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| | RAET1G | UL-16 binding protein 5; [Isoform 1]: Binds and activates the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, mediating natural killer cell cytotoxicity. [Isoform 2]: Stimulates natural killer cells to secrete IFNG. Belongs to the MHC class I family. (334 aa) |
| | ATG12 | Ubiquitin-like protein ATG12; Ubiquitin-like protein involved in autophagy vesicles formation. Conjugation with ATG5 through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving also ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3-like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. (140 aa) |
| | IRGM | Immunity-related GTPase family M protein; Putative GTPase which is required for clearance of acute protozoan and bacterial infections. Functions in innate immune response probably through regulation of autophagy. May regulate proinflammatory cytokine production and prevent endotoxemia upon infection. May also play a role in macrophages adhesion and motility (By similarity). Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. IRG family. (181 aa) |
| | LYN | Tyrosine-protein kinase Lyn; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that transmits signals from cell surface receptors and plays an important role in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, hematopoiesis, responses to growth factors and cytokines, integrin signaling, but also responses to DNA damage and genotoxic agents. Functions primarily as negative regulator, but can also function as activator, depending on the context. Required for the initiation of the B-cell response, but also for its down-regulation and termination. Plays an important role in the regulation of B-c [...] (512 aa) |
| | IKBKB | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta; Serine kinase that plays an essential role in the NF-kappa-B signaling pathway which is activated by multiple stimuli such as inflammatory cytokines, bacterial or viral products, DNA damages or other cellular stresses. Acts as part of the canonical IKK complex in the conventional pathway of NF-kappa-B activation. Phosphorylates inhibitors of NF-kappa-B on 2 critical serine residues. These modifications allow polyubiquitination of the inhibitors and subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In turn, free NF-kappa-B is translocated [...] (756 aa) |
| | TRAF6 | TNF receptor-associated factor 6; E3 ubiquitin ligase that, together with UBE2N and UBE2V1, mediates the synthesis of 'Lys-63'-linked-polyubiquitin chains conjugated to proteins, such as IKBKG, IRAK1, AKT1 and AKT2. Also mediates ubiquitination of free/unanchored polyubiquitin chain that leads to MAP3K7 activation. Leads to the activation of NF-kappa-B and JUN. May be essential for the formation of functional osteoclasts. Seems to also play a role in dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and/or activation. Represses c-Myb-mediated transactivation, in B-lymphocytes. Adapter protein that seem [...] (522 aa) |
| | BANF1 | Barrier-to-autointegration factor, N-terminally processed; Plays fundamental roles in nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development. May potently compress chromatin structure and be involved in membrane recruitment and chromatin decondensation during nuclear assembly. Contains 2 non- specific dsDNA-binding sites which may promote DNA cross-bridging. (Microbial infection) In case of poxvirus infection, has an antiviral activity by blocking viral DNA replication. (89 aa) |
| | KLRC3-2 | NKG2-E type II integral membrane protein; Plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. (240 aa) |
| | KLRC1 | NKG2-A/NKG2-B type II integral membrane protein; Plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. (233 aa) |
| | YTHDF2 | YTH domain-containing family protein 2; Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)- containing RNAs, and regulates mRNA stability. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in mRNA stability and processing. Acts as a regulator of mRNA stability by promoting degradation of m6A-containing mRNAs via interaction with the CCR4-NOT and ribonuclease P/MRP complexes, depending on the context. M6A-containing mRNAs containing a binding site for RIDA/HRSP12 (5'-GGUUC-3') are preferentially degraded by endoribonucleolytic cle [...] (579 aa) |
| | TXK | Tyrosine-protein kinase TXK; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a redundant role with ITK in regulation of the adaptive immune response. Regulates the development, function and differentiation of conventional T-cells and nonconventional NKT-cells. When antigen presenting cells (APC) activate T-cell receptor (TCR), a series of phosphorylation lead to the recruitment of TXK to the cell membrane, where it is phosphorylated at Tyr-420. Phosphorylation leads to TXK full activation. Contributes also to signaling from many receptors and participates in multiple downstream pathways, inclu [...] (527 aa) |
| | WNT5A | Protein Wnt-5a; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Can activate or inhibit canonical Wnt signaling, depending on receptor context. In the presence of FZD4, activates beta-catenin signaling. In the presence of ROR2, inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting beta-catenin degradation through a GSK3-independent pathway which involves down-regulation of beta- catenin-induced reporter gene expression (By similarity). Suppression of the canonical pathway allows chondrogenesis to occur and inhibits tumor formation. Stimulates cell migration. Decre [...] (380 aa) |
| | LSM14A | Protein LSM14 homolog A; Essential for formation of P-bodies, cytoplasmic structures that provide storage sites for non-translating mRNAs. (463 aa) |
| | APPL2 | DCC-interacting protein 13-beta; Multifunctional adapter protein that binds to various membrane receptors, nuclear factors and signaling proteins to regulate many processes, such as cell proliferation, immune response, endosomal trafficking and cell metabolism. Regulates signaling pathway leading to cell proliferation through interaction with RAB5A and subunits of the NuRD/MeCP1 complex. Plays a role in immune response by modulating phagocytosis, inflammatory and innate immune responses. In macrophages, enhances Fc-gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis through interaction with RAB31 lea [...] (670 aa) |
| | ADAM8 | Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 8; Possible involvement in extravasation of leukocytes. (824 aa) |
| | MMP12 | Macrophage metalloelastase; May be involved in tissue injury and remodeling. Has significant elastolytic activity. Can accept large and small amino acids at the P1' site, but has a preference for leucine. Aromatic or hydrophobic residues are preferred at the P1 site, with small hydrophobic residues (preferably alanine) occupying P3; Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. (470 aa) |
| | CD226 | CD226 antigen; Involved in intercellular adhesion, lymphocyte signaling, cytotoxicity and lymphokine secretion mediated by cytotoxic T- lymphocyte (CTL) and NK cell. Cell surface receptor for NECTIN2. Upon ligand binding, stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, including that of IL2, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNG. Competes with PVRIG for NECTIN2-binding. (336 aa) |
| | IKBKE | Inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit epsilon; Serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating inflammatory responses to viral infection, through the activation of the type I IFN, NF-kappa-B and STAT signaling. Also involved in TNFA and inflammatory cytokines, like Interleukin-1, signaling. Following activation of viral RNA sensors, such as RIG-I- like receptors, associates with DDX3X and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), IRF3 and IRF7, as well as DDX3X. This activity allows subsequent homodimerization and nuclear translocation of the [...] (716 aa) |
| | FPR2 | N-formyl peptide receptor 2; Low affinity receptor for N-formyl-methionyl peptides, which are powerful neutrophil chemotactic factors. Binding of FMLP to the receptor causes activation of neutrophils. This response is mediated via a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The activation of LXA4R could result in an anti- inflammatory outcome counteracting the actions of proinflammatory signals such as LTB4 (leukotriene B4). Receptor for the chemokine-like protein FAM19A5, mediating FAM19A5-stimulated macrophage chemotaxis and the inhibitory effec [...] (351 aa) |
| | RPS19 | 40S ribosomal protein S19; Required for pre-rRNA processing and maturation of 40S ribosomal subunits; Belongs to the eukaryotic ribosomal protein eS19 family. (145 aa) |
| | CASP6 | Caspase-6 subunit p11; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. Cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in vitro, as well as lamins. Overexpression promotes programmed cell death; Belongs to the peptidase C14A family. (293 aa) |
| | HPX | Hemopexin; Binds heme and transports it to the liver for breakdown and iron recovery, after which the free hemopexin returns to the circulation. (462 aa) |
| | SLC15A4 | Solute carrier family 15 member 4; Proton oligopeptide cotransporter. Transports free histidine and certain di- and tripeptides. (577 aa) |
| | FCN3 | Ficolin-3; May function in innate immunity through activation of the lectin complement pathway. Calcium-dependent and GlcNAc-binding lectin. Has affinity with GalNAc, GlcNAc, D-fucose, as mono/oligosaccharide and lipopolysaccharides from S.typhimurium and S.minnesota. (299 aa) |
| | NONO | Non-POU domain-containing octamer-binding protein; DNA- and RNA binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes. Binds the conventional octamer sequence in double-stranded DNA. Also binds single-stranded DNA and RNA at a site independent of the duplex site. Involved in pre-mRNA splicing, probably as a heterodimer with SFPQ. Interacts with U5 snRNA, probably by binding to a purine-rich sequence located on the 3' side of U5 snRNA stem 1b. Together with PSPC1, required for the formation of nuclear paraspeckles. The SFPQ-NONO heteromer associated with MATR3 may play a role in nuclea [...] (471 aa) |
| | IFNK | Interferon kappa; May play a role in the regulation of immune cell function. Cytokine that imparts cellular protection against viral infection in a species-specific manner. Activates the interferon-stimulated response element signaling pathway. It is able to directly modulate cytokine release from monocytes and dendritic cells. Binds heparin. (207 aa) |
| | SERPING1 | Plasma protease C1 inhibitor; Activation of the C1 complex is under control of the C1- inhibitor. It forms a proteolytically inactive stoichiometric complex with the C1r or C1s proteases. May play a potentially crucial role in regulating important physiological pathways including complement activation, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and the generation of kinins. Very efficient inhibitor of FXIIa. Inhibits chymotrypsin and kallikrein. (500 aa) |
| | PAK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 1; Protein kinase involved in intracellular signaling pathways downstream of integrins and receptor-type kinases that plays an important role in cytoskeleton dynamics, in cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, apoptosis, mitosis, and in vesicle-mediated transport processes. Can directly phosphorylate BAD and protects cells against apoptosis. Activated by interaction with CDC42 and RAC1. Functions as GTPase effector that links the Rho-related GTPases CDC42 and RAC1 to the JNK MAP kinase pathway. Phosphorylates and activates MAP2K1, and thereby media [...] (553 aa) |
| | USP15 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 15; Hydrolase that removes conjugated ubiquitin from target proteins and regulates various pathways such as the TGF-beta receptor signaling, NF-kappa-B and RNF41/NRDP1-PRKN pathways. Acts as a key regulator of TGF-beta receptor signaling pathway, but the precise mechanism is still unclear: according to a report, acts by promoting deubiquitination of monoubiquitinated R-SMADs (SMAD1, SMAD2 and/or SMAD3), thereby alleviating inhibition of R-SMADs and promoting activation of TGF-beta target genes. According to another reports, regulates the TGF-beta r [...] (981 aa) |
| | CD96 | T-cell surface protein tactile; May be involved in adhesive interactions of activated T and NK cells during the late phase of the immune response. Promotes NK cell-target adhesion by interacting with PVR present on target cells. May function at a time after T and NK cells have penetrated the endothelium using integrins and selectins, when they are actively engaging diseased cells and moving within areas of inflammation. (585 aa) |
| | TOMM70 | Mitochondrial import receptor subunit TOM70; Receptor that accelerates the import of all mitochondrial precursor proteins. (608 aa) |
| | PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut ho [...] (505 aa) |
| | APPL1 | DCC-interacting protein 13-alpha; Multifunctional adapter protein that binds to various membrane receptors, nuclear factors and signaling proteins to regulate many processes, such as cell proliferation, immune response, endosomal trafficking and cell metabolism. Regulates signaling pathway leading to cell proliferation through interaction with RAB5A and subunits of the NuRD/MeCP1 complex. Functions as a positive regulator of innate immune response via activation of AKT1 signaling pathway by forming a complex with APPL1 and PIK3R1 (By similarity). Inhibits Fc-gamma receptor-mediated pha [...] (709 aa) |
| | NCF1 | Neutrophil cytosol factor 1; NCF2, NCF1, and a membrane bound cytochrome b558 are required for activation of the latent NADPH oxidase (necessary for superoxide production). (390 aa) |
| | SLAMF8 | SLAM family member 8; May play a role in B-lineage commitment and/or modulation of signaling through the B-cell receptor. (285 aa) |
| | TRIM62 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM62; E3 ubiquitin ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2D2; Belongs to the TRIM/RBCC family. (475 aa) |
| | FCN2 | Ficolin-2; May function in innate immunity through activation of the lectin complement pathway. Calcium-dependent and GlcNAc-binding lectin. Enhances phagocytosis of S.typhimurium by neutrophils, suggesting an opsonic effect via the collagen region. (313 aa) |
| | NCR1 | Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 1; Cytotoxicity-activating receptor that may contribute to the increased efficiency of activated natural killer (NK) cells to mediate tumor cell lysis. (304 aa) |
| | STAT5B | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5B; Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. Mediates cellular responses to the cytokine KITLG/SCF and other growth factors. Binds to the GAS element and activates PRL-induced transcription. Positively regulates hematopoietic/erythroid differentiation. (787 aa) |
| | DCST1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DCST1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates 'Lys-48'-linked ubiquitination of STAT2 and induces its proteosomal degradation thereby negatively regulating type-I-interferon signaling. (706 aa) |
| | MASP1 | Mannan binding lectin serine peptidase 1. (728 aa) |
| | OTOP1 | Proton channel OTOP1; Proton-selective channel that specifically transports protons into cells. Proton channel activity is only weakly- sensitive to voltage (By similarity). Proton-selective channel activity is probably required in cell types that use changes in intracellular pH for cell signaling or to regulate biochemical or developmental processes. In the vestibular system of the inner ear, required for the formation and function of otoconia, which are calcium carbonate crystals that sense gravity and acceleration (By similarity). Probably acts by maintaining the pH appropriate for [...] (612 aa) |
| | HMGB2 | High mobility group protein B2; Multifunctional protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. May act in a redox sensitive manner. In the nucleus is an abundant chromatin-associated non-histone protein involved in transcription, chromatin remodeling and V(D)J recombination and probably other processes. Binds DNA with a preference to non- canonical DNA structures such as single-stranded DNA. Can bent DNA and enhance DNA flexibility by looping thus providing a mechanism to promote activities on various gene promoters by enhancing transcription factor binding and/or bring [...] (209 aa) |
| | ERAP1 | Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1; Aminopeptidase that plays a central role in peptide trimming, a step required for the generation of most HLA class I-binding peptides. Peptide trimming is essential to customize longer precursor peptides to fit them to the correct length required for presentation on MHC class I molecules. Strongly prefers substrates 9-16 residues long. Rapidly degrades 13-mer to a 9-mer and then stops. Preferentially hydrolyzes the residue Leu and peptides with a hydrophobic C-terminus, while it has weak activity toward peptides with charged C-terminus. May play [...] (948 aa) |
| | METTL3 | N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit; The METTL3-METTL14 heterodimer forms a N6-methyltransferase complex that methylates adenosine residues at the N(6) position of some RNAs and regulates various processes such as the circadian clock, differentiation of embryonic and hematopoietic stem cells, cortical neurogenesis, response to DNA damage, differentiation of T-cells and primary miRNA processing. In the heterodimer formed with METTL14, METTL3 constitutes the catalytic core. N6- methyladenosine (m6A), which takes place at the 5'-[AG]GAC-3' consensus sites of some mRNAs, plays [...] (580 aa) |
| | CRK | Adapter molecule crk; [Isoform Crk-II]: Regulates cell adhesion, spreading and migration. Mediates attachment-induced MAPK8 activation, membrane ruffling and cell motility in a Rac-dependent manner. Involved in phagocytosis of apoptotic cells and cell motility via its interaction with DOCK1 and DOCK4. May regulate the EFNA5-EPHA3 signaling. (304 aa) |
| | NOD2 | Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2; Involved in gastrointestinal immunity. Upon stimulation by muramyl dipeptide (MDP), a fragment of bacterial peptidoglycan, binds the proximal adapter receptor-interacting RIPK2, which recruits ubiquitin ligases as XIAP, BIRC2, BIRC3, INAVA and the LUBAC complex, triggering activation of MAP kinases and activation of NF-kappa-B signaling. This in turn leads to the transcriptional activation of hundreds of genes involved in immune response. Required for MDP-induced NLRP1-dependent CASP1 activation and IL1B release in macroph [...] (1040 aa) |
| | MED1 | Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 1; Component of the Mediator complex, a coactivator involved in the regulated transcription of nearly all RNA polymerase II-dependent genes. Mediator functions as a bridge to convey information from gene- specific regulatory proteins to the basal RNA polymerase II transcription machinery. Mediator is recruited to promoters by direct interactions with regulatory proteins and serves as a scaffold for the assembly of a functional preinitiation complex with RNA polymerase II and the general transcription factors. Acts as a coactivator for [...] (1581 aa) |
| | FADD | FAS-associated death domain protein; Apoptotic adaptor molecule that recruits caspase-8 or caspase-10 to the activated Fas (CD95) or TNFR-1 receptors. The resulting aggregate called the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs caspase-8 proteolytic activation. Active caspase-8 initiates the subsequent cascade of caspases mediating apoptosis. Involved in interferon-mediated antiviral immune response, playing a role in the positive regulation of interferon signaling. (208 aa) |
| | CLEC7A | C-type lectin domain family 7 member A; Lectin that functions as pattern receptor specific for beta- 1,3-linked and beta-1,6-linked glucans, such as cell wall constituents from pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Induces phosphorylation of SCIMP after binding beta-glucans (By similarity). Necessary for the TLR2- mediated inflammatory response and for TLR2-mediated activation of NF- kappa-B. Enhances cytokine production in macrophages and dendritic cells. Mediates production of reactive oxygen species in the cell. Mediates phagocytosis of C.albicans conidia. Binds T-cells in a way that does [...] (247 aa) |
| | IL12A | Interleukin-12 subunit alpha; Cytokine that can act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, and stimulate the production of IFN-gamma by resting PBMC. (253 aa) |
| | LRP8 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 8; Cell surface receptor for Reelin (RELN) and apolipoprotein E (apoE)-containing ligands. LRP8 participates in transmitting the extracellular Reelin signal to intracellular signaling processes, by binding to DAB1 on its cytoplasmic tail. Reelin acts via both the VLDL receptor (VLDLR) and LRP8 to regulate DAB1 tyrosine phosphorylation and microtubule function in neurons. LRP8 has higher affinity for Reelin than VLDLR. LRP8 is thus a key component of the Reelin pathway which governs neuronal layering of the forebrain during embryonic brai [...] (963 aa) |
| | TRIM56 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM56; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a key role in innate antiviral immunity. In response to pathogen- and host-derived double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), targets STING1 to 'Lys-63'- linked ubiquitination, thereby promoting its homodimerization, a step required for the production of type I interferon IFN-beta (By similarity). Independently of its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, positive regulator of TLR3 signaling. Potentiates extracellular double stranded RNA (dsRNA)-induced expression of IFNB1 and interferon- stimulated genes ISG15, IFIT1/ISG56, CXCL10, [...] (755 aa) |
| | KLRC4 | NKG2-F type II integral membrane protein; May play a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells. (158 aa) |
| | RASGRP1 | RAS guanyl-releasing protein 1; Functions as a calcium- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-regulated nucleotide exchange factor specifically activating Ras through the exchange of bound GDP for GTP. Activates the Erk/MAP kinase cascade. Regulates T- cell/B-cell development, homeostasis and differentiation by coupling T- lymphocyte/B-lymphocyte antigen receptors to Ras. Regulates NK cell cytotoxicity and ITAM-dependent cytokine production by activation of Ras-mediated ERK and JNK pathways. Functions in mast cell degranulation and cytokine secretion, regulating FcERI-evoked allergic responses (By [...] (797 aa) |
| | RBM14 | RNA-binding protein 14; Isoform 1 may function as a nuclear receptor coactivator, enhancing transcription through other coactivators such as NCOA6 and CITED1. Isoform 2, functions as a transcriptional repressor, modulating transcriptional activities of coactivators including isoform 1, NCOA6 and CITED1. Regulates centriole biogenesis by suppressing the formation of aberrant centriolar protein complexes in the cytoplasm and thus preserving mitotic spindle integrity. Prevents the formation of the STIL-CENPJ complex (which can induce the formation of aberrant centriolar protein complexes) [...] (669 aa) |
| | PTPN2 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 2; Non-receptor type tyrosine-specific phosphatase that dephosphorylates receptor protein tyrosine kinases including INSR, EGFR, CSF1R, PDGFR. Also dephosphorylates non-receptor protein tyrosine kinases like JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, Src family kinases, STAT1, STAT3 and STAT6 either in the nucleus or the cytoplasm. Negatively regulates numerous signaling pathways and biological processes like hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, cell proliferation and differentiation, and glucose homeostasis. Plays a multifaceted and important role in the develop [...] (415 aa) |
| | HAVCR2 | Hepatitis A virus cellular receptor 2; Cell surface receptor implicated in modulating innate and adaptive immune responses. Generally accepted to have an inhibiting function. Reports on stimulating functions suggest that the activity may be influenced by the cellular context and/or the respective ligand. Regulates macrophage activation. Inhibits T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1)-mediated auto- and alloimmune responses and promotes immunological tolerance. In CD8+ cells attenuates TCR-induced signaling, specifically by blocking NF-kappaB and NFAT promoter activities resulting in the loss [...] (301 aa) |
| | TLR8 | Toll-like receptor 8; Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll- like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. (1059 aa) |
| | LEP | Leptin; Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways. In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal me [...] (167 aa) |
| | PRKDC | DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit; Serine/threonine-protein kinase that acts as a molecular sensor for DNA damage. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break (DSB) repair and V(D)J recombination. Must be bound to DNA to express its catalytic properties. Promotes processing of hairpin DNA structures in V(D)J recombination by activation of the hairpin endonuclease artemis (DCLRE1C). The assembly of the DNA-PK complex at DNA ends is also required for the NHEJ ligation step. Required to protect and align broken ends of DNA. May also act [...] (4128 aa) |
| | PAK2 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 2; Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in a variety of different signaling pathways including cytoskeleton regulation, cell motility, cell cycle progression, apoptosis or proliferation. Acts as downstream effector of the small GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. Activation by the binding of active CDC42 and RAC1 results in a conformational change and a subsequent autophosphorylation on several serine and/or threonine residues. Full-length PAK2 stimulates cell survival and cell growth. Phosphorylates MAPK4 and MAPK6 and activates the downstream targ [...] (524 aa) |
| | STAT2 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 2; Signal transducer and activator of transcription that mediates signaling by type I IFNs (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta). Following type I IFN binding to cell surface receptors, Jak kinases (TYK2 and JAK1) are activated, leading to tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT2. The phosphorylated STATs dimerize, associate with IRF9/ISGF3G to form a complex termed ISGF3 transcription factor, that enters the nucleus. ISGF3 binds to the IFN stimulated response element (ISRE) to activate the transcription of interferon stimulated genes, which drive [...] (851 aa) |
| | LILRB1 | Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B member 1; Receptor for class I MHC antigens. Recognizes a broad spectrum of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-G and HLA-F alleles. Receptor for H301/UL18, a human cytomegalovirus class I MHC homolog. Ligand binding results in inhibitory signals and down-regulation of the immune response. Engagement of LILRB1 present on natural killer cells or T-cells by class I MHC molecules protects the target cells from lysis. Interaction with HLA-B or HLA-E leads to inhibition of FCER1A signaling and serotonin release. Inhibits FCGR1A-mediated phosphorylatio [...] (652 aa) |
| | RNF185 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF185; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that regulates selective mitochondrial autophagy by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of BNIP1. Acts in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)- associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, which targets misfolded proteins that accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-mediated degradation. Protects cells from ER stress-induced apoptosis. Responsible for the cotranslational ubiquitination and degradation of CFTR in the ERAD pathway. Preferentially associates with the E2 enzymes U [...] (192 aa) |
| | FAM3A | Protein FAM3A; May act as a defensin against invading fungal microorganisms; Belongs to the FAM3 family. (244 aa) |
| | TRIM41 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM41; Functions as an E3 ligase that catalyzes the ubiquitin- mediated degradation of protein kinase C. Belongs to the TRIM/RBCC family. (630 aa) |
| | A2M | Alpha-2-macroglobulin; Is able to inhibit all four classes of proteinases by a unique 'trapping' mechanism. This protein has a peptide stretch, called the 'bait region' which contains specific cleavage sites for different proteinases. When a proteinase cleaves the bait region, a conformational change is induced in the protein which traps the proteinase. The entrapped enzyme remains active against low molecular weight substrates (activity against high molecular weight substrates is greatly reduced). Following cleavage in the bait region, a thioester bond is hydrolyzed and mediates the c [...] (1474 aa) |
| | RNF135 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF135; E2-dependent E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that functions as a RIG-I/DDX58 coreceptor in the sensing of viral RNAs in cell cytoplasm and the activation of the antiviral innate immune response. Together with the UBE2D3, UBE2N and UB2V1 E2 ligases, catalyzes the 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of RIG-I/DDX58 oligomerized on viral RNAs, an essential step in the activation of the RIG-I signaling pathway. Through a ubiquitin-independent parallel mechanism, which consists in bridging RIG-I/DDX58 filaments forming on longer viral RNAs, further activates th [...] (432 aa) |
| | HEXIM1 | Protein HEXIM1; Transcriptional regulator which functions as a general RNA polymerase II transcription inhibitor. In cooperation with 7SK snRNA sequesters P-TEFb in a large inactive 7SK snRNP complex preventing RNA polymerase II phosphorylation and subsequent transcriptional elongation. May also regulate NF-kappa-B, ESR1, NR3C1 and CIITA-dependent transcriptional activity. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response a [...] (359 aa) |
| | CADM1 | Cell adhesion molecule 1; Mediates homophilic cell-cell adhesion in a Ca(2+)- independent manner. Also mediates heterophilic cell-cell adhesion with CADM3 and NECTIN3 in a Ca(2+)-independent manner. Acts as a tumor suppressor in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Interaction with CRTAM promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo. May contribute to the less invasive phenotypes of lepidic growth tumor cells. In mast cells, may mediate attach [...] (471 aa) |
| | TBK1 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase TBK1; Serine/threonine kinase that plays an essential role in regulating inflammatory responses to foreign agents. Following activation of toll-like receptors by viral or bacterial components, associates with TRAF3 and TANK and phosphorylates interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) IRF3 and IRF7 as well as DDX3X. This activity allows subsequent homodimerization and nuclear translocation of the IRFs leading to transcriptional activation of pro-inflammatory and antiviral genes including IFNA and IFNB. In order to establish such an antiviral state, TBK1 form s [...] (729 aa) |
| | COLEC10 | Collectin-10; Lectin that binds to various sugars: galactose > mannose = fucose > N-acetylglucosamine > N-acetylgalactosamine. Acts as a chemoattractant, probably involved in the regulation of cell migration ; Belongs to the COLEC10/COLEC11 family. (277 aa) |
| | MUL1 | Mitochondrial ubiquitin ligase activator of NFKB 1; Exhibits weak E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity. E3 ubiquitin ligases accept ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfer the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Can ubiquitinate AKT1 preferentially at 'Lys-284' involving 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination and seems to be involved in regulation of Akt signaling by targeting phosphorylated Akt to proteosomal degradation. Proposed to preferentially act as a SUMO E3 ligase at physiological concentrations. Plays a role in the con [...] (352 aa) |
| | TYRO3 | Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor TYRO3; Receptor tyrosine kinase that transduces signals from the extracellular matrix into the cytoplasm by binding to several ligands including TULP1 or GAS6. Regulates many physiological processes including cell survival, migration and differentiation. Ligand binding at the cell surface induces dimerization and autophosphorylation of TYRO3 on its intracellular domain that provides docking sites for downstream signaling molecules. Following activation by ligand, interacts with PIK3R1 and thereby enhances PI3-kinase activity. Activates the AKT survival [...] (890 aa) |
| | BIRC3 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 3; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and regulates both canonical and non- canonical NF-kappa-B signaling by acting in opposite directions: acts as a positive regulator of the canonical pathway and suppresses constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappa-B signaling. The target proteins [...] (604 aa) |
| | EP300 | Histone acetyltransferase p300; Functions as histone acetyltransferase and regulates transcription via chromatin remodeling. Acetylates all four core histones in nucleosomes. Histone acetylation gives an epigenetic tag for transcriptional activation. Mediates cAMP-gene regulation by binding specifically to phosphorylated CREB protein. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-122' (H3K122ac), a modification that localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-27' (H3K [...] (2414 aa) |
| | TYROBP | TYRO protein tyrosine kinase-binding protein; Adapter protein which non-covalently associates with activating receptors found on the surface of a variety of immune cells to mediate signaling and cell activation following ligand binding by the receptors. TYROBP is tyrosine-phosphorylated in the ITAM domain following ligand binding by the associated receptors which leads to activation of additional tyrosine kinases and subsequent cell activation. Also has an inhibitory role in some cells. Non-covalently associates with activating receptors of the CD300 family to mediate cell activation ; [...] (113 aa) |
| | NLRC5 | Protein NLRC5; Probable regulator of the NF-kappa-B and type I interferon signaling pathways. May also regulate the type II interferon signaling pathway. Plays a role in homeostatic control of innate immunity and in antiviral defense mechanisms; Belongs to the NLRP family. (1866 aa) |
| | N4BP1 | NEDD4-binding protein 1; Inhibitor of the E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ITCH. Acts by interacting with the second WW domain of ITCH, leading to compete with ITCH's substrates and impairing ubiquitination of substrates (By similarity); Belongs to the N4BP1 family. (896 aa) |
| | DNAJA3 | DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 3, mitochondrial; Modulates apoptotic signal transduction or effector structures within the mitochondrial matrix. Affect cytochrome C release from the mitochondria and caspase 3 activation, but not caspase 8 activation. Isoform 1 increases apoptosis triggered by both TNF and the DNA-damaging agent mytomycin C; in sharp contrast, isoform 2 suppresses apoptosis. Can modulate IFN-gamma-mediated transcriptional activity. Isoform 2 may play a role in neuromuscular junction development as an effector of the MUSK signaling pathway. (480 aa) |
| | CREBBP | CREB-binding protein; Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation. Also acetylates non- histone proteins, like DDX21, FBL, IRF2, MAFG, NCOA3, POLR1E/PAF53 and FOXO1. Binds specifically to phosphorylated CREB and enhances its transcriptional activity toward cAMP-responsive genes. Acts as a coactivator of ALX1. Acts as a circadian transcriptional coactivator which enhances the activity of the circadian transcriptional activators: NPAS2-ARNTL/BMAL1 and CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimers. Acetylates PCNA; acetylation promotes removal of chromatin-bound PCNA and it [...] (2442 aa) |
| | UBE2K | Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 K; Accepts ubiquitin from the E1 complex and catalyzes its covalent attachment to other proteins. In vitro, in the presence or in the absence of BRCA1-BARD1 E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex, catalyzes the synthesis of 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitin chains. Does not transfer ubiquitin directly to but elongates monoubiquitinated substrate protein. Mediates the selective degradation of short-lived and abnormal proteins, such as the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) of misfolded lumenal proteins. Ubiquitinates huntingtin. May mediate foam [...] (200 aa) |
| | IRAK3 | Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 3; Inhibits dissociation of IRAK1 and IRAK4 from the Toll-like receptor signaling complex by either inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRAK1 and IRAK4 or stabilizing the receptor complex. (596 aa) |
| | HLA-F | HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain F; Non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib molecule postulated to play a role in immune surveillance, immune tolerance and inflammation. Functions in two forms, as a heterotrimeric complex with B2M/beta-2 microglobulin and a peptide (peptide-bound HLA-F-B2M) and as an open conformer (OC) devoid of peptide and B2M (peptide-free OC). In complex with B2M, presents non-canonical self-peptides carrying post- translational modifications, particularly phosphorylated self-peptides. Peptide-bound HLA-F-B2M acts as a ligand for LILRB1 i [...] (442 aa) |
| | AKIRIN2 | Akirin-2; Required for the innate immune response. Downstream effector of the Toll-like receptor (TLR), TNF and IL-1 beta signaling pathways leading to the production of IL-6. Forms a complex with YWHAB that acts to repress transcription of DUSP1 (By similarity); Belongs to the akirin family. (203 aa) |
| | TRAFD1 | TRAF-type zinc finger domain-containing protein 1; Negative feedback regulator that controls excessive innate immune responses. Regulates both Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and DDX58/RIG1-like helicases (RLH) pathways. May inhibit the LTR pathway by direct interaction with TRAF6 and attenuation of NF-kappa-B activation. May negatively regulate the RLH pathway downstream from MAVS and upstream of NF-kappa-B and IRF3 (By similarity). (582 aa) |
| | TRIM21 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase TRIM21; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase whose activity is dependent on E2 enzymes, UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2E1 and UBE2E2. Forms a ubiquitin ligase complex in cooperation with the E2 UBE2D2 that is used not only for the ubiquitination of USP4 and IKBKB but also for its self-ubiquitination. Component of cullin-RING-based SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes such as SCF(SKP2)-like complexes. A TRIM21-containing SCF(SKP2)-like complex is shown to mediate ubiquitination of CDKN1B ('Thr-187' phosphorylated-form), thereby promoting its degrad [...] (475 aa) |
| | USP29 | Ubiquitin specific peptidase 29. (922 aa) |
| | NLRC3 | NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 3; Negative regulator of the innate immune response. Attenuates signaling pathways activated by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the DNA sensor STING/TMEM173 in response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as intracellular poly(dA:dT), but not poly(I:C), or in response to DNA virus infection, including that of Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1) (By similarity). May affect TLR4 signaling by acting at the level of TRAF6 ubiquitination, decreasing the activating 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitination and leaving unchanged the degradative 'Lys-48'-lin [...] (1065 aa) |
| | LBP | Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein; Plays a role in the innate immune response. Binds to the lipid A moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), a glycolipid present in the outer membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria. Acts as an affinity enhancer for CD14, facilitating its association with LPS. Promotes the release of cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide. (481 aa) |
| | COCH | Cochlin; Plays a role in the control of cell shape and motility in the trabecular meshwork. (615 aa) |
| | TTLL12 | Tubulin--tyrosine ligase-like protein 12; Negatively regulates post-translational modifications of tubulin, including detyrosination of the C-terminus and polyglutamylation of glutamate residues. Also, indirectly promotes histone H4 trimethylation at 'Lys-20' (H4K20me3). Probably by controlling tubulin and/or histone H4 post-translational modifications, plays a role in mitosis and in maintaining chromosome number stability. During RNA virus-mediated infection, acts as a negative regulator of the DDX58/RIG-I pathway by preventing MAVS binding to TBK1 and IKBKE. (644 aa) |
| | USP18 | Ubl carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 18; Involved in the regulation of inflammatory response to interferon type 1. Can efficiently cleave only ISG15 fusions including native ISG15 conjugates linked via isopeptide bonds. Necessary to maintain a critical cellular balance of ISG15-conjugated proteins in both healthy and stressed organisms. Belongs to the peptidase C19 family. (372 aa) |
| | LAG3 | Secreted lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein; Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein: Inhibitory receptor on antigen activated T-cells. Delivers inhibitory signals upon binding to ligands, such as FGL1 (By similarity). FGL1 constitutes a major ligand of LAG3 and is responsible for LAG3 T-cell inhibitory function (By similarity). Following TCR engagement, LAG3 associates with CD3-TCR in the immunological synapse and directly inhibits T-cell activation (By similarity). May inhibit antigen-specific T-cell activation in synergy with PDCD1/PD-1, possibly by acting as a coreceptor for PDCD1/P [...] (525 aa) |
| | CEACAM1 | Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1; [Isoform 1]: Cell adhesion protein that mediates homophilic cell adhesion in a calcium-independent manner (By similarity). Plays a role as coinhibitory receptor in immune response, insulin action and functions also as an activator during angiogenesis. Its coinhibitory receptor function is phosphorylation- and PTPN6 -dependent, which in turn, suppress signal transduction of associated receptors by dephosphorylation of their downstream effectors. Plays a role in immune response, of T cells, natural killer (NK) and neutrophils. Up [...] (526 aa) |
| | GRN | Paragranulin; Secreted protein that acts as a key regulator of lysosomal function and as a growth factor involved in inflammation, wound healing and cell proliferation. Regulates protein trafficking to lysosomes and, also the activity of lysosomal enzymes. Facilitates also the acidification of lysosomes, causing degradation of mature CTSD by CTSB. In addition, functions as wound-related growth factor that acts directly on dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells to promote division, migration and the formation of capillary-like tubule structures (By similarity). Also promotes epithelia [...] (593 aa) |
| | LAMP1 | Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 1; Presents carbohydrate ligands to selectins. Also implicated in tumor cell metastasis. (417 aa) |
| | FCGR2B | Low affinity immunoglobulin gamma Fc region receptor II-b; Receptor for the Fc region of complexed or aggregated immunoglobulins gamma. Low affinity receptor. Involved in a variety of effector and regulatory functions such as phagocytosis of immune complexes and modulation of antibody production by B-cells. Binding to this receptor results in down-modulation of previous state of cell activation triggered via antigen receptors on B-cells (BCR), T-cells (TCR) or via another Fc receptor. Isoform IIB1 fails to mediate endocytosis or phagocytosis. Isoform IIB2 does not trigger phagocytosis. (310 aa) |
| | CD1D | Antigen-presenting glycoprotein CD1d; Antigen-presenting protein that binds self and non-self glycolipids and presents them to T-cell receptors on natural killer T- cells. (335 aa) |
| | NR1H2 | Oxysterols receptor LXR-beta; Nuclear receptor that exhibits a ligand-dependent transcriptional activation activity. Binds preferentially to double-stranded oligonucleotide direct repeats having the consensus half-site sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3' and 4-nt spacing (DR-4). Regulates cholesterol uptake through MYLIP-dependent ubiquitination of LDLR, VLDLR and LRP8; DLDLR and LRP8. Interplays functionally with RORA for the regulation of genes involved in liver metabolism (By similarity). Plays an anti-inflammatory role during the hepatic acute phase response by acting as a corepressor: inhibits [...] (460 aa) |
| | STING1 | Stimulator of interferon genes protein; Facilitator of innate immune signaling that acts as a sensor of cytosolic DNA from bacteria and viruses and promotes the production of type I interferon (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta). Innate immune response is triggered in response to non-CpG double-stranded DNA from viruses and bacteria delivered to the cytoplasm. Acts by binding cyclic dinucleotides: recognizes and binds cyclic di-GMP (c- di-GMP), a second messenger produced by bacteria, and cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a messenger produced by CGAS in response to DNA virus in the cytosol. Upon binding of [...] (379 aa) |
| | POLR3G | DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC7; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. May direct with other members of the RPC3/POLR3C-RPC6/POLR3F-RPC7/POLR3G subcomplex RNA Pol III binding to the TFIIIB-DNA complex via the interactions between TFIIIB and POLR3F. May be involved either in the recruitment and stabilization of the subcomplex within RNA polymerase III, or in stimulating cata [...] (223 aa) |
| | PQBP1 | Polyglutamine-binding protein 1; Intrinsically disordered protein that acts as a scaffold, and which is involved in different processes, such as pre-mRNA splicing, transcription regulation, innate immunity and neuron development. Interacts with splicing-related factors via the intrinsically disordered region and regulates alternative splicing of target pre-mRNA species. May suppress the ability of POU3F2 to transactivate the DRD1 gene in a POU3F2 dependent manner. Can activate transcription directly or via association with the transcription machinery. May be involved in ATXN1 mutant-in [...] (265 aa) |
| | IL21 | Interleukin-21; Cytokine with immunoregulatory activity. May promote the transition between innate and adaptive immunity. Induces the production of IgG(1) and IgG(3) in B-cells (By similarity). May play a role in proliferation and maturation of natural killer (NK) cells in synergy with IL15. May regulate proliferation of mature B- and T-cells in response to activating stimuli. In synergy with IL15 and IL18 stimulates interferon gamma production in T-cells and NK cells. During T-cell mediated immune response may inhibit dendritic cells (DC) activation and maturation. (162 aa) |
| | ISG15 | Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15; Ubiquitin-like protein which plays a key role in the innate immune response to viral infection either via its conjugation to a target protein (ISGylation) or via its action as a free or unconjugated protein. ISGylation involves a cascade of enzymatic reactions involving E1, E2, and E3 enzymes which catalyze the conjugation of ISG15 to a lysine residue in the target protein. Its target proteins include IFIT1, MX1/MxA, PPM1B, UBE2L6, UBA7, CHMP5, CHMP2A, CHMP4B and CHMP6. Can also isgylate: EIF2AK2/PKR which results in its activation, DDX58/RIG-I which inhib [...] (165 aa) |
| | SOCS1 | Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1; SOCS family proteins form part of a classical negative feedback system that regulates cytokine signal transduction. SOCS1 is involved in negative regulation of cytokines that signal through the JAK/STAT3 pathway. Through binding to JAKs, inhibits their kinase activity. In vitro, also suppresses Tec protein-tyrosine activity. Appears to be a major regulator of signaling by interleukin 6 (IL6) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Regulates interferon-gamma mediated sensory neuron survival (By similarity). Probable substrate recognition component of an [...] (211 aa) |
| | SAMHD1 | Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1; Protein that acts both as a host restriction factor involved in defense response to virus and as a regulator of DNA end resection at stalled replication forks. Has deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTPase) activity, which is required to restrict infection by viruses, such as HIV-1: dNTPase activity reduces cellular dNTP levels to levels too low for retroviral reverse transcription to occur, blocking early- stage virus replication in dendritic and other myeloid cells. Likewise, suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposon activity. Not able to [...] (626 aa) |
| | PTPN11 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 11; Acts downstream of various receptor and cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases to participate in the signal transduction from the cell surface to the nucleus. Positively regulates MAPK signal transduction pathway. Dephosphorylates GAB1, ARHGAP35 and EGFR. Dephosphorylates ROCK2 at 'Tyr-722' resulting in stimulatation of its RhoA binding activity. Dephosphorylates CDC73. (597 aa) |
| | TREX1 | Three-prime repair exonuclease 1; Major cellular 3'-to-5' DNA exonuclease which digests single- stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) with mismatched 3' termini. Prevents cell-intrinsic initiation of autoimmunity. Acts by metabolizing DNA fragments from endogenous retroelements, including L1, LTR and SINE elements. Unless degraded, these DNA fragments accumulate in the cytosol and activate the IFN-stimulatory DNA (ISD) response and innate immune signaling. Prevents chronic ATM-dependent checkpoint activation, by processing ssDNA polynucleotide species arising from the pr [...] (314 aa) |
| | ZCCHC3 | Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 3; Nucleic acid-binding protein involved in innate immune response to DNA and RNA viruses. Binds DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and acts by promoting recognition of viral nucleic acids by virus sensors, such as DDX58/RIG-I, IFIH1/MDA5 and CGAS. Acts as a co-sensor for recognition of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) by cGAS in the cytoplasm, thereby playing a role in innate immune response to cytosolic dsDNA and DNA virus. Binds dsDNA and probably acts by promoting sensing of dsDNA by CGAS, leading to enhance CGAS oligomerization and activation. Promo [...] (403 aa) |
| | USP27X | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 27; Deubiquitinase that can reduce the levels of BCL2L11/BIM ubiquitination and stabilize BCL2L11 in response to the RAF-MAPK- degradation signal. By acting on BCL2L11 levels, may counteract the anti-apoptotic effects of MAPK activity. (438 aa) |
| | PLCG2 | 1-phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate phosphodiesterase gamma-2; The production of the second messenger molecules diacylglycerol (DAG) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) is mediated by activated phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C enzymes. It is a crucial enzyme in transmembrane signaling. (1265 aa) |
| | TNFAIP3 | Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3; Ubiquitin-editing enzyme that contains both ubiquitin ligase and deubiquitinase activities. Involved in immune and inflammatory responses signaled by cytokines, such as TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta, or pathogens via Toll-like receptors (TLRs) through terminating NF-kappa-B activity. Essential component of a ubiquitin-editing protein complex, comprising also RNF11, ITCH and TAX1BP1, that ensures the transient nature of inflammatory signaling pathways. In cooperation with TAX1BP1 promotes disassembly of E2-E3 ubiquitin protein ligase complexes in [...] (790 aa) |
| | PIK3R6 | Phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulatory subunit 6; Regulatory subunit of the PI3K gamma complex. Acts as an adapter to drive activation of PIK3CG by beta-gamma G protein dimers. The PIK3CG:PIK3R6 heterodimer is much less sensitive to beta-gamma G protein dimers than PIK3CG:PIK3R5 and its membrane recruitment and beta-gamma G protein dimer-dependent activation requires HRAS bound to PIK3CG. Recruits of the PI3K gamma complex to a PDE3B:RAPGEF3 signaling complex involved in angiogenesis; signaling seems to involve RRAS. (754 aa) |
| | YTHDF3 | YTH domain-containing family protein 3; Specifically recognizes and binds N6-methyladenosine (m6A)- containing RNAs and promotes RNA translation efficiency. M6A is a modification present at internal sites of mRNAs and some non-coding RNAs and plays a role in the efficiency of mRNA splicing, processing and stability. Shares m6A-containing mRNAs targets with YTHDF1 and YTHDF2, and regulates different processes depending on the context. Facilitates the translation of targeted mRNAs in cooperation with YTHDF1 by binding to m6A-containing mRNAs and interacting with 40S and 60S ribosome subu [...] (588 aa) |
| | NR1H3 | Oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha; Nuclear receptor that exhibits a ligand-dependent transcriptional activation activity. Interaction with retinoic acid receptor (RXR) shifts RXR from its role as a silent DNA-binding partner to an active ligand-binding subunit in mediating retinoid responses through target genes defined by LXRES (By similarity). LXRES are DR4-type response elements characterized by direct repeats of two similar hexanuclotide half-sites spaced by four nucleotides (By similarity). Plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, regulating cholesterol up [...] (453 aa) |
| | BIRC2 | Baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 2; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signaling, and cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and regulates both canonical and non- canonical NF-kappa-B signaling by acting in opposite directions: acts as a positive regulator of the canonical pathway and suppresses constitutive activation of non-canonical NF-kappa-B signaling. The target protein [...] (618 aa) |
| | CCL5 | C-C motif chemokine 5; Chemoattractant for blood monocytes, memory T-helper cells and eosinophils. Causes the release of histamine from basophils and activates eosinophils. May activate several chemokine receptors including CCR1, CCR3, CCR4 and CCR5. One of the major HIV-suppressive factors produced by CD8+ T-cells. Recombinant RANTES protein induces a dose-dependent inhibition of different strains of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The processed form RANTES(3-68) acts as a natural chemotaxis inhibitor and is a more potent inhibitor of HIV-1-infection. The second [...] (91 aa) |
| | FFAR2 | Free fatty acid receptor 2; G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin- sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha f [...] (330 aa) |
| | VAV1 | Proto-oncogene vav; Couples tyrosine kinase signals with the activation of the Rho/Rac GTPases, thus leading to cell differentiation and/or proliferation. (845 aa) |
| | IRF3 | Interferon regulatory factor 3; Key transcriptional regulator of type I interferon (IFN)- dependent immune responses which plays a critical role in the innate immune response against DNA and RNA viruses. Regulates the transcription of type I IFN genes (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) and IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) by binding to an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in their promoters. Acts as a more potent activator of the IFN-beta (IFNB) gene than the IFN-alpha (IFNA) gene and plays a critical role in both the early and late phases of the IFNA/B gene induction. Found in an inactive [...] (452 aa) |
| | CASP8 | Caspase-8 subunit p10; Most upstream protease of the activation cascade of caspases responsible for the TNFRSF6/FAS mediated and TNFRSF1A induced cell death. Binding to the adapter molecule FADD recruits it to either receptor. The resulting aggregate called death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) performs CASP8 proteolytic activation. The active dimeric enzyme is then liberated from the DISC and free to activate downstream apoptotic proteases. Proteolytic fragments of the N-terminal propeptide (termed CAP3, CAP5 and CAP6) are likely retained in the DISC. Cleaves and activates CASP3, CA [...] (538 aa) |
| | SFPQ | Splicing factor, proline- and glutamine-rich; DNA- and RNA binding protein, involved in several nuclear processes. Essential pre-mRNA splicing factor required early in spliceosome formation and for splicing catalytic step II, probably as a heteromer with NONO. Binds to pre-mRNA in spliceosome C complex, and specifically binds to intronic polypyrimidine tracts. Involved in regulation of signal-induced alternative splicing. During splicing of PTPRC/CD45, a phosphorylated form is sequestered by THRAP3 from the pre-mRNA in resting T-cells; T-cell activation and subsequent reduced phosphory [...] (707 aa) |
| | RAET1E | Retinoic acid early transcript 1E; Binds and activates the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor, mediating natural killer cell cytotoxicity; Belongs to the MHC class I family. (263 aa) |
| | ARG1 | Arginase-1; Key element of the urea cycle converting L-arginine to urea and L-ornithine, which is further metabolized into metabolites proline and polyamides that drive collagen synthesis and bioenergetic pathways critical for cell proliferation, respectively; the urea cycle takes place primarily in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the kidneys. Belongs to the arginase family. (330 aa) |
| | FYN | Tyrosine-protein kinase Fyn; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that plays a role in many biological processes including regulation of cell growth and survival, cell adhesion, integrin-mediated signaling, cytoskeletal remodeling, cell motility, immune response and axon guidance. Inactive FYN is phosphorylated on its C-terminal tail within the catalytic domain. Following activation by PKA, the protein subsequently associates with PTK2/FAK1, allowing PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation, activation and targeting to focal adhesions. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and motility through [...] (537 aa) |
| | LYAR | Cell growth-regulating nucleolar protein; Plays a role in the maintenance of the appropriate processing of 47S/45S pre-rRNA to 32S/30S pre-rRNAs and their subsequent processing to produce 18S and 28S rRNAs. Also acts at the level of transcription regulation. Along with PRMT5, binds the gamma-globin (HBG1/HBG2) promoter and represses its expression. In neuroblastoma cells, may also repress the expression of oxidative stress genes, including CHAC1, HMOX1, SLC7A11, ULBP1 and SNORD41 that encodes a small nucleolar RNA. Preferentially binds to a DNA motif containing 5'-GGTTAT-3'. Negatively [...] (379 aa) |
| | PLSCR1 | Phospholipid scramblase 1; May mediate accelerated ATP-independent bidirectional transbilayer migration of phospholipids upon binding calcium ions that results in a loss of phospholipid asymmetry in the plasma membrane. May play a central role in the initiation of fibrin clot formation, in the activation of mast cells and in the recognition of apoptotic and injured cells by the reticuloendothelial system. (318 aa) |
| | HMGB1 | High mobility group protein B1; Multifunctional redox sensitive protein with various roles in different cellular compartments. In the nucleus is one of the major chromatin-associated non-histone proteins and acts as a DNA chaperone involved in replication, transcription, chromatin remodeling, V(D)J recombination, DNA repair and genome stability. Proposed to be an universal biosensor for nucleic acids. Promotes host inflammatory response to sterile and infectious signals and is involved in the coordination and integration of innate and adaptive immune responses. In the cytoplasm functio [...] (215 aa) |
| | CLEC12B | C-type lectin domain family 12 member B; Cell surface receptor that protects target cells against natural killer cell-mediated lysis. Modulates signaling cascades and mediates tyrosine phosphorylation of target MAP kinases. (276 aa) |
| | SUSD4 | Sushi domain-containing protein 4; Acts as complement inhibitor by disrupting the formation of the classical C3 convertase. Isoform 3 inhibits the classical complement pathway, while membrane-bound isoform 1 inhibits deposition of C3b via both the classical and alternative complement pathways. (490 aa) |
| | PSPC1 | Paraspeckle component 1; Regulates, cooperatively with NONO and SFPQ, androgen receptor-mediated gene transcription activity in Sertoli cell line (By similarity). Binds to poly(A), poly(G) and poly(U) RNA homopolymers. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimer (By similarity). Together with NONO, required for the formation of nuclear paraspeckles. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 pho [...] (523 aa) |
| | SERPINB4 | Serpin B4; May act as a protease inhibitor to modulate the host immune response against tumor cells. (390 aa) |
| | NCR3 | Natural cytotoxicity triggering receptor 3; Cell membrane receptor of natural killer/NK cells that is activated by binding of extracellular ligands including BAG6 and NCR3LG1. Stimulates NK cells cytotoxicity toward neighboring cells producing these ligands. It controls, for instance, NK cells cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Engagement of NCR3 by BAG6 also promotes myeloid dendritic cells (DC) maturation, both through killing DCs that did not acquire a mature phenotype, and inducing the release by NK cells of TNFA and IFNG which promote DC maturation. (201 aa) |
| | RIOK3 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase RIO3; Involved in regulation of type I interferon (IFN)-dependent immune response which plays a critical role in the innate immune response against DNA and RNA viruses. May act as an adapter protein essential for the recruitment of TBK1 to IRF3. Phosphorylates IFIH1 on 'Ser-828' interfering with IFIH1 filament assembly on long dsRNA and resulting in attenuated IFIH1-signaling. Can inhibit CASP10 isoform 7-mediated activation of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway. May play a role in the biogenesis of the 40S ribosomal subunit. Involved in the processing of 2 [...] (519 aa) |
| | KIR2DL4 | Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor 2DL4; Receptor for non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib HLA-G molecules. Recognizes HLA-G in complex with B2M/beta-2 microglobulin and a nonamer self-peptide (peptide-bound HLA-G-B2M). In decidual NK cells, binds peptide-bound HLA-G-B2M complex and triggers NK cell senescence-associated secretory phenotype as a molecular switch to promote vascular remodeling and fetal growth in early pregnancy. May play a role in balancing tolerance and antiviral-immunity at maternal-fetal interface by keeping in check the effector functions of NK, CD [...] (342 aa) |
| | KLRD1 | Natural killer cells antigen CD94; Plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. (179 aa) |
| | HSP90AA1 | Heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha; Molecular chaperone that promotes the maturation, structural maintenance and proper regulation of specific target proteins involved for instance in cell cycle control and signal transduction. Undergoes a functional cycle that is linked to its ATPase activity which is essential for its chaperone activity. This cycle probably induces conformational changes in the client proteins, thereby causing their activation. Interacts dynamically with various co-chaperones that modulate its substrate recognition, ATPase cycle and chaperone function. Engages with a ra [...] (854 aa) |
| | POLR3C | DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC3; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. May direct with other members of the subcomplex RNA Pol III binding to the TFIIIB-DNA complex via the interactions between TFIIIB and POLR3F. May be involved either in the recruitment and stabilization of the subcomplex within RNA polymerase III, or in stimulating catalytic functions of other subunits during i [...] (534 aa) |
| | APOE | Apolipoprotein E; APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance. Apoliproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma. As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density [...] (317 aa) |
| | NECTIN2 | Nectin-2; Modulator of T-cell signaling. Can be either a costimulator of T-cell function, or a coinhibitor, depending on the receptor it binds to. Upon binding to CD226, stimulates T-cell proliferation and cytokine production, including that of IL2, IL5, IL10, IL13, and IFNG. Upon interaction with PVRIG, inhibits T-cell proliferation. These interactions are competitive. Probable cell adhesion protein ; Belongs to the nectin family. (538 aa) |
| | DHX58 | Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DHX58; Acts as a regulator of DDX58/RIG-I and IFIH1/MDA5 mediated antiviral signaling. Cannot initiate antiviral signaling as it lacks the CARD domain required for activating MAVS/IPS1-dependent signaling events. Can have both negative and positive regulatory functions related to DDX58/RIG-I and IFIH1/MDA5 signaling and this role in regulating signaling may be complex and could probably depend on characteristics of the infecting virus or target cells, or both. Its inhibitory action on DDX58/RIG-I signaling may involve the following mechanisms: compet [...] (678 aa) |
| | GFER | FAD-linked sulfhydryl oxidase ALR; [Isoform 1]: FAD-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase that regenerates the redox-active disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, a chaperone essential for disulfide bond formation and protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. The reduced form of CHCHD4/MIA40 forms a transient intermolecular disulfide bridge with GFER/ERV1, resulting in regeneration of the essential disulfide bonds in CHCHD4/MIA40, while GFER/ERV1 becomes re-oxidized by donating electrons to cytochrome c or molecular oxygen. (205 aa) |
| | PYCARD | Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD; Functions as key mediator in apoptosis and inflammation. Promotes caspase-mediated apoptosis involving predominantly caspase-8 and also caspase-9 in a probable cell type-specific manner. Involved in activation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, promotes caspase-8- dependent proteolytic maturation of BID independently of FADD in certain cell types and also mediates mitochondrial translocation of BAX and activates BAX-dependent apoptosis coupled to activation of caspase- 9, -2 and -3. Involved in macrophage pyroptosis, a cas [...] (195 aa) |
| | C3 | Complement C3c alpha' chain fragment 1; C3 plays a central role in the activation of the complement system. Its processing by C3 convertase is the central reaction in both classical and alternative complement pathways. After activation C3b can bind covalently, via its reactive thioester, to cell surface carbohydrates or immune aggregates. [C3-beta-c]: Acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils in chronic inflammation. (1663 aa) |
| | IRF1 | Interferon regulatory factor 1; Transcriptional regulator which displays a remarkable functional diversity in the regulation of cellular responses. These include the regulation of IFN and IFN-inducible genes, host response to viral and bacterial infections, regulation of many genes expressed during hematopoiesis, inflammation, immune responses and cell proliferation and differentiation, regulation of the cell cycle and induction of growth arrest and programmed cell death following DNA damage. Stimulates both innate and acquired immune responses through the activation of specific target [...] (325 aa) |
| | EREG | Proepiregulin; Ligand of the EGF receptor/EGFR and ERBB4. Stimulates EGFR and ERBB4 tyrosine phosphorylation. Contributes to inflammation, wound healing, tissue repair, and oocyte maturation by regulating angiogenesis and vascular remodeling and by stimulating cell proliferation. (169 aa) |
| | NMI | N-myc-interactor; May be involved in augmenting coactivator protein recruitment to a group of sequence-specific transcription factors. Augments cytokine-mediated STAT transcription. Enhances CBP/p300 coactivator protein recruitment to STAT1 and STAT5; Belongs to the NMI family. (307 aa) |
| | KLRK1 | NKG2-D type II integral membrane protein; Functions as an activating and costimulatory receptor involved in immunosurveillance upon binding to various cellular stress- inducible ligands displayed at the surface of autologous tumor cells and virus-infected cells. Provides both stimulatory and costimulatory innate immune responses on activated killer (NK) cells, leading to cytotoxic activity. Acts as a costimulatory receptor for T-cell receptor (TCR) in CD8(+) T-cell-mediated adaptive immune responses by amplifying T-cell activation. Stimulates perforin-mediated elimination of ligand-exp [...] (216 aa) |
| | IL12B | Interleukin-12 subunit beta; Cytokine that can act as a growth factor for activated T and NK cells, enhance the lytic activity of NK/lymphokine-activated killer cells, and stimulate the production of IFN-gamma by resting PBMC. Belongs to the IL-12B family. (328 aa) |
| | KLRB1 | Killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily B member 1; Plays an inhibitory role on natural killer (NK) cells cytotoxicity. Activation results in specific acid sphingomyelinase/SMPD1 stimulation with subsequent marked elevation of intracellular ceramide. Activation also leads to AKT1/PKB and RPS6KA1/RSK1 kinases stimulation as well as markedly enhanced T-cell proliferation induced by anti-CD3. Acts as a lectin that binds to the terminal carbohydrate Gal-alpha(1,3)Gal epitope as well as to the N- acetyllactosamine epitope. Binds also to CLEC2D/LLT1 as a ligand and inhibits NK cell-mediat [...] (225 aa) |
| | OAS3 | 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 3; Interferon-induced, dsRNA-activated antiviral enzyme which plays a critical role in cellular innate antiviral response. In addition, it may also play a role in other cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation. Synthesizes preferentially dimers of 2'-5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP which then bind to the inactive monomeric form of ribonuclease L (RNase L) leading to its dimerization and subsequent activation. Activation of RNase L leads to degradation of cellular as well as viral RNA, resulting in the inhibi [...] (1087 aa) |
| | POLR3B | DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC2; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Second largest core component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Proposed to contribute to the polymerase catalytic activity and forms the polymerase active center together with the largest subunit. Pol III is composed of mobile elements and RPC2 is part of the core element with the central large cleft and probably a clamp element that moves to open and close the clef [...] (1133 aa) |
| | CRTAM | Cytotoxic and regulatory T-cell molecule; Interaction with CADM1 promotes natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion by CD8+ cells in vitro as well as NK cell-mediated rejection of tumors expressing CADM3 in vivo; Belongs to the nectin family. (393 aa) |
| | SPI1 | Transcription factor PU.1; Binds to the PU-box, a purine-rich DNA sequence (5'-GAGGAA- 3') that can act as a lymphoid-specific enhancer. This protein is a transcriptional activator that may be specifically involved in the differentiation or activation of macrophages or B-cells. Also binds RNA and may modulate pre-mRNA splicing (By similarity); Belongs to the ETS family. (271 aa) |
| | CLNK | Cytokine-dependent hematopoietic cell linker; An adapter protein which plays a role in the regulation of immunoreceptor signaling, including PLC-gamma-mediated B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) signaling and FC-epsilon R1-mediated mast cell degranulation (By similarity). Together with FGR, it acts as a negative regulator of natural killer cell-activating receptors and inhibits interferon-gamma production (By similarity). Acts as a positive regulator of both T-cell receptor and natural killer T (NKT) cell receptor signaling in CD4-positive NKT cells (By similarity). Together with MAP4K1, it [...] (428 aa) |
| | CDC37 | Hsp90 co-chaperone Cdc37, N-terminally processed; Co-chaperone that binds to numerous kinases and promotes their interaction with the Hsp90 complex, resulting in stabilization and promotion of their activity. Inhibits HSP90AA1 ATPase activity. (378 aa) |
| | XRCC6 | X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 6; Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. The XRCC5/6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic s [...] (609 aa) |
| | PTPN22 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 22; Acts as negative regulator of T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling by direct dephosphorylation of the Src family kinases LCK and FYN, ITAMs of the TCRz/CD3 complex, as well as ZAP70, VAV, VCP and other key signaling molecules. Associates with and probably dephosphorylates CBL. Dephosphorylates LCK at its activating 'Tyr-394' residue. Dephosphorylates ZAP70 at its activating 'Tyr-493' residue. Dephosphorylates the immune system activator SKAP2. Positively regulates toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced type 1 interferon production. Promotes host [...] (807 aa) |
| | PARP9 | Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP9; ADP-ribosyltransferase which, in association with E3 ligase DTX3L, plays a role in DNA damage repair and in immune responses including interferon-mediated antiviral defenses. Within the complex, enhances DTX3L E3 ligase activity which is further enhanced by PARP9 binding to poly(ADP-ribose). In association with DTX3L and in presence of E1 and E2 enzymes, mediates NAD(+)-dependent mono-ADP-ribosylation of ubiquitin which prevents ubiquitin conjugation to substrates such as histones. During DNA repair, PARP1 recruits PARP9/BAL1-DTX3L complex to [...] (854 aa) |
| | PAK3 | Serine/threonine-protein kinase PAK 3; Serine/threonine protein kinase that plays a role in a variety of different signaling pathways including cytoskeleton regulation, cell migration, or cell cycle regulation. Plays a role in dendrite spine morphogenesis as well as synapse formation and plasticity. Acts as downstream effector of the small GTPases CDC42 and RAC1. Activation by the binding of active CDC42 and RAC1 results in a conformational change and a subsequent autophosphorylation on several serine and/or threonine residues. Phosphorylates MAPK4 and MAPK6 and activates the downstrea [...] (580 aa) |
| | TLR9 | Toll-like receptor 9; Key component of innate and adaptive immunity. TLRs (Toll- like receptors) control host immune response against pathogens through recognition of molecular patterns specific to microorganisms. TLR9 is a nucleotide-sensing TLR which is activated by unmethylated cytidine- phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Controls lymphocyte response to Helicobacter infection (By similarity). Upon CpG stimulation, induces B-cell proliferation, activation, survival and [...] (1032 aa) |
| | MATR3-2 | Matrin-3; May play a role in transcription or may interact with other nuclear matrix proteins to form the internal fibrogranular network. In association with the SFPQ-NONO heteromer may play a role in nuclear retention of defective RNAs. Plays a role in the regulation of DNA virus-mediated innate immune response by assembling into the HDP-RNP complex, a complex that serves as a platform for IRF3 phosphorylation and subsequent innate immune response activation through the cGAS-STING pathway. May bind to specific miRNA hairpins. (847 aa) |
| | DRD2 | D(2) dopamine receptor; Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (443 aa) |
| | CNOT7 | CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 7; Has 3'-5' poly(A) exoribonuclease activity for synthetic poly(A) RNA substrate. Its function seems to be partially redundant with that of CNOT8. Catalytic component of the CCR4-NOT complex which is one of the major cellular mRNA deadenylases and is linked to various cellular processes including bulk mRNA degradation, miRNA-mediated repression, translational repression during translational initiation and general transcription regulation. During miRNA-mediated repression the complex seems also to act as translational repressor during translationa [...] (285 aa) |
| | DUSP10 | Dual specificity protein phosphatase 10; Protein phosphatase involved in the inactivation of MAP kinases. Has a specificity for the MAPK11/MAPK12/MAPK13/MAPK14 subfamily. It preferably dephosphorylates p38. (482 aa) |
| | CR1 | Complement receptor type 1; Membrane immune adherence receptor that plays a critical role in the capture and clearance of complement-opsonized pathogens by erythrocytes and monocytes/macrophages. Mediates the binding by these cells of particles and immune complexes that have activated complement to eliminate them from the circulation. Acts also in the inhibition of spontaneous complement activation by impairing the formation and function of the alternative and classical pathway C3/C5 convertases, and by serving as a cofactor for the cleavage by factor I of C3b to iC3b, C3c and C3d,g, a [...] (2489 aa) |
| | PARP14 | Protein mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP14; ADP-ribosyltransferase that mediates mono-ADP-ribosylation of glutamate residues on target proteins. In contrast to PARP1 and PARP2, it is not able to mediate poly-ADP-ribosylation. Has been shown to catalyze the mono-ADP-ribosylation of STAT1 at 'Glu-657' and 'Glu-705', thus decreasing STAT1 phosphorylation which negatively regulates pro-inflammatory cytokine production in macrophages in response to IFNG stimulation. However, the role of ADP-ribosylation in the prevention of STAT1 phosphorylation has been called into question and it has been [...] (1801 aa) |
| | CFH | Complement factor H; Glycoprotein that plays an essential role in maintaining a well-balanced immune response by modulating complement activation. Acts as a soluble inhibitor of complement, where its binding to self markers such as glycan structures prevents complement activation and amplification on cell surfaces. Accelerates the decay of the complement alternative pathway (AP) C3 convertase C3bBb, thus preventing local formation of more C3b, the central player of the complement amplification loop. As a cofactor of the serine protease factor I, CFH also regulates proteolytic degradati [...] (1231 aa) |
| | DHX9 | ATP-dependent RNA helicase A; Multifunctional ATP-dependent nucleic acid helicase that unwinds DNA and RNA in a 3' to 5' direction and that plays important roles in many processes, such as DNA replication, transcriptional activation, post-transcriptional RNA regulation, mRNA translation and RNA-mediated gene silencing. Requires a 3'-single-stranded tail as entry site for acid nuclei unwinding activities as well as the binding and hydrolyzing of any of the four ribo- or deoxyribo- nucleotide triphosphates (NTPs). Unwinds numerous nucleic acid substrates such as double-stranded (ds) DNA [...] (1270 aa) |
| | SH2D1B | SH2 domain-containing protein 1B; Cytoplasmic adapter regulating receptors of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family such as CD84, SLAMF1, LY9 and CD244. In SLAM signaling seems to cooperate with SH2D1A/SAP. Plays a role in regulation of effector functions of natural killer (NK) cells by controlling signal transduction through CD244/2B4 without effecting its tyrosine phosphorylation; downstream signaling involves PLCG1 and ERK activation. Activation of SLAMF7-mediated NK cell function does not effect receptor tyrosine phosphorylation but distal signaling (By simila [...] (132 aa) |
| | SLAMF6 | SLAM family member 6; Self-ligand receptor of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family. SLAM receptors triggered by homo- or heterotypic cell-cell interactions are modulating the activation and differentiation of a wide variety of immune cells and thus are involved in the regulation and interconnection of both innate and adaptive immune response. Activities are controlled by presence or absence of small cytoplasmic adapter proteins, SH2D1A/SAP and/or SH2D1B/EAT-2. Triggers cytolytic activity only in natural killer cells (NK) expressing high surface densities of natur [...] (332 aa) |
| | AIM2 | Interferon-inducible protein AIM2; Involved in innate immune response by recognizing cytosolic double-stranded DNA and inducing caspase-1-activating inflammasome formation in macrophages. Upon binding to DNA is thought to undergo oligomerization and to associate with PYCARD initiating the recruitment of caspase-1 precusrsor and processing of interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18. Detects cytosolic dsDNA of viral and bacterial origin in a non-sequence-specific manner. Can also trigger PYCARD-dependent, caspase-1-independent cell death that involves caspase-8 (By similarity). Tumor suppr [...] (343 aa) |
| | IFI16 | Gamma-interferon-inducible protein 16; Binds double-stranded DNA. Binds preferentially to supercoiled DNA and cruciform DNA structures. Seems to be involved in transcriptional regulation. May function as a transcriptional repressor. Could have a role in the regulation of hematopoietic differentiation through activation of unknown target genes. Controls cellular proliferation by modulating the functions of cell cycle regulatory factors including p53/TP53 and the retinoblastoma protein. May be involved in TP53-mediated transcriptional activation by enhancing TP53 sequence-specific DNA bi [...] (729 aa) |
| | PYHIN1 | Pyrin and HIN domain-containing protein 1; Major mediator of the tumor suppressor activity of IFN in breast cancer cells. Promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MDM2, which leads to p53/TP53 stabilization. Promotes ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of HDAC1, which in turn enhances maspin expression, and impairs invasive activity of cancer cells. (492 aa) |
| | MNDA | Myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen; May act as a transcriptional activator/repressor in the myeloid lineage. Plays a role in the granulocyte/monocyte cell-specific response to interferon. Stimulates the DNA binding of the transcriptional repressor protein YY1. (407 aa) |
| | ADAR | Double-stranded RNA-specific adenosine deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) referred to as A-to-I RNA editing. This may affect gene expression and function in a number of ways that include mRNA translation by changing codons and hence the amino acid sequence of proteins; pre-mRNA splicing by altering splice site recognition sequences; RNA stability by changing sequences involved in nuclease recognition; genetic stability in the case of RNA virus genomes by changing sequences during viral RNA replication; and RNA structur [...] (1226 aa) |
| | ATG5 | Autophagy protein 5; Involved in autophagic vesicle formation. Conjugation with ATG12, through a ubiquitin-like conjugating system involving ATG7 as an E1-like activating enzyme and ATG10 as an E2-like conjugating enzyme, is essential for its function. The ATG12-ATG5 conjugate acts as an E3- like enzyme which is required for lipidation of ATG8 family proteins and their association to the vesicle membranes. Involved in mitochondrial quality control after oxidative damage, and in subsequent cellular longevity. Plays a critical role in multiple aspects of lymphocyte development and is ess [...] (275 aa) |
| | CD160 | CD160 antigen, soluble form; [CD160 antigen]: Receptor on immune cells capable to deliver stimulatory or inhibitory signals that regulate cell activation and differentiation. Exists as a GPI-anchored and as a transmembrane form, each likely initiating distinct signaling pathways via phosphoinositol 3-kinase in activated NK cells and via LCK and CD247/CD3 zeta chain in activated T cells. Receptor for both classical and non-classical MHC class I molecules. In the context of acute viral infection, recognizes HLA-C and triggers NK cell cytotoxic activity, likely playing a role in anti-vira [...] (181 aa) |
| | MAP3K7 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 7; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. Plays an important role in the cascades of cellular responses evoked by changes in the environment. Mediates signal transduction of TRAF6, various cytokines including interleukin-1 (IL-1), transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB), TGFB-related factors like BMP2 and BMP4, toll-like receptors (TLR), tumor necrosis factor receptor CD40 and B-cell receptor (BCR). Ceramides are also able to activate MAP3K7/TAK1. Once activated, acts as a [...] (606 aa) |
| | CGAS | Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; Nucleotidyltransferase that catalyzes the formation of cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) from ATP and GTP and plays a key role in innate immunity. Catalysis involves both the formation of a 2',5' phosphodiester linkage at the GpA step and the formation of a 3',5' phosphodiester linkage at the ApG step, producing c[G(2',5')pA(3',5')p]. Acts as a key cytosolic DNA sensor, the presence of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the cytoplasm being a danger signal that triggers the immune responses. Binds cytosolic DNA directly, leading to activation and synthesis of cGAMP, a second m [...] (522 aa) |
| | GBP5 | Guanylate-binding protein 5; As an activator of NLRP3 inflammasome assembly, plays a role in innate immunity and inflammation. Promotes selective NLRP3 inflammasome assembly in response to microbial and soluble, but not crystalline, agents. Hydrolyzes GTP, but in contrast to other family members, does not produce GMP. Belongs to the TRAFAC class dynamin-like GTPase superfamily. GB1/RHD3-type GTPase family. GB1 subfamily. (586 aa) |
| | SH2D1A | SH2 domain-containing protein 1A; Cytoplasmic adapter regulating receptors of the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family such as SLAMF1, CD244, LY9, CD84, SLAMF6 and SLAMF7. In SLAM signaling seems to cooperate with SH2D1B/EAT-2. Initially it has been proposed that association with SLAMF1 prevents SLAMF1 binding to inhibitory effectors including INPP5D/SHIP1 and PTPN11/SHP-2. However, by simultaneous interactions, recruits FYN which subsequently phosphorylates and activates SLAMF1. Positively regulates CD244/2B4- and CD84-mediated natural killer (NK) cell functions. Ca [...] (128 aa) |
| | ZBP1 | Z-DNA-binding protein 1; Participates in the detection by the host's innate immune system of DNA from viral, bacterial or even host origin. Plays a role in host defense against tumors and pathogens. Acts as a cytoplasmic DNA sensor which, when activated, induces the recruitment of TBK1 and IRF3 to its C-terminal region and activates the downstream interferon regulatory factor (IRF) and NF-kappa B transcription factors, leading to type-I interferon production. ZBP1-induced NF-kappaB activation probably involves the recruitment of the RHIM containing kinases RIPK1 and RIPK3 (By similarity). (429 aa) |
| | XIAP | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, copper homeostasis, mitogenic kinase signaling, cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as a direct caspase inhibitor. Directly bind to the active site pocket of CASP3 and CASP7 and obstructs substrate entry. Inactivates CASP9 by keeping it in a monomeric, inactive state. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and the target proteins for its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligas [...] (497 aa) |
| | PTPN1 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1; Tyrosine-protein phosphatase which acts as a regulator of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response. Mediates dephosphorylation of EIF2AK3/PERK; inactivating the protein kinase activity of EIF2AK3/PERK. May play an important role in CKII- and p60c- src-induced signal transduction cascades. May regulate the EFNA5-EPHA3 signaling pathway which modulates cell reorganization and cell-cell repulsion. May also regulate the hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway through dephosphorylation of MET. Belongs to the protein-tyrosi [...] (435 aa) |
| | CARD9 | Caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9; Adapter protein that plays a key role in innate immune response to a number of intracellular pathogens, such as C.albicans and L.monocytogenes. Is at the crossroads of ITAM-tyrosine kinase and the Toll-like receptors (TLR) and NOD2 signaling pathways. Probably controls various innate immune response pathways depending on the intracellular pathogen. In response to L.monocytogenes infection, acts by connecting NOD2 recognition of peptidoglycan to downstream activation of MAP kinases (MAPK) without activating NF-kappa-B. Also involved in ac [...] (536 aa) |
| | ZNFX1 | Zinc finger NFX1-type containing 1. (1918 aa) |
| | FCN1 | Ficolin-1; Extracellular lectin functioning as a pattern-recognition receptor in innate immunity. Binds the sugar moieties of pathogen- associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) displayed on microbes and activates the lectin pathway of the complement system. May also activate monocytes through a G protein-coupled receptor, FFAR2, inducing the secretion of interleukin-8/IL-8. Binds preferentially to 9-O-acetylated 2-6-linked sialic acid derivatives and to various glycans containing sialic acid engaged in a 2-3 linkage. (326 aa) |
| | TREM2 | Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2; Forms a receptor signaling complex with TYROBP which mediates signaling and cell activation following ligand binding. Acts as a receptor for amyloid-beta protein 42, a cleavage product of the amyloid-beta precursor protein APP, and mediates its uptake and degradation by microglia. Binding to amyloid-beta 42 mediates microglial activation, proliferation, migration, apoptosis and expression of pro- inflammatory cytokines, such as IL6R and CCL3, and the anti- inflammatory cytokine ARG1 (By similarity). Acts as a receptor for lipoprotein pa [...] (230 aa) |
| | SRC | Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src; Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy bet [...] (536 aa) |
| | MBL2 | Mannose-binding protein C; Calcium-dependent lectin involved in innate immune defense. Binds mannose, fucose and N-acetylglucosamine on different microorganisms and activates the lectin complement pathway. Binds to late apoptotic cells, as well as to apoptotic blebs and to necrotic cells, but not to early apoptotic cells, facilitating their uptake by macrophages. May bind DNA. (248 aa) |
| | TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4; Cooperates with LY96 and CD14 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acts via MYD88, TIRAP and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Also involved in LPS-independent inflammatory responses triggered by free fatty acids, such as palmitate, and Ni(2+). Responses triggered by Ni(2+) require non- conserved histidines and are, therefore, species-specific. Both M.tuberculosis HSP70 (dnaK) and HSP65 (groEL-2) act via this protein to stimulate NF-kappa-B expression. In complex with [...] (839 aa) |
| | FGR | Tyrosine-protein kinase Fgr; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase that transmits signals from cell surface receptors devoid of kinase activity and contributes to the regulation of immune responses, including neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and mast cell functions, cytoskeleton remodeling in response to extracellular stimuli, phagocytosis, cell adhesion and migration. Promotes mast cell degranulation, release of inflammatory cytokines and IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. Acts downstream of receptors that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins, such as MS4A2/FCER1B, FCGR2A and/or FCGR2B. Acts d [...] (529 aa) |
| | VSIG4 | V-set and immunoglobulin domain-containing protein 4; Phagocytic receptor, strong negative regulator of T-cell proliferation and IL2 production. Potent inhibitor of the alternative complement pathway convertases. (399 aa) |
| | PLA2G5 | Calcium-dependent phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. This isozyme hydrolyzes more efficiently L-alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylcholine than L- alpha-1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylcholine, L-alpha-1- palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylethanolamine, or L-alpha-1- stearoyl-2-arachidonyl phosphatidylinositol. May be involved in the production of lung surfactant, the remodeling or regulation of cardiac muscle. (138 aa) |
| | SYK | Tyrosine-protein kinase SYK; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates signal transduction downstream of a variety of transmembrane receptors including classical immunoreceptors like the B-cell receptor (BCR). Regulates several biological processes including innate and adaptive immunity, cell adhesion, osteoclast maturation, platelet activation and vascular development. Assembles into signaling complexes with activated receptors at the plasma membrane via interaction between its SH2 domains and the receptor tyrosine-phosphorylated ITAM domains. The association with the receptor can a [...] (635 aa) |
| | HCK | Tyrosine-protein kinase HCK; Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase found in hematopoietic cells that transmits signals from cell surface receptors and plays an important role in the regulation of innate immune responses, including neutrophil, monocyte, macrophage and mast cell functions, phagocytosis, cell survival and proliferation, cell adhesion and migration. Acts downstream of receptors that bind the Fc region of immunoglobulins, such as FCGR1A and FCGR2A, but also CSF3R, PLAUR, the receptors for IFNG, IL2, IL6 and IL8, and integrins, such as ITGB1 and ITGB2. During the phagocytic p [...] (526 aa) |
| | HLA-E | Soluble HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain E; Non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib molecule involved in immune self-nonself discrimination. In complex with B2M/beta-2-microglobulin binds nonamer self-peptides derived from the signal sequence of classical MHC class Ia molecules (VL9 peptides). Peptide-bound HLA- E-B2M heterotrimeric complex primarily functions as a ligand for natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory receptor KLRD1-KLRC1, enabling NK cells to monitor the expression of other MHC class I molecules in healthy cells and to tolerate self. Upon cellular [...] (358 aa) |
| | HLA-G | Soluble HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, alpha chain G; [Isoform 1]: Non-classical major histocompatibility class Ib molecule involved in immune regulatory processes at the maternal-fetal interface. In complex with B2M/beta-2 microglobulin binds a limited repertoire of nonamer self-peptides derived from intracellular proteins including histones and ribosomal proteins. Peptide-bound HLA-G-B2M complex acts as a ligand for inhibitory/activating KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and LILRB2 receptors on uterine immune cells to promote fetal development while maintaining maternal- fetal tolerance. Upon [...] (343 aa) |
| | ACOD1 | Cis-aconitate decarboxylase; Involved in the inhibition of the inflammatory response. Acts as a negative regulator of the Toll-like receptors (TLRs)-mediated inflammatory innate response by stimulating the tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein TNFAIP3 expression via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in LPS-tolerized macrophages. Involved in antimicrobial response of innate immune cells; ACOD1-mediated itaconic acid production contributes to the antimicrobial activity of macrophages. Plays a role in the embryo implantation. (481 aa) |
| | POLR3F | DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC6; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. May direct RNA Pol III binding to the TFIIIB-DNA complex. Plays a key role in sensing and limiting infection by intracellular bacteria and DNA viruses. Acts as nuclear and cytosolic DNA sensor involved in innate immune response. Can sense non-self dsDNA that serves as template for transcription into dsRN [...] (316 aa) |
| | CXorf21 | Protein CXorf21; Plays a role in the regulation of endolysosomal pH in immune cells such as B-cells, dendritic cells and monocytes. May be involved in endolysosomal-dependent immune responses. (301 aa) |
| | TRIM5 | Tripartite motif-containing protein 5; Capsid-specific restriction factor that prevents infection from non-host-adapted retroviruses. Blocks viral replication early in the life cycle, after viral entry but before reverse transcription. In addition to acting as a capsid-specific restriction factor, also acts as a pattern recognition receptor that activates innate immune signaling in response to the retroviral capsid lattice. Binding to the viral capsid triggers its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and in concert with the heterodimeric ubiquitin conjugating enzyme complex UBE2V1- UBE2N (als [...] (493 aa) |
| | TRIM6 | Tripartite motif-containing protein 6; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which ubiquitinates MYC and inhibits its transcription activation activity, maintaining the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (By similarity). Involved in the synthesis of unanchored K48-linked polyubiquitin chains which interact with and activate the serine/threonine kinase IKBKE, leading to phosphorylation of STAT1 and stimulation of an antiviral response ; Belongs to the TRIM/RBCC family. (516 aa) |
| | IFNB1 | Interferon beta; Has antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer activities; Belongs to the alpha/beta interferon family. (187 aa) |
| | SERPINB9 | Serpin B9; Granzyme B inhibitor. (376 aa) |
| | KLRC2 | NKG2-C type II integral membrane protein; Plays a role as a receptor for the recognition of MHC class I HLA-E molecules by NK cells and some cytotoxic T-cells. (231 aa) |
| | KLRC3 | Killer cell lectin like receptor C3. (257 aa) |
| | CLEC6A | C-type lectin domain family 6 member A; Binds high-mannose carbohydrates in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Functional receptor for alpha-mannans on C.albicans hypheas. Plays an important role in the host defense against C.albicans infection by inducing TH17 cell differentiation. Recognizes also, in a mannose-dependent manner, allergens from house dust mite and fungi, by promoting cysteinyl leukotriene production. Recognizes soluble elements from the eggs of Shistosoma mansoni altering adaptive immune responses. Transduces signals through an Fc receptor gamma chain /FCER1G and Syk- CARD9-NF [...] (209 aa) |
| | LILRA2 | Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily A member 2; Part of the innate immune responses against microbial infection. Specifically recognizes a set of N-terminally truncated immunoglobulins that are produced via cleavage by proteases from a range of pathogenic bacteria and fungi, including L.pneumophila, M.hyorhinis, S.pneumoniae, S.aureus and C.albicans. Recognizes epitopes that are in part in the variable region of the immunoglobulin light chains, but requires also the constant region for signaling. Binds to a subset of cleaved IgM, IgG3 and IgG4 molecules, but does not bind [...] (483 aa) |
| | XRCC5 | X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 5; Single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicase. Has a role in chromosome translocation. The DNA helicase II complex binds preferentially to fork-like ends of double-stranded DNA in a cell cycle-dependent manner. It works in the 3'-5' direction. Binding to DNA may be mediated by XRCC6. Involved in DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) required for double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination. The XRCC5/6 dimer acts as regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase complex DNA-PK by increasing the affinity of the catalytic s [...] (732 aa) |
| | TIRAP | Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adapter protein; Adapter involved in TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathways in the innate immune response. Acts via IRAK2 and TRAF-6, leading to the activation of NF-kappa-B, MAPK1, MAPK3 and JNK, and resulting in cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Positively regulates the production of TNF-alpha and interleukin-6. (235 aa) |
| | AP1G1 | AP-1 complex subunit gamma-1; Subunit of clathrin-associated adaptor protein complex 1 that plays a role in protein sorting in the late-Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN) and/or endosomes. The AP complexes mediate both the recruitment of clathrin to membranes and the recognition of sorting signals within the cytosolic tails of transmembrane cargo molecules. (825 aa) |
| | CFI | Complement factor I heavy chain; Trypsin-like serine protease that plays an essential role in regulating the immune response by controlling all complement pathways. Inhibits these pathways by cleaving three peptide bonds in the alpha- chain of C3b and two bonds in the alpha-chain of C4b thereby inactivating these proteins. Essential cofactors for these reactions include factor H and C4BP in the fluid phase and membrane cofactor protein/CD46 and CR1 on cell surfaces. The presence of these cofactors on healthy cells allows degradation of deposited C3b by CFI in order to prevent undesired [...] (591 aa) |
| | MATR3 | Matrin 3. (847 aa) |
| | TKFC | ATP-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase; Catalyzes both the phosphorylation of dihydroxyacetone and of glyceraldehyde, and the splitting of ribonucleoside diphosphate-X compounds among which FAD is the best substrate. Represses IFIH1- mediated cellular antiviral response. Belongs to the dihydroxyacetone kinase (DAK) family. (575 aa) |
| | SIN3A | Paired amphipathic helix protein Sin3a; Acts as a transcriptional repressor. Corepressor for REST. Interacts with MXI1 to repress MYC responsive genes and antagonize MYC oncogenic activities. Also interacts with MXD1-MAX heterodimers to repress transcription by tethering SIN3A to DNA. Acts cooperatively with OGT to repress transcription in parallel with histone deacetylation. Involved in the control of the circadian rhythms. Required for the transcriptional repression of circadian target genes, such as PER1, mediated by the large PER complex through histone deacetylation. Cooperates wi [...] (1273 aa) |
| | LGALS9 | Galectin-9; Binds galactosides. Has high affinity for the Forssman pentasaccharide. Ligand for HAVCR2/TIM3. Binding to HAVCR2 induces T-helper type 1 lymphocyte (Th1) death. Also stimulates bactericidal activity in infected macrophages by causing macrophage activation and IL1B secretion which restricts intracellular bacterial growth (By similarity). Ligand for P4HB; the interaction retains P4HB at the cell surface of Th2 T-helper cells, increasing disulfide reductase activity at the plasma membrane, altering the plasma membrane redox state and enhancing cell migration. Ligand for CD44; [...] (355 aa) |
| | HLA-A | HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, A alpha chain; Antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecule. In complex with B2M/beta 2 microglobulin displays primarily viral and tumor-derived peptides on antigen-presenting cells for recognition by alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR) on HLA-A-restricted CD8-positive T cells, guiding antigen-specific T cell immune response to eliminate infected or transformed cells. May also present self-peptides derived from the signal sequence of secreted or membrane proteins, although T cells specific for these peptides are usuall [...] (365 aa) |
| | NFE2L2 | Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Transcription factor that plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress: binds to antioxidant response (ARE) elements present in the promoter region of many cytoprotective genes, such as phase 2 detoxifying enzymes, and promotes their expression, thereby neutralizing reactive electrophiles. In normal conditions, ubiquitinated and degraded in the cytoplasm by the BCR(KEAP1) complex. In response to oxidative stress, electrophile metabolites inhibit activity of the BCR(KEAP1) complex, promoting nuclear accumulation of NFE2L2/NRF2, hetero [...] (605 aa) |
| | INS | Insulin A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa) |
| | IRF7 | Interferon regulatory factor 7; Key transcriptional regulator of type I interferon (IFN)- dependent immune responses and plays a critical role in the innate immune response against DNA and RNA viruses. Regulates the transcription of type I IFN genes (IFN-alpha and IFN-beta) and IFN- stimulated genes (ISG) by binding to an interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) in their promoters. Can efficiently activate both the IFN-beta (IFNB) and the IFN-alpha (IFNA) genes and mediate their induction via both the virus-activated, MyD88-independent pathway and the TLR-activated, MyD88-dependen [...] (516 aa) |
| | POLR3D | DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit RPC4; DNA-dependent RNA polymerase catalyzes the transcription of DNA into RNA using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Specific peripheric component of RNA polymerase III which synthesizes small RNAs, such as 5S rRNA and tRNAs. Plays a key role in sensing and limiting infection by intracellular bacteria and DNA viruses. Acts as nuclear and cytosolic DNA sensor involved in innate immune response. Can sense non-self dsDNA that serves as template for transcription into dsRNA. The non-self RNA polymerase III transcripts, such as Ep [...] (398 aa) |
| | MASP2 | Mannan-binding lectin serine protease 2 A chain; Serum protease that plays an important role in the activation of the complement system via mannose-binding lectin. After activation by auto-catalytic cleavage it cleaves C2 and C4, leading to their activation and to the formation of C3 convertase. (686 aa) |
| | NLRC4 | NLR family CARD domain-containing protein 4; Key component of inflammasomes that indirectly senses specific proteins from pathogenic bacteria and fungi and responds by assembling an inflammasome complex that promotes caspase-1 activation, cytokine production and macrophage pyroptosis. The NLRC4 inflammasome is activated as part of the innate immune response to a range of intracellular bacteria (By similarity). (1024 aa) |
| | NLRX1 | NLR family member X1; Participates in antiviral signaling. Acts as a negative regulator of MAVS-mediated antiviral responses, through the inhibition of the virus-induced RLH (RIG-like helicase)-MAVS interaction. Instead, promotes autophagy by interacting with TUFM and subsequently recruiting the autophagy-related proteins ATG5 and ATG12. Regulates also MAVS-dependent NLRP3 inflammasome activation to attenuate apoptosis. Has no inhibitory function on NF-kappa-B signaling pathway, but enhances NF-kappa-B and JUN N-terminal kinase dependent signaling through the production of reactive oxy [...] (975 aa) |
| | OAS1 | 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthase 1; Interferon-induced, dsRNA-activated antiviral enzyme which plays a critical role in cellular innate antiviral response. In addition, it may also play a role in other cellular processes such as apoptosis, cell growth, differentiation and gene regulation. Synthesizes higher oligomers of 2'-5'-oligoadenylates (2-5A) from ATP which then bind to the inactive monomeric form of ribonuclease L (RNase L) leading to its dimerization and subsequent activation. Activation of RNase L leads to degradation of cellular as well as viral RNA, resulting in the inhibition [...] (414 aa) |
| | PTPN6 | Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 6; Modulates signaling by tyrosine phosphorylated cell surface receptors such as KIT and the EGF receptor/EGFR. The SH2 regions may interact with other cellular components to modulate its own phosphatase activity against interacting substrates. Together with MTUS1, induces UBE2V2 expression upon angiotensin II stimulation. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis. (624 aa) |
| | IFI35 | Interferon-induced 35 kDa protein; Not yet known; Belongs to the NMI family. (288 aa) |
| | HLA-B | HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain; Antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecule. In complex with B2M/beta 2 microglobulin displays primarily viral and tumor-derived peptides on antigen-presenting cells for recognition by alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR) on HLA-B-restricted CD8-positive T cells, guiding antigen-specific T cell immune response to eliminate infected or transformed cells. May also present self-peptides derived from the signal sequence of secreted or membrane proteins, although T cells specific for these peptides are usuall [...] (362 aa) |
| | MAVS | Mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein; Required for innate immune defense against viruses. Acts downstream of DHX33, DDX58/RIG-I and IFIH1/MDA5, which detect intracellular dsRNA produced during viral replication, to coordinate pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappa-B, IRF3 and IRF7, and to the subsequent induction of antiviral cytokines such as IFN-beta and RANTES (CCL5). Peroxisomal and mitochondrial MAVS act sequentially to create an antiviral cellular state. Upon viral infection, peroxisomal MAVS induces the rapid interferon-independent expression of defense factors that [...] (540 aa) |
| | PVR | Poliovirus receptor; Mediates NK cell adhesion and triggers NK cell effector functions. Binds two different NK cell receptors: CD96 and CD226. These interactions accumulates at the cell-cell contact site, leading to the formation of a mature immunological synapse between NK cell and target cell. This may trigger adhesion and secretion of lytic granules and IFN-gamma and activate cytoxicity of activated NK cells. May also promote NK cell-target cell modular exchange, and PVR transfer to the NK cell. This transfer is more important in some tumor cells expressing a lot of PVR, and may tri [...] (417 aa) |
| | ARRB2 | Beta-arrestin-2; Functions in regulating agonist-mediated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling by mediating both receptor desensitization and resensitization processes. During homologous desensitization, beta- arrestins bind to the GPRK-phosphorylated receptor and sterically preclude its coupling to the cognate G-protein; the binding appears to require additional receptor determinants exposed only in the active receptor conformation. The beta-arrestins target many receptors for internalization by acting as endocytic adapters (CLASPs, clathrin- associated sorting proteins) and re [...] (430 aa) |
| | COLEC11 | Collectin-11; Lectin that plays a role in innate immunity, apoptosis and embryogenesis. Calcium-dependent lectin that binds self and non-self glycoproteins presenting high mannose oligosaccharides with at least one terminal alpha-1,2-linked mannose epitope. Primarily recognizes the terminal disaccharide of the glycan. Also recognizes a subset of fucosylated glycans and lipopolysaccharides. Plays a role in innate immunity through its ability to bind non-self sugars presented by microorganisms and to activate the complement through the recruitment of MAPS1. Also plays a role in apoptosis [...] (285 aa) |
| | MICA | MHC class I polypeptide-related sequence A; Seems to have no role in antigen presentation. Acts as a stress-induced self-antigen that is recognized by gamma delta T-cells. Ligand for the KLRK1/NKG2D receptor. Binding to KLRK1 leads to cell lysis. Belongs to the MHC class I family. MIC subfamily. (332 aa) |
| | CACTIN | Cactin; Involved in the regulation of innate immune response. Acts as negative regulator of Toll-like receptor, interferon-regulatory factor (IRF) and canonical NF-kappa-B signaling pathways. Contributes to the regulation of transcriptional activation of NF-kappa-B target genes in response to endogenous proinflammatory stimuli. (758 aa) |
