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MMP13 MMP13 IMPAD1 IMPAD1 ATF2 ATF2 TRIP11 TRIP11 MEF2D MEF2D FGF18 FGF18 BMP6 BMP6 MMP16 MMP16 STC1 STC1 IHH IHH INPPL1 INPPL1 NAB2 NAB2 AXIN2 AXIN2 COL3A1 COL3A1 MMP14 MMP14 SCUBE2 SCUBE2 IFT80 IFT80 GHR GHR FOXC1 FOXC1 DLX5 DLX5 TSKU TSKU PEX7 PEX7 RARB RARB NAB1 NAB1 FGFR3 FGFR3 MEF2C MEF2C ANXA6 ANXA6 COL27A1 COL27A1 TGFBR2 TGFBR2 THBS3 THBS3 RUNX2 RUNX2 ZMPSTE24 ZMPSTE24 TRPV4 TRPV4 PHOSPHO1 PHOSPHO1 SCX SCX SERPINH1 SERPINH1 MATN1 MATN1 BMPR2 BMPR2 ALPL ALPL EXT1 EXT1 COL2A1 COL2A1 CER1 CER1 SHOX2 SHOX2 TMEM119 TMEM119 EXT2 EXT2 CBS CBS COL13A1 COL13A1 NPPC NPPC RARG RARG BMPR1B BMPR1B HOXA11 HOXA11 SMPD3 SMPD3 COMP COMP COL1A1 COL1A1 BMP4 BMP4 SOX9 SOX9 RARA RARA
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query proteins and first shell of interactors
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second shell of interactors
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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a 3D structure is known or predicted
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experimentally determined
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MMP13Collagenase 3; Plays a role in the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins including fibrillar collagen, fibronectin, TNC and ACAN. Cleaves triple helical collagens, including type I, type II and type III collagen, but has the highest activity with soluble type II collagen. Can also degrade collagen type IV, type XIV and type X. May also function by activating or degrading key regulatory proteins, such as TGFB1 and CCN2. Plays a role in wound healing, tissue remodeling, cartilage degradation, bone development, bone mineralization and ossification. Required for normal embryonic bon [...] (471 aa)
IMPAD1Golgi-resident adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate 3'-phosphatase; Exhibits 3'-nucleotidase activity toward adenosine 3',5'- bisphosphate (PAP), namely hydrolyzes adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate into adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and a phosphate. May play a role in the formation of skeletal elements derived through endochondral ossification, possibly by clearing adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate produced by Golgi sulfotransferases during glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Has no activity toward 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) or inositol phosphate (IP) substrates including I(1)P, I(1,4)P2, [...] (359 aa)
ATF2Cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2; Transcriptional activator which regulates the transcription of various genes, including those involved in anti-apoptosis, cell growth, and DNA damage response. Dependent on its binding partner, binds to CRE (cAMP response element) consensus sequences (5'-TGACGTCA- 3') or to AP-1 (activator protein 1) consensus sequences (5'-TGACTCA- 3'). In the nucleus, contributes to global transcription and the DNA damage response, in addition to specific transcriptional activities that are related to cell development, proliferation and death. In the c [...] (505 aa)
TRIP11Thyroid receptor-interacting protein 11; Is a membrane tether required for vesicle tethering to Golgi. Has an essential role in the maintenance of Golgi structure and function. It is required for efficient anterograde and retrograde trafficking in the early secretory pathway, functioning at both the ER-to-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and Golgi complex. Binds the ligand binding domain of the thyroid receptor (THRB) in the presence of triiodothyronine and enhances THRB-modulated transcription. (1979 aa)
MEF2DMyocyte-specific enhancer factor 2D; Transcriptional activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element, 5'-YTA[AT](4)TAR-3', found in numerous muscle-specific, growth factor- and stress-induced genes. Mediates cellular functions not only in skeletal and cardiac muscle development, but also in neuronal differentiation and survival. Plays diverse roles in the control of cell growth, survival and apoptosis via p38 MAPK signaling in muscle-specific and/or growth factor-related transcription. Plays a critical role in the regulation of neuronal apoptosis (By similarity). (521 aa)
FGF18Fibroblast growth factor 18; Plays an important role in the regulation of cell proliferation, cell differentiation and cell migration. Required for normal ossification and bone development. Stimulates hepatic and intestinal proliferation. (207 aa)
BMP6Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation. (513 aa)
MMP16Matrix metalloproteinase-16; Endopeptidase that degrades various components of the extracellular matrix, such as collagen type III and fibronectin. Activates progelatinase A. Involved in the matrix remodeling of blood vessels. Isoform short cleaves fibronectin and also collagen type III, but at lower rate. It has no effect on type I, II, IV and V collagen. However, upon interaction with CSPG4, it may be involved in degradation and invasion of type I collagen by melanoma cells. Belongs to the peptidase M10A family. (607 aa)
STC1Stanniocalcin-1; Stimulates renal phosphate reabsorption, and could therefore prevent hypercalcemia. (247 aa)
IHHIndian hedgehog protein C-product; Intercellular signal essential for a variety of patterning events during development. Binds to the patched (PTC) receptor, which functions in association with smoothened (SMO), to activate the transcription of target genes. Implicated in endochondral ossification: may regulate the balance between growth and ossification of the developing bones. Induces the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHRP) (By similarity). (411 aa)
INPPL1Phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase 2; Phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) phosphatase that specifically hydrolyzes the 5-phosphate of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate (PtdIns(3,4,5)P3) to produce PtdIns(3,4)P2, thereby negatively regulating the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) pathways. Plays a central role in regulation of PI3K-dependent insulin signaling, although the precise molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways remain unclear. While overexpression reduces both insulin-stimulated MAP kinase and Akt activation, its absence does not affect insulin signaling [...] (1258 aa)
NAB2NGFI-A-binding protein 2; Acts as a transcriptional repressor for zinc finger transcription factors EGR1 and EGR2. Isoform 2 lacks repression ability (By similarity); Belongs to the NAB family. (525 aa)
AXIN2Axin-2; Inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. Down-regulates beta- catenin. Probably facilitate the phosphorylation of beta-catenin and APC by GSK3B. (843 aa)
COL3A1Collagen alpha-1(III) chain; Collagen type III occurs in most soft connective tissues along with type I collagen. Involved in regulation of cortical development. Is the major ligand of ADGRG1 in the developing brain and binding to ADGRG1 inhibits neuronal migration and activates the RhoA pathway by coupling ADGRG1 to GNA13 and possibly GNA12. (1466 aa)
MMP14Matrix metalloproteinase-14; Endopeptidase that degrades various components of the extracellular matrix such as collagen. Activates progelatinase A. Essential for pericellular collagenolysis and modeling of skeletal and extraskeletal connective tissues during development (By similarity). May be involved in actin cytoskeleton reorganization by cleaving PTK7. Acts as a positive regulator of cell growth and migration via activation of MMP15. Involved in the formation of the fibrovascular tissues in association with pro-MMP2. Cleaves ADGRB1 to release vasculostatin-40 which inhibits angiog [...] (582 aa)
SCUBE2Signal peptide, CUB and EGF-like domain-containing protein 2; Lipid-binding protein required for SHH long-range signaling by binding to the dually lipid-modified SHH (ShhNp) and by promoting ShhNp mobilization, solubilization and release from the cell membrane. Acts by enhancing the proteolytic processing (shedding) of the lipid-modified N- and C- terminal of ShhNp at the cell surface. Synergizes with DISP1 to increase SHH secretion. Probable cell surface coreceptor for VEGFR2 involved in VEGFR2-mediated angiogenesis. (999 aa)
IFT80Intraflagellar transport protein 80 homolog; Component of the intraflagellar transport (IFT) complex B, which is essential for the development and maintenance of motile and sensory cilia. (777 aa)
GHRGrowth hormone-binding protein; Receptor for pituitary gland growth hormone involved in regulating postnatal body growth. On ligand binding, couples to the JAK2/STAT5 pathway (By similarity). Isoform 2 up-regulates the production of GHBP and acts as a negative inhibitor of GH signaling. (645 aa)
FOXC1Forkhead box protein C1; DNA-binding transcriptional factor that plays a role in a broad range of cellular and developmental processes such as eye, bones, cardiovascular, kidney and skin development. Acts either as a transcriptional activator or repressor. Binds to the consensus binding site 5'- [G/C][A/T]AAA[T/C]AA[A/C]-3' in promoter of target genes. Upon DNA-binding, promotes DNA bending. Acts as a transcriptional coactivator. Stimulates Indian hedgehog (Ihh)-induced target gene expression mediated by the transcription factor GLI2, and hence regulates endochondral ossification (By s [...] (553 aa)
DLX5Homeobox protein DLX-5; Transcriptional factor involved in bone development. Acts as an immediate early BMP-responsive transcriptional activator essential for osteoblast differentiation. Stimulates ALPL promoter activity in a RUNX2-independent manner during osteoblast differentiation. Stimulates SP7 promoter activity during osteoblast differentiation. Promotes cell proliferation by up-regulating MYC promoter activity. Involved as a positive regulator of both chondrogenesis and chondrocyte hypertrophy in the endochondral skeleton. Binds to the homeodomain-response element of the ALPL an [...] (289 aa)
TSKUTsukushin; Tsukushi, small leucine rich proteoglycan. (353 aa)
PEX7Peroxisomal targeting signal 2 receptor; Binds to the N-terminal PTS2-type peroxisomal targeting signal and plays an essential role in peroxisomal protein import. Belongs to the WD repeat peroxin-7 family. (323 aa)
RARBRetinoic acid receptor beta; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence or presence of hormone ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a repressor on the DR1 element [...] (448 aa)
NAB1NGFI-A-binding protein 1; Acts as a transcriptional repressor for zinc finger transcription factors EGR1 and EGR2. (487 aa)
FGFR3Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3; Tyrosine-protein kinase that acts as cell-surface receptor for fibroblast growth factors and plays an essential role in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Plays an essential role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and is required for normal skeleton development. Regulates both osteogenesis and postnatal bone mineralization by osteoblasts. Promotes apoptosis in chondrocytes, but can also promote cancer cell proliferation. Required for normal development of the inner ear. Ph [...] (808 aa)
MEF2CMyocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C; Transcription activator which binds specifically to the MEF2 element present in the regulatory regions of many muscle-specific genes. Controls cardiac morphogenesis and myogenesis, and is also involved in vascular development. Enhances transcriptional activation mediated by SOX18. Plays an essential role in hippocampal-dependent learning and memory by suppressing the number of excitatory synapses and thus regulating basal and evoked synaptic transmission. Crucial for normal neuronal development, distribution, and electrical activity in the neocortex [...] (483 aa)
ANXA6Annexin A6; May associate with CD21. May regulate the release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores; Belongs to the annexin family. (673 aa)
COL27A1Collagen alpha-1(XXVII) chain; Plays a role during the calcification of cartilage and the transition of cartilage to bone; Belongs to the fibrillar collagen family. (1860 aa)
TGFBR2TGF-beta receptor type-2; Transmembrane serine/threonine kinase forming with the TGF- beta type I serine/threonine kinase receptor, TGFBR1, the non- promiscuous receptor for the TGF-beta cytokines TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3. Transduces the TGFB1, TGFB2 and TGFB3 signal from the cell surface to the cytoplasm and is thus regulating a plethora of physiological and pathological processes including cell cycle arrest in epithelial and hematopoietic cells, control of mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation, wound healing, extracellular matrix production, immunosuppression and carcinoge [...] (592 aa)
THBS3Thrombospondin-3; Adhesive glycoprotein that mediates cell-to-cell and cell-to- matrix interactions. Can bind to fibrinogen, fibronectin, laminin and type V collagen. (956 aa)
RUNX2Runt-related transcription factor 2; Transcription factor involved in osteoblastic differentiation and skeletal morphogenesis. Essential for the maturation of osteoblasts and both intramembranous and endochondral ossification. CBF binds to the core site, 5'-PYGPYGGT-3', of a number of enhancers and promoters, including murine leukemia virus, polyomavirus enhancer, T-cell receptor enhancers, osteocalcin, osteopontin, bone sialoprotein, alpha 1(I) collagen, LCK, IL-3 and GM-CSF promoters. In osteoblasts, supports transcription activation: synergizes with SPEN/MINT to enhance FGFR2- media [...] (521 aa)
ZMPSTE24CAAX prenyl protease 1 homolog; Proteolytically removes the C-terminal three residues of farnesylated proteins. Acts on lamin A/C. (475 aa)
TRPV4Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4; Non-selective calcium permeant cation channel involved in osmotic sensitivity and mechanosensitivity. Activation by exposure to hypotonicity within the physiological range exhibits an outward rectification. Also activated by heat, low pH, citrate and phorbol esters. Increase of intracellular Ca(2+) potentiates currents. Channel activity seems to be regulated by a calmodulin- dependent mechanism with a negative feedback mechanism. Promotes cell-cell junction formation in skin keratinocytes and plays an important role in t [...] (871 aa)
PHOSPHO1Phosphoethanolamine/phosphocholine phosphatase; Phosphatase that has a high activity toward phosphoethanolamine (PEA) and phosphocholine (PCho). Involved in the generation of inorganic phosphate for bone mineralization. (292 aa)
SCXBasic helix-loop-helix transcription factor scleraxis; Plays an early essential role in mesoderm formation, as well as a later role in formation of somite-derived chondrogenic lineages. (201 aa)
SERPINH1Serpin H1; Binds specifically to collagen. Could be involved as a chaperone in the biosynthetic pathway of collagen. (418 aa)
MATN1Cartilage matrix protein; Cartilage matrix protein is a major component of the extracellular matrix of non-articular cartilage. It binds to collagen. (496 aa)
BMPR2Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type-2; On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Binds to BMP7, BMP2 and, less efficiently, BMP4. Binding is weak but enhanced by the presence of type I receptors for BMPs. Mediates induction of adipogenesis by GDF6. (1038 aa)
ALPLAlkaline phosphatase, tissue-nonspecific isozyme; This isozyme plays a key role in skeletal mineralization by regulating levels of diphosphate (PPi); Belongs to the alkaline phosphatase family. (524 aa)
EXT1Exostosin-1; Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan- sulfate. The EXT1/EXT2 complex possesses substantially higher glycosyltransferase activity than EXT1 or EXT2 alone. Appears to be a tumor suppressor. Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan. (746 aa)
COL2A1Collagen alpha-1(II) chain; Type II collagen is specific for cartilaginous tissues. It is essential for the normal embryonic development of the skeleton, for linear growth and for the ability of cartilage to resist compressive forces. (1487 aa)
CER1Cerberus; Cytokine that may play a role in anterior neural induction and somite formation during embryogenesis in part through a BMP- inhibitory mechanism. Can regulate Nodal signaling during gastrulation as well as the formation and patterning of the primitive streak (By similarity); Belongs to the DAN family. (267 aa)
SHOX2Short stature homeobox protein 2; May be a growth regulator and have a role in specifying neural systems involved in processing somatosensory information, as well as in face and body structure formation; Belongs to the paired homeobox family. Bicoid subfamily. (355 aa)
TMEM119Transmembrane protein 119; Plays an important role in bone formation and normal bone mineralization. Promotes the differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts. May induce the commitment and differentiation of myoblasts into osteoblasts through an enhancement of BMP2 production and interaction with the BMP-RUNX2 pathway. Upregulates the expression of ATF4, a transcription factor which plays a central role in osteoblast differentiation. Essential for normal spermatogenesis and late testicular differentiation (By similarity). (283 aa)
EXT2Exostosin-2; Glycosyltransferase required for the biosynthesis of heparan- sulfate. The EXT1/EXT2 complex possesses substantially higher glycosyltransferase activity than EXT1 or EXT2 alone. Appears to be a tumor suppressor. Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan. (751 aa)
CBSCystathionine beta-synthase-like protein; Hydro-lyase catalyzing the first step of the transsulfuration pathway, where the hydroxyl group of L-serine is displaced by L- homocysteine in a beta-replacement reaction to form L-cystathionine, the precursor of L-cysteine. This catabolic route allows the elimination of L-methionine and the toxic metabolite L-homocysteine. Also involved in the production of hydrogen sulfide, a gasotransmitter with signaling and cytoprotective effects on neurons. (551 aa)
COL13A1Collagen alpha-1(XIII) chain; Involved in cell-matrix and cell-cell adhesion interactions that are required for normal development. May participate in the linkage between muscle fiber and basement membrane. May play a role in endochondral ossification of bone and branching morphogenesis of lung. Binds heparin. At neuromuscular junctions, may play a role in acetylcholine receptor clustering. (717 aa)
NPPCC-type natriuretic peptide; Hormone which plays a role in endochondral ossification through regulation of cartilaginous growth plate chondrocytes proliferation and differentiation. May also be vasoactive and natriuretic. Specifically binds and stimulates the cGMP production of the NPR2 receptor. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3 (By similarity). (126 aa)
RARGRetinoic acid receptor gamma; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. Required for limb bud development. In concert with RARA or RARB, required for skeletal [...] (454 aa)
BMPR1BBone morphogenetic protein receptor type-1B; On ligand binding, forms a receptor complex consisting of two type II and two type I transmembrane serine/threonine kinases. Type II receptors phosphorylate and activate type I receptors which autophosphorylate, then bind and activate SMAD transcriptional regulators. Receptor for BMP7/OP-1 and GDF5. Positively regulates chondrocyte differentiation through GDF5 interaction. (532 aa)
HOXA11Homeobox protein Hox-A11; Sequence-specific transcription factor which is part of a developmental regulatory system that provides cells with specific positional identities on the anterior-posterior axis. (313 aa)
SMPD3Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 3; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of sphingomyelin to form ceramide and phosphocholine. Ceramide mediates numerous cellular functions, such as apoptosis and growth arrest, and is capable of regulating these 2 cellular events independently. Also hydrolyzes sphingosylphosphocholine. Regulates the cell cycle by acting as a growth suppressor in confluent cells. Probably acts as a regulator of postnatal development and participates in bone and dentin mineralization; Belongs to the neutral sphingomyelinase family. (655 aa)
COMPCartilage oligomeric matrix protein; May play a role in the structural integrity of cartilage via its interaction with other extracellular matrix proteins such as the collagens and fibronectin. Can mediate the interaction of chondrocytes with the cartilage extracellular matrix through interaction with cell surface integrin receptors. Could play a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Potent suppressor of apoptosis in both primary chondrocytes and transformed cells. Suppresses apoptosis by blocking the activation of caspase-3 and by inducing the IAP family of survival proteins (BI [...] (757 aa)
COL1A1Collagen alpha-1(I) chain; Type I collagen is a member of group I collagen (fibrillar forming collagen). (1464 aa)
BMP4Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also acts in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity). (408 aa)
SOX9Transcription factor SOX-9; Transcriptional regulator that plays a role in chondrocytes differentiation and skeletal development. Binds to the COL2A1 promoter and activates COL2A1 expression, as part of a complex with ZNF219 (By similarity). (509 aa)
RARARetinoic acid receptor alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9- cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcr [...] (462 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Homo sapiens
NCBI taxonomy Id: 9606
Other names: H. sapiens, human, man
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