity). (537 aa) |
| | ARL13B | ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 13B; Cilium-specific protein required to control the microtubule- based, ciliary axoneme structure. May act by maintaining the association between IFT subcomplexes A and B. Binds GTP but is not able to hydrolyze it; the GTPase activity remains unclear. Required to pattern the neural tube. Involved in cerebral cortex development: required for the initial formation of a polarized radial glial scaffold, the first step in the construction of the cerebral cortex, by regulating ciliary signaling. Regulates the migration and placement of postmitotic intern [...] (428 aa) |
| | CFAP44 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 44; Flagellar protein involved in sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function. (1854 aa) |
| | TSGA10 | Testis-specific gene 10 protein; Plays a role in spermatogenesis. When overexpressed, prevents nuclear localization of HIF1A (By similarity). Belongs to the CEP135/TSGA10 family. (698 aa) |
| | PRKAR1A | cAMP-dependent protein kinase type I-alpha regulatory subunit; Regulatory subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinases involved in cAMP signaling in cells. (381 aa) |
| | ATG16L1 | Autophagy-related protein 16-1; Plays an essential role in autophagy: interacts with ATG12- ATG5 to mediate the conjugation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to LC3 (MAP1LC3A, MAP1LC3B or MAP1LC3C), to produce a membrane-bound activated form of LC3 named LC3-II. Thereby, controls the elongation of the nascent autophagosomal membrane. Regulates mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS)-dependent type I interferon (IFN-I) production. Negatively regulates NOD1- and NOD2-driven inflammatory cytokine response. Instead, promotes with NOD2 an autophagy-dependent antibacterial pathway. Plays a r [...] (624 aa) |
| | KLC3 | Kinesin light chain 3; Kinesin is a microtubule-associated force-producing protein that may play a role in organelle transport; Belongs to the kinesin light chain family. (504 aa) |
| | TSSK1B | Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 1; Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase required during spermatid development. Phosphorylates 'Ser-288' of TSKS. Involved in the late stages of spermatogenesis, during the reconstruction of the cytoplasm. During spermatogenesis, required for the transformation of a ring-shaped structure around the base of the flagellum originating from the chromatoid body. (367 aa) |
| | DNAH17 | Dynein heavy chain 17, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity). (4462 aa) |
| | SQSTM1 | Sequestosome-1; Autophagy receptor required for selective macroautophagy (aggrephagy). Functions as a bridge between polyubiquitinated cargo and autophagosomes. Interacts directly with both the cargo to become degraded and an autophagy modifier of the MAP1 LC3 family. Along with WDFY3, involved in the formation and autophagic degradation of cytoplasmic ubiquitin-containing inclusions (p62 bodies, ALIS/aggresome-like induced structures). Along with WDFY3, required to recruit ubiquitinated proteins to PML bodies in the nucleus. May regulate the activation of NFKB1 by TNF-alpha, nerve gro [...] (440 aa) |
| | CFAP69 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 69; Cilium- and flagellum-associated protein. In the olfactory epithelium, regulates the speed of activation and termination of the odor response and thus contributes to the robustness of olfactory transduction pathways (By similarity). Required for sperm flagellum assembly and stability. (941 aa) |
| | CATSPER2 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 2; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in calcium-dependent physiological responses essential for successful fertilization, such as sperm hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and chemotaxis towards the oocyte; Belongs to the cation channel sperm-associated (TC 1.A.1.19) family. (534 aa) |
| | CATSPERD | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit delta; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for CATSPER1 stability before intraflagellar transport and/or incorporation of the CatSper complex channel into the flagellar membrane. (798 aa) |
| | SAXO1 | Stabilizer of axonemal microtubules 1; May play a role in the regulation of cilium length. Stabilizes microtubules at low temperature. Belongs to the FAM154 family. (474 aa) |
| | SPEF1 | Sperm flagellar protein 1; Microtubule-associated protein involved in the stabilization of microtubules along the axis of migration during radial intercalation. Promotes the establishment and stabilization of an axis of microtubules required for the active migration of cells into the outer epithelium (By similarity). Microtubule-associated protein that promotes microtubule bundling and stabilizes microtubules against depolymerization in response to cold shock (By similarity). (236 aa) |
| | CFAP47 | Cilia and flagella associated protein 47. (3187 aa) |
| | CST11 | Cystatin-11; Has antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria E.coli. May play a role in sperm maturation and fertilization. Belongs to the cystatin family. (138 aa) |
| | ANXA1 | Annexin A1; Plays important roles in the innate immune response as effector of glucocorticoid-mediated responses and regulator of the inflammatory process. Has anti-inflammatory activity. Plays a role in glucocorticoid-mediated down-regulation of the early phase of the inflammatory response (By similarity). Promotes resolution of inflammation and wound healing. Functions at least in part by activating the formyl peptide receptors and downstream signaling cascades. Promotes chemotaxis of granulocytes and monocytes via activation of the formyl peptide receptors. Contributes to the adapti [...] (346 aa) |
| | SPAG6 | Sperm-associated antigen 6; Important for structural integrity of the central apparatus in the sperm tail and for flagellar motility. (509 aa) |
| | CROCC | Rootletin; Major structural component of the ciliary rootlet, a cytoskeletal-like structure in ciliated cells which originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium and extends proximally toward the cell nucleus (By similarity). Furthermore, is required for the correct positioning of the cilium basal body relative to the cell nucleus, to allow for ciliogenesis. Contributes to centrosome cohesion before mitosis. (2017 aa) |
| | SPAG4 | Sperm-associated antigen 4 protein; Involved in spermatogenesis. Required for sperm head formation but not required to establish and maintain general polarity of the sperm head. Required for anchoring and organization of the manchette. Required for targeting of SUN3 and probably SYNE1 through a probable SUN1:SYNE3 LINC complex to the nuclear envelope and involved in accurate posterior sperm head localization of the complex. May anchor SUN3 the nuclear envelope. Involved in maintenance of the nuclear envelope integrity. May assist the organization and assembly of outer dense fibers (ODF [...] (437 aa) |
| | CD52 | CAMPATH-1 antigen; May play a role in carrying and orienting carbohydrate, as well as having a more specific role. (61 aa) |
| | TACR2 | Substance-K receptor; This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance K (neurokinin A). It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance K > neuromedin-K > substance P. (398 aa) |
| | IFT52 | Intraflagellar transport protein 52 homolog; Involved in ciliogenesis as part of a complex involved in intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bi-directional movement of particles required for the assembly, maintenance and functioning of primary cilia. Required for the anterograde transport of IFT88. (437 aa) |
| | OXCT2 | Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 2, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate (By similarity). Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family. (517 aa) |
| | VDAC2 | Voltage-dependent anion-selective channel protein 2; Forms a channel through the mitochondrial outer membrane that allows diffusion of small hydrophilic molecules. The channel adopts an open conformation at low or zero membrane potential and a closed conformation at potentials above 30-40 mV. The open state has a weak anion selectivity whereas the closed state is cation-selective; Belongs to the eukaryotic mitochondrial porin family. (309 aa) |
| | RSPH9 | Radial spoke head protein 9 homolog; Probable component of the axonemal radial spoke head. Radial spokes are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm and flagella axonemes. They consist of a thin stalk, which is attached to a subfiber of the outer doublet microtubule, and a bulbous head, which is attached to the stalk and appears to interact with the projections from the central pair of microtubules. (306 aa) |
| | SPACA9 | Sperm acrosome associated 9. (222 aa) |
| | SPATA6 | Spermatogenesis-associated protein 6; Required for formation of the sperm connecting piece during spermiogenesis. Sperm connecting piece is essential for linking the developing flagellum to the head during late spermiogenesis. May be involved in myosin-based microfilament transport through interaction with myosin subunits; Belongs to the SPATA6 family. (488 aa) |
| | TCTE1 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 5; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. May play a role in the assembly of N-DRC. May be required for sperm motility. (501 aa) |
| | WDR78 | WD repeat-containing protein 78. (848 aa) |
| | CETN2 | Centrin-2; Plays a fundamental role in microtubule organizing center structure and function. Required for centriole duplication and correct spindle formation. Has a role in regulating cytokinesis and genome stability via cooperation with CALM1 and CCP110. The XPC complex is proposed to represent the first factor bound at the sites of DNA damage and together with other core recognition factors, XPA, RPA and the TFIIH complex, is part of the pre-incision (or initial recognition) complex. The XPC complex recognizes a wide spectrum of damaged DNA characterized by distortions of the DNA hel [...] (172 aa) |
| | RAP1A | Ras-related protein Rap-1A; Induces morphological reversion of a cell line transformed by a Ras oncogene. Counteracts the mitogenic function of Ras, at least partly because it can interact with Ras GAPs and RAF in a competitive manner. Together with ITGB1BP1, regulates KRIT1 localization to microtubules and membranes. Plays a role in nerve growth factor (NGF)- induced neurite outgrowth. Plays a role in the regulation of embryonic blood vessel formation. Involved in the establishment of basal endothelial barrier function. May be involved in the regulation of the vascular endothelial gro [...] (184 aa) |
| | CFAP58 | Cilia and flagella associated protein 58; Belongs to the CFAP58 family. (872 aa) |
| | CFAP206 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 206; May regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes. (622 aa) |
| | CFAP45 | Cilia and flagella associated protein 45. (551 aa) |
| | ATP1A4 | Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-4; This is the catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This action creates the electrochemical gradient of sodium and potassium ions, providing the energy for active transport of various nutrients. Plays a role in sperm motility. (1029 aa) |
| | ATP1B1 | Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-1; This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The beta subunit regulates, through assembly of alpha/beta heterodimers, the number of sodium pumps transported to the plasma membrane. (303 aa) |
| | CCDC181 | Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 181; Microtubule-binding protein that localizes to the microtubular manchette of elongating spermatids. Belongs to the CCDC181 family. (509 aa) |
| | TOMM20 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM20 homolog; Central component of the receptor complex responsible for the recognition and translocation of cytosolically synthesized mitochondrial preproteins. Together with TOM22 functions as the transit peptide receptor at the surface of the mitochondrion outer membrane and facilitates the movement of preproteins into the TOM40 translocation pore (By similarity). Required for the translocation across the mitochondrial outer membrane of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Belongs to the Tom20 family. (145 aa) |
| | CATSPERE | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit epsilon; Auxiliary component of the CatSper complex, a complex involved in sperm cell hyperactivation. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization; Belongs to the CATSPERD family. (951 aa) |
| | EFCAB2 | Dynein regulatory complex protein 8; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes; Belongs to the DRC8 family. (162 aa) |
| | PCDH11Y | Protocadherin 11 Y-linked. (1048 aa) |
| | SEPTIN4 | Uncharacterized protein C17orf47; Septin 4. (570 aa) |
| | DRD2 | D(2) dopamine receptor; Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (443 aa) |
| | GSTM3 | Glutathione S-transferase Mu 3; Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. May govern uptake and detoxification of both endogenous compounds and xenobiotics at the testis and brain blood barriers; Belongs to the GST superfamily. Mu family. (225 aa) |
| | DRC7 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 7; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Involved in the regulation of flagellar motility. (874 aa) |
| | VPS13A | Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 13A; May play a role in the control of protein cycling through the trans-Golgi network to early and late endosomes, lysosomes and plasma membrane. (3174 aa) |
| | SCNN1A | Amiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit alpha; Sodium permeable non-voltage-sensitive ion channel inhibited by the diuretic amiloride. Mediates the electrodiffusion of the luminal sodium (and water, which follows osmotically) through the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Plays an essential role in electrolyte and blood pressure homeostasis, but also in airway surface liquid homeostasis, which is important for proper clearance of mucus. Controls the reabsorption of sodium in kidney, colon, lung and eccrine sweat glands. Also plays a role in taste perception. (728 aa) |
| | TPGS1 | Tubulin polyglutamylase complex subunit 1; May act in the targeting of the tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Required for the development of the spermatid flagellum (By similarity). (290 aa) |
| | GK2 | Glycerol kinase 2; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (553 aa) |
| | AKAP4 | A-kinase anchor protein 4; Major structural component of sperm fibrous sheath. Plays a role in sperm motility; Belongs to the AKAP110 family. (854 aa) |
| | ATP2B4 | Plasma membrane calcium-transporting ATPase 4; Calcium/calmodulin-regulated and magnesium-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the transport of calcium out of the cell. By regulating sperm cell calcium homeostasis, may play a role in sperm motility (By similarity). Belongs to the cation transport ATPase (P-type) (TC 3.A.3) family. Type IIB subfamily. (1205 aa) |
| | CFAP43 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 43; Flagellar protein involved in sperm flagellum axoneme organization and function. (1665 aa) |
| | ADAM15 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 15; Active metalloproteinase with gelatinolytic and collagenolytic activity. Plays a role in the wound healing process. Mediates both heterotypic intraepithelial cell/T-cell interactions and homotypic T-cell aggregation. Inhibits beta-1 integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration of airway smooth muscle cells. Suppresses cell motility on or towards fibronectin possibly by driving alpha-v/beta-1 integrin (ITAGV-ITGB1) cell surface expression via ERK1/2 inactivation. Cleaves E-cadherin in response to growth factor deprivation. [...] (863 aa) |
| | SUN5 | SUN domain-containing protein 5; Plays an essential role in anchoring sperm head to the tail. Is responsible for the attachment of the coupling apparatus to the sperm nuclear envelope. (379 aa) |
| | SPEF2 | Sperm flagellar protein 2; Required for correct axoneme development in spermatozoa. Important for normal development of the manchette and sperm head morphology. Essential for male fertility. Plays a role in localization of the intraflagellar transport protein IFT20 to the manchette, suggesting function as an adapter for dynein-mediated protein transport during spermatogenesis. Also plays a role in bone growth where it seems to be required for normal osteoblast differentiation. (1822 aa) |
| | MAK | Serine/threonine-protein kinase MAK; Essential for the regulation of ciliary length and required for the long-term survival of photoreceptors (By similarity). Phosphorylates FZR1 in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Plays a role in the transcriptional coactivation of AR. Could play an important function in spermatogenesis. May play a role in chromosomal stability in prostate cancer cells; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family. CDC2/CDKX subfamily. (648 aa) |
| | SLC26A3 | Chloride anion exchanger; Chloride/bicarbonate exchanger. Mediates the efficient absorption of chloride ions in the colon, participating in fluid homeostasis. Plays a role in the chloride and bicarbonate homeostasis during sperm epididymal maturation and capacitation. (764 aa) |
| | ENO4 | Enolase 4; May be required for sperm motility and function. (625 aa) |
| | CFAP100 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 100; May play a role in ciliary/flagellar motility by regulating the assembly and the activity of axonemal inner dynein arm. (611 aa) |
| | FSCB | Fibrous sheath CABYR-binding protein; May be involved in the later stages of fibrous sheath biogenesis and spermatozoa capacitation. Inhibits ROPN1 and ROPN1L SUMOylation. Binds calcium. (825 aa) |
| | DNAJB13 | DnaJ homolog subfamily B member 13; Plays a role in the formation of the central complex of ciliary and flagellar axonemes. (316 aa) |
| | OFD1 | Oral-facial-digital syndrome 1 protein; Component of the centrioles controlling mother and daughter centrioles length. Recruits to the centriole IFT88 and centriole distal appendage-specific proteins including CEP164. Involved in the biogenesis of the cilium, a centriole-associated function. The cilium is a cell surface projection found in many vertebrate cells required to transduce signals important for development and tissue homeostasis. Plays an important role in development by regulating Wnt signaling and the specification of the left-right axis. Only OFD1 localized at the centriol [...] (1012 aa) |
| | CCR6 | C-C chemokine receptor type 6; Receptor for the C-C type chemokine CCL20. Binds to CCL20 and subsequently transduces a signal by increasing the intracellular calcium ion levels. Although CCL20 is its major ligand it can also act as a receptor for non-chemokine ligands such as beta-defensins. Binds to defensin DEFB1 leading to increase in intracellular calcium ions and cAMP levels. Its binding to DEFB1 is essential for the function of DEFB1 in regulating sperm motility and bactericidal activity. Binds to defensins DEFB4 and DEFB4A/B and mediates their chemotactic effects. The ligand-rec [...] (374 aa) |
| | CFAP36 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 36; May act as an effector for ARL3; Belongs to the CFAP36 family. (367 aa) |
| | TCTEX1D4 | Tctex1 domain containing 4. (221 aa) |
| | SEPTIN6 | Septin-6; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase. Required for normal organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Involved in cytokinesis. May play a role in HCV RNA replication. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN12, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation. Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPase family. (434 aa) |
| | TEKT1 | Tektin-1; Structural component of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules; Belongs to the tektin family. (418 aa) |
| | CFAP65 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 65; May play a role in sperm motility. Belongs to the CFAP65 family. (1925 aa) |
| | SAXO2 | Stabilizer of axonemal microtubules 2. (398 aa) |
| | HSPD1 | 60 kDa heat shock protein, mitochondrial; Chaperonin implicated in mitochondrial protein import and macromolecular assembly. Together with Hsp10, facilitates the correct folding of imported proteins. May also prevent misfolding and promote the refolding and proper assembly of unfolded polypeptides generated under stress conditions in the mitochondrial matrix. The functional units of these chaperonins consist of heptameric rings of the large subunit Hsp60, which function as a back- to-back double ring. In a cyclic reaction, Hsp60 ring complexes bind one unfolded substrate protein per ri [...] (573 aa) |
| | CFAP52 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 52; May play a role in cell growth and/or survival. Belongs to the CFAP52 family. (620 aa) |
| | TSSK4 | Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 4; Serine/threonine kinase which is involved in male germ cell development and in mature sperm function (By similarity). May be involved in the Cre/Creb signaling pathway (By similarity). Phosphorylates CREB1 on 'Ser-133' in vitro and can stimulate Cre/Creb pathway in cells. Phosphorylates CREM on 'Ser-116' in vitro (By similarity). Phosphorylates ODF2 on 'Ser-95' (By similarity). Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (338 aa) |
| | PACRG | Parkin coregulated gene protein; Suppresses cell death induced by accumulation of unfolded Pael receptor (Pael-R, a substrate of Parkin). Facilitates the formation of inclusions consisting of Pael-R, molecular chaperones, protein degradation molecules and itself when proteasome is inhibited. May play an important role in the formation of Lewy bodies and protection of dopaminergic neurons against Parkinson disease. (296 aa) |
| | SPAG17 | Sperm-associated antigen 17; Component of the central pair apparatus of ciliary axonemes. Plays a critical role in the function and structure of motile cilia. May play a role in endochondral bone formation, most likely because of a function in primary cilia of chondrocytes and osteoblasts. (2223 aa) |
| | HYAL3 | Hyaluronidase-3; Facilitates sperm penetration into the layer of cumulus cells surrounding the egg by digesting hyaluronic acid. Involved in induction of the acrosome reaction in the sperm. Involved in follicular atresia, the breakdown of immature ovarian follicles that are not selected to ovulate. Induces ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, possibly via apoptotic signaling pathway involving CASP8 and CASP3 activation, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Has no hyaluronidase activity in embryonic fibroblasts in vitro. Has no hyaluronidase activity in granulosa cells in vitro. (417 aa) |
| | STARD10 | START domain-containing protein 10; May play metabolic roles in sperm maturation or fertilization (By similarity). Phospholipid transfer protein that preferentially selects lipid species containing a palmitoyl or stearoyl chain on the sn-1 and an unsaturated fatty acyl chain (18:1 or 18:2) on the sn-2 position. Able to transfer phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidyetanolamline (PE) between membranes. (291 aa) |
| | HSP90AA1 | Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha; Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity which is essential for its chaperone activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a ra [...] (854 aa) |
| | ACTL7A | Actin-like protein 7A; Actin like 7A; Belongs to the actin family. (435 aa) |
| | INTU | Protein inturned; Plays a key role in ciliogenesis and embryonic development. Regulator of cilia formation by controlling the organization of the apical actin cytoskeleton and the positioning of the basal bodies at the apical cell surface, which in turn is essential for the normal orientation of elongating ciliary microtubules. Plays a key role in definition of cell polarity via its role in ciliogenesis but not via conversion extension. Has an indirect effect on hedgehog signaling (By similarity). Proposed to function as core component of the CPLANE (ciliogenesis and planar polarity ef [...] (942 aa) |
| | KIF9 | Kinesin-like protein KIF9; Kinesin family member 9. (790 aa) |
| | CFAP73 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 73; May play a role in ciliary/flagellar motility by regulating the assembly and the activity of axonemal inner dynein arm. Belongs to the CFAP73 family. (308 aa) |
| | DNAH8 | Dynein heavy chain 8, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity). (4707 aa) |
| | WBP2NL | Postacrosomal sheath WW domain-binding protein; May play a role in meotic resumption and pronuclear formation, mediated by a WW domain-signaling pathway during fertilization. (309 aa) |
| | SPAG16 | Sperm-associated antigen 16 protein; Necessary for sperm flagellar function. Plays a role in motile ciliogenesis. May help to recruit STK36 to the cilium or apical surface of the cell to initiate subsequent steps of construction of the central pair apparatus of motile cilia (By similarity). (631 aa) |
| | ENKUR | Enkurin; Adapter that functions to localize a calcium-sensitive signal transduction machinery in sperm to a calcium-permeable ion channel. (256 aa) |
| | CCDC172 | Coiled-coil domain containing 172. (258 aa) |
| | CABCOCO1 | Ciliary-associated calcium-binding coiled-coil protein 1; Calcium-binding protein. May be involved in the control of sperm flagellar movement. (208 aa) |
| | ODF3 | Outer dense fiber protein 3; Outer dense fibers are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail. May help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. (254 aa) |
| | IFT88 | Intraflagellar transport protein 88 homolog; Involved in primary cilium biogenesis. Also involved in autophagy since it is required for trafficking of ATG16L and the expansion of the autophagic compartment. (833 aa) |
| | FBXL13 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 6; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Substrate-recognition component of the SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex. Belongs to the DRC6 family. (735 aa) |
| | C14orf177 | Putative uncharacterized protein C14orf177; Chromosome 14 putative open reading frame 177. (125 aa) |
| | TPPP2 | Tubulin polymerization-promoting protein family member 2; Probable regulator of microtubule dynamics required for sperm motility (Probable). In contrast to other members of the family, has no microtubule bundling activity. (170 aa) |
| | BBS1 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 1 protein; The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Firstly the BBSome associates with the ciliary membrane and binds to RAB3IP/Rabin8, the guanosyl ex [...] (593 aa) |
| | NPHP1 | Nephrocystin-1; Together with BCAR1 it may play a role in the control of epithelial cell polarity (By similarity). Involved in the organization of apical junctions in kidney cells together with NPHP4 and RPGRIP1L/NPHP8 (By similarity). Does not seem to be strictly required for ciliogenesis (By similarity). Seems to help to recruit PTK2B/PYK2 to cell matrix adhesions, thereby initiating phosphorylation of PTK2B/PYK2 and PTK2B/PYK2-dependent signaling (By similarity). May play a role in the regulation of intraflagellar transport (IFT) during cilia assembly. Required for normal retina dev [...] (733 aa) |
| | CCDC65 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 2; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the assembly of N-DRC and also stabilizes the assembly of multiple inner dynein arms and radial spokes. Coassembles with DRC1 to form a central scaffold needed for assembly of the N-DRC and its attachment to the outer doublet microtubules. Belongs to the DRC2 family. (484 aa) |
| | DNAH12 | Dynein heavy chain 12, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity). (457 aa) |
| | CFAP70 | Cilia and flagella associated protein 70; Belongs to the CFAP70 family. (1121 aa) |
| | PRKACA | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha; Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose- mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in the [...] (351 aa) |
| | CATSPER1 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 1; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in calcium-dependent physiological responses essential for successful fertilization, such as sperm hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and chemotaxis towards the oocyte. (780 aa) |
| | GABARAP | Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein; Ubiquitin-like modifier that plays a role in intracellular transport of GABA(A) receptors and its interaction with the cytoskeleton. Involved in apoptosis. Involved in autophagy. Whereas LC3s are involved in elongation of the phagophore membrane, the GABARAP/GATE-16 subfamily is essential for a later stage in autophagosome maturation. Through its interaction with the reticulophagy receptor TEX264, paticipates in the remodeling of subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum into autophagosomes upon nutrient stress, which then fuse with ly [...] (117 aa) |
| | SLC9C1 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 10; Sperm-specific sodium/hydrogen exchanger involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Required for sperm motility and fertility. Involved in sperm cell hyperactivation, a step needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. Required for the expression and bicarbonate regulation of the soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) (By similarity). (1177 aa) |
| | CEP89 | Centrosomal protein of 89 kDa; Required for ciliogenesis. Also plays a role in mitochondrial metabolism where it may modulate complex IV activity. (783 aa) |
| | PGK2 | Phosphoglycerate kinase 2; Essential for sperm motility and male fertility. Not required for the completion of spermatogenesis (By similarity); Belongs to the phosphoglycerate kinase family. (417 aa) |
| | TACR1 | Substance-P receptor; This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide substance P. It is probably associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: substance P > substance K > neuromedin-K; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (407 aa) |
| | TACR3 | Neuromedin-K receptor; This is a receptor for the tachykinin neuropeptide neuromedin-K (neurokinin B). It is associated with G proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinity of this receptor to tachykinins is: neuromedin-K > substance K > substance P. (465 aa) |
| | TBC1D21 | TBC1 domain family member 21; May act as a GTPase-activating protein for Rab family protein(s). May be involved in acrosome formation and cytoskeletal reorganization during spermiogenesis, possibly by regulating RAB3A activity. (336 aa) |
| | SPATA19 | Spermatogenesis-associated protein 19, mitochondrial; May have a role in spermiogenesis. (167 aa) |
| | AK8 | Adenylate kinase 8; Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has highest activity toward AMP, and weaker activity toward dAMP, CMP and dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. (479 aa) |
| | DEFB1 | Beta-defensin 1; Has bactericidal activity. May act as a ligand for C-C chemokine receptor CCR6. Positively regulates the sperm motility and bactericidal activity in a CCR6-dependent manner. Binds to CCR6 and triggers Ca2+ mobilization in the sperm which is important for its motility. (68 aa) |
| | SLC9B1 | Sodium/hydrogen exchanger 9B1; Sperm-specific Na(+)/H(+) exchanger involved in intracellular pH regulation of spermatozoa. Involved in sperm motility and fertility. Belongs to the monovalent cation:proton antiporter 1 (CPA1) transporter (TC 2.A.36) family. (515 aa) |
| | RHO | Rhodopsin; Photoreceptor required for image-forming vision at low light intensity. Required for photoreceptor cell viability after birth. Light- induced isomerization of the chromophore 11-cis-retinal to all-trans- retinal triggers a conformational change that activates signaling via G-proteins. Subsequent receptor phosphorylation mediates displacement of the bound G-protein alpha subunit by the arrestin SAG and terminates signaling. (348 aa) |
| | DNALI1 | Axonemal dynein light intermediate polypeptide 1; May play a dynamic role in flagellar motility. (280 aa) |
| | TEKT4 | Tektin-4; May be a structural component of the sperm flagellum. Contributes to normal sperm motility; Belongs to the tektin family. (435 aa) |
| | SPATC1L | Speriolin-like protein; Spermatogenesis and centriole associated 1 like. (340 aa) |
| | RSPH1 | Radial spoke head 1 homolog; May play an important role in male meiosis (By similarity). It is necessary for proper building of the axonemal central pair and radial spokes. (309 aa) |
| | CALM3 | Calmodulin-1; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis. Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C. Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2. (149 aa) |
| | ACE | Angiotensin-converting enzyme, soluble form; Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II by release of the terminal His-Leu, this results in an increase of the vasoconstrictor activity of angiotensin. Also able to inactivate bradykinin, a potent vasodilator. Has also a glycosidase activity which releases GPI- anchored proteins from the membrane by cleaving the mannose linkage in the GPI moiety; Belongs to the peptidase M2 family. (1306 aa) |
| | WDR66 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 251; Involved in spermatozoa motility. May also regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes (By similarity). (1149 aa) |
| | DRC1 | Dynein regulatory complex protein 1; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC) a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes (By similarity). Plays a critical role in the assembly of N-DRC and also stabilizes the assembly of multiple inner dynein arms and radial spokes. Coassembles with CCDC65/DRC2 to form a central scaffold needed for assembly of the N-DRC and its attachment to the outer doublet microtubules. Belongs to the DRC1 family. (740 aa) |
| | LYZL4 | Lysozyme-like protein 4; May be involved in fertilization (By similarity). Has no detectable bacteriolytic and lysozyme activities in vitro (By similarity); Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 22 family. (146 aa) |
| | CFAP161 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 161; May play a role in motile cilia function, possibly by acting on dynein arm assembly. (301 aa) |
| | ATP1B3 | Sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit beta-3; This is the non-catalytic component of the active enzyme, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP coupled with the exchange of Na(+) and K(+) ions across the plasma membrane. The exact function of the beta-3 subunit is not known. (279 aa) |
| | ODF1 | Outer dense fiber protein 1; Component of the outer dense fibers (ODF) of spermatozoa. ODF are filamentous structures located on the outside of the axoneme in the midpiece and principal piece of the mammalian sperm tail and may help to maintain the passive elastic structures and elastic recoil of the sperm tail. (250 aa) |
| | TEKT5 | Tektin-5; May be a structural component of the sperm flagellum. (485 aa) |
| | CATSPER3 | Cation channel sperm-associated protein 3; Voltage-gated calcium channel that plays a central role in calcium-dependent physiological responses essential for successful fertilization, such as sperm hyperactivation, acrosome reaction and chemotaxis towards the oocyte. (398 aa) |
| | SLC25A31 | ADP/ATP translocase 4; Catalyzes the exchange of cytoplasmic ADP with mitochondrial ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane. May serve to mediate energy generating and energy consuming processes in the distal flagellum, possibly as a nucleotide shuttle between flagellar glycolysis, protein phosphorylation and mechanisms of motility. Belongs to the mitochondrial carrier (TC 2.A.29) family. (315 aa) |
| | CABS1 | Calcium-binding and spermatid-specific protein 1; Calcium binding protein, spermatid associated 1. (395 aa) |
| | MAATS1 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 91; May play a role in spermatogenesis. May regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes (By similarity). (767 aa) |
| | SLC22A14 | Solute carrier family 22 member 14; Belongs to the major facilitator (TC 2.A.1) superfamily. Organic cation transporter (TC 2.A.1.19) family. (594 aa) |
| | SPACA3 | Sperm acrosome membrane-associated protein 3, processed form; Sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in sperm- egg plasma membrane adhesion and fusion during fertilization. It could be a potential receptor for the egg oligosaccharide residue N- acetylglucosamine, which is present in the extracellular matrix over the egg plasma membrane. The processed form has no detectable bacteriolytic activity in vitro. (215 aa) |
| | GAS8 | Dynein regulatory complex subunit 4; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Plays an important role in the assembly of the N-DRC linker (By similarity). Plays dual roles at both the primary (or non-motile) cilia to regulate hedgehog signaling and in motile cilia to coordinate cilia movement. Required for proper motile cilia functioning. Positively regulates ciliary smoothened (SMO)-dependent Hedgehog (Hh [...] (478 aa) |
| | SEPTIN12 | Septin-12; Filament-forming cytoskeletal GTPase (By similarity). Involved in spermatogenesis. Involved in the morphogenesis of sperm heads and the elongation of sperm tails probably implicating the association with alpha- and beta-tubulins. Forms a filamentous structure with SEPTIN7, SEPTIN6, SEPTIN2 and probably SEPTIN4 at the sperm annulus which is required for the structural integrity and motility of the sperm tail during postmeiotic differentiation. May play a role in cytokinesis (Potential); Belongs to the TRAFAC class TrmE-Era-EngA-EngB-Septin-like GTPase superfamily. Septin GTPa [...] (358 aa) |
| | ABHD2 | Monoacylglycerol lipase ABHD2; Progesterone-dependent acylglycerol lipase that catalyzes hydrolysis of endocannabinoid arachidonoylglycerol (AG) from cell membrane. Acts as a progesterone receptor: progesterone-binding activates the acylglycerol lipase activity, mediating degradation of 1-arachidonoylglycerol (1AG) and 2- arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) to glycerol and arachidonic acid (AA). Also displays an ester hydrolase activity against acetyl ester, butanoate ester and hexadecanoate ester. Plays a key role in sperm capacitation in response to progesterone by mediating degradation of 2A [...] (425 aa) |
| | BBS4 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 4 protein; The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Firstly the BBSome associates with the ciliary membrane and binds to RAB3IP/Rabin8, the guanosyl ex [...] (519 aa) |
| | SORD | Sorbitol dehydrogenase; Polyol dehydrogenase that catalyzes the reversible NAD(+)- dependent oxidation of various sugar alcohols. Is mostly active with D- sorbitol (D-glucitol), L-threitol, xylitol and ribitol as substrates, leading to the C2-oxidized products D-fructose, L-erythrulose, D- xylulose, and D-ribulose, respectively. Is a key enzyme in the polyol pathway that interconverts glucose and fructose via sorbitol, which constitutes an important alternate route for glucose metabolism. The polyol pathway is believed to be involved in the etiology of diabetic complications, such as d [...] (357 aa) |
| | AK7 | Adenylate kinase 7; Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has highest activity toward AMP, and weaker activity toward dAMP, CMP and dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Involved in maintaining ciliary structure and function. (723 aa) |
| | TTLL1 | Probable tubulin polyglutamylase TTLL1; Catalytic subunit of the neuronal tubulin polyglutamylase complex. Modifies alpha- and beta-tubulin, generating side chains of glutamate on the gamma-carboxyl groups of specific glutamate residues within the C-terminal tail of alpha- and beta-tubulin (By similarity). (423 aa) |
| | IQCG | Dynein regulatory complex protein 9; Component of the nexin-dynein regulatory complex (N-DRC), a key regulator of ciliary/flagellar motility which maintains the alignment and integrity of the distal axoneme and regulates microtubule sliding in motile axonemes. Binds calmodulin when cellular Ca(2+) levels are low and thereby contributes to the regulation of calcium and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CAMK4) activity; contributes to the regulation of CAMK4 signaling cascades. Required for normal axoneme assembly in sperm flagella, normal sperm tail formation and for male fertility. (443 aa) |
| | NME5 | Nucleoside diphosphate kinase homolog 5; Does not seem to have NDK kinase activity. Confers protection from cell death by Bax and alters the cellular levels of several antioxidant enzymes including Gpx5. May play a role in spermiogenesis by increasing the ability of late-stage spermatids to eliminate reactive oxygen species (By similarity). (212 aa) |
| | DNAH5 | Dynein heavy chain 5, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Required for structural and functional integrity of the cilia of ependymal cells lining the brain ventricles. (4624 aa) |
| | CUL3 | Cullin-3; Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3- RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. BCR complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit and is inhibited by the association of the deneddylated cu [...] (768 aa) |
| | IFT46 | Intraflagellar transport protein 46 homolog; Forms part of a complex involved in intraflagellar transport (IFT), the bi-directional movement of particles required for the assembly, maintenance and functioning of primary cilia. May play a role in chondrocyte maturation and skeletogenesis (By similarity). Belongs to the IFT46 family. (355 aa) |
| | QRICH2 | Glutamine-rich protein 2; Has an essential role in the formation of sperm flagella and flagellar structure maintainance. It acts as a suppressor of ubiquitination and degradation of proteins involved in flagellar development and motility. (1663 aa) |
| | SLC9A3R1 | Na(+)/H(+) exchange regulatory cofactor NHE-RF1; Scaffold protein that connects plasma membrane proteins with members of the ezrin/moesin/radixin family and thereby helps to link them to the actin cytoskeleton and to regulate their surface expression. Necessary for recycling of internalized ADRB2. Was first known to play a role in the regulation of the activity and subcellular location of SLC9A3. Necessary for cAMP-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of SLC9A3. May enhance Wnt signaling. May participate in HTR4 targeting to microvilli (By similarity). Involved in the regulation of [...] (358 aa) |
| | CFAP20 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 20; Cilium- and flagellum-specific protein that plays a role in axonemal structure organization and motility. Involved in the regulation of the size and morphology of cilia. Required for axonemal microtubules polyglutamylation. (193 aa) |
| | DNAH9 | Dynein heavy chain 9, axonemal; Force generating protein required for cilia beating in respiratory epithelia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. (4486 aa) |
| | PKD1 | Polycystin-1; Component of a heteromeric calcium-permeable ion channel formed by PKD1 and PKD2 that is activated by interaction between PKD1 and a Wnt family member, such as WNT3A and WNT9B. Both PKD1 and PKD2 are required for channel activity. Involved in renal tubulogenesis. Involved in fluid- flow mechanosensation by the primary cilium in renal epithelium (By similarity). Acts as a regulator of cilium length, together with PKD2 (By similarity). The dynamic control of cilium length is essential in the regulation of mechanotransductive signaling (By similarity). The cilium length resp [...] (4303 aa) |
| | DNAH3 | Dynein heavy chain 3, axonemal; Force generating protein of respiratory cilia. Produces force towards the minus ends of microtubules. Dynein has ATPase activity; the force-producing power stroke is thought to occur on release of ADP. Involved in sperm motility; implicated in sperm flagellar assembly (By similarity); Belongs to the dynein heavy chain family. (4116 aa) |
| | IFT172 | Intraflagellar transport protein 172 homolog; Required for the maintenance and formation of cilia. Plays an indirect role in hedgehog (Hh) signaling, cilia being required for all activity of the hedgehog pathway (By similarity); Belongs to the IFT172 family. (1749 aa) |
| | MNS1 | Meiosis-specific nuclear structural protein 1; May play a role in the control of meiotic division and germ cell differentiation through regulation of pairing and recombination during meiosis; Belongs to the MNS1 family. (495 aa) |
| | RNF38 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF38; Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase able to ubiquitinate p53/TP53 which promotes its relocalization to discrete foci associated with PML nuclear bodies. Exhibits preference for UBE2D2 as a E2 enzyme. (515 aa) |
| | CATSPERB | Cation channel sperm-associated protein subunit beta; Probably involved in sperm cell hyperactivation via its association with CATSPER1. Sperm cell hyperactivation is needed for sperm motility which is essential late in the preparation of sperm for fertilization. (1116 aa) |
| | DNHD1 | Dynein heavy chain domain 1. (4753 aa) |
| | MKKS | McKusick-Kaufman/Bardet-Biedl syndromes putative chaperonin; Probable molecular chaperone that assists the folding of proteins upon ATP hydrolysis. Plays a role in the assembly of BBSome, a complex involved in ciliogenesis regulating transports vesicles to the cilia. May play a role in protein processing in limb, cardiac and reproductive system development. May play a role in cytokinesis. Belongs to the TCP-1 chaperonin family. (570 aa) |
| | CFAP61 | Cilia- and flagella-associated protein 61; May regulate cilium motility through its role in the assembly of the axonemal radial spokes. (1237 aa) |
| | BBS2 | Bardet-Biedl syndrome 2 protein; The BBSome complex is thought to function as a coat complex required for sorting of specific membrane proteins to the primary cilia. The BBSome complex is required for ciliogenesis but is dispensable for centriolar satellite function. This ciliogenic function is mediated in part by the Rab8 GDP/GTP exchange factor, which localizes to the basal body and contacts the BBSome. Rab8(GTP) enters the primary cilium and promotes extension of the ciliary membrane. Firstly the BBSome associates with the ciliary membrane and binds to RAB3IP/Rabin8, the guanosyl ex [...] (721 aa) |
| | IFT81 | Intraflagellar transport protein 81 homolog; Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B: together with IFT74, forms a tubulin-binding module that specifically mediates transport of tubulin within the cilium. Binds tubulin via its CH (calponin-homology)-like region. Required for ciliogenesis. Required for proper regulation of SHH signaling. Belongs to the IFT81 family. (676 aa) |
| | PKD2 | Polycystin-2; Component of a heteromeric calcium-permeable ion channel formed by PKD1 and PKD2 that is activated by interaction between PKD1 and a Wnt family member, such as WNT3A and WNT9B. Can also form a functional, homotetrameric ion channel. Functions as a cation channel involved in fluid-flow mechanosensation by the primary cilium in renal epithelium. Functions as outward-rectifying K(+) channel, but is also permeable to Ca(2+), and to a much lesser degree also to Na(+). May contribute to the release of Ca(2+) stores from the endoplasmic reticulum. Together with TRPV4, forms mech [...] (968 aa) |
| | PMFBP1 | Polyamine-modulated factor 1-binding protein 1; Required for normal spermatogenesis. It functions as a scaffold protein that attaches the sperm head-tail connecting piece to the nuclear envelope, thus maintaining sperm head and tail integrity. May also be involved in the general organization of cellular cytoskeleton (By similarity). (1007 aa) |
| | RSPH4A | Radial spoke head protein 4 homolog A; Probable component of the axonemal radial spoke head. Radial spokes are regularly spaced along cilia, sperm and flagella axonemes. They consist of a thin stalk which is attached to a subfiber of the outer doublet microtubule, and a bulbous head which is attached to the stalk and appears to interact with the projections from the central pair of microtubules. (716 aa) |
| | AKAP3 | A-kinase anchor protein 3; May function as a regulator of both motility- and head- associated functions such as capacitation and the acrosome reaction. (853 aa) |
| | AK1 | Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1; Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. (210 aa) |
| | RSPH6A | Radial spoke head 6 homolog A; Belongs to the flagellar radial spoke RSP4/6 family. (717 aa) |
| | TEKT2 | Tektin-2; Structural component of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. Plays a key role in the assembly or attachment of the inner dynein arm to microtubules in sperm flagella and tracheal cilia. Forms filamentous polymers in the walls of ciliary and flagellar microtubules. (430 aa) |
| | DLD | Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; Lipoamide dehydrogenase is a component of the glycine cleavage system as well as an E3 component of three alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complexes (pyruvate-, alpha-ketoglutarate-, and branched- chain amino acid-dehydrogenase complex). The 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is mainly active in the mitochondrion. A fraction of the 2- oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex also localizes in the nucleus and is required for lysine succinylation of histones: associates with KAT2A on chromatin and provides succinyl-CoA to histone succinyltransferase KA [...] (509 aa) |
| | NME8 | Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 3; Probably required during the final stages of sperm tail maturation in the testis and/or epididymis, where extensive disulfide bonding of fibrous sheath (FS) proteins occurs. May be involved in the reduction of disulfide bonds within the sperm FS components. In vitro, it has neither NDP kinase nor reducing activity on disulfide bonds. (588 aa) |
