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| | RAB8B | Ras-related protein Rab-8B; The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. Rabs cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and fusion. That Rab may be involved in polarized vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter release. May participate in cell junction dynamics in Sertoli cells (By similarity). (207 aa) |
| | GLUL | Glutamine synthetase; Glutamine synthetase that catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of glutamate and ammonia to glutamine. Its role depends on tissue localization: in the brain, it regulates the levels of toxic ammonia and converts neurotoxic glutamate to harmless glutamine, whereas in the liver, it is one of the enzymes responsible for the removal of ammonia (By similarity). Essential for proliferation of fetal skin fibroblasts. Independently of its glutamine synthetase activity, required for endothelial cell migration during vascular development: acts by regulating membrane locali [...] (373 aa) |
| | PRKCE | Protein kinase C epsilon type; Calcium-independent, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)- dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that plays essential roles in the regulation of multiple cellular processes linked to cytoskeletal proteins, such as cell adhesion, motility, migration and cell cycle, functions in neuron growth and ion channel regulation, and is involved in immune response, cancer cell invasion and regulation of apoptosis. Mediates cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix via integrin- dependent signaling, by mediating angiotensin-2-induced activation of integrin beta- [...] (737 aa) |
| | FGB | Fibrinogen beta chain; Cleaved by the protease thrombin to yield monomers which, together with fibrinogen alpha (FGA) and fibrinogen gamma (FGG), polymerize to form an insoluble fibrin matrix. Fibrin has a major function in hemostasis as one of the primary components of blood clots. In addition, functions during the early stages of wound repair to stabilize the lesion and guide cell migration during re- epithelialization. Was originally thought to be essential for platelet aggregation, based on in vitro studies using anticoagulated blood. However subsequent studies have shown that it i [...] (491 aa) |
| | NLGN2 | Neuroligin-2; Transmembrane scaffolding protein involved in cell-cell interactions via its interactions with neurexin family members. Mediates cell-cell interactions both in neurons and in other types of cells, such as Langerhans beta cells. Plays a role in synapse function and synaptic signal transmission, especially via gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors (GABA(A) receptors). Functions by recruiting and clustering synaptic proteins. Promotes clustering of postsynaptic GABRG2 and GPHN. Promotes clustering of postsynaptic LHFPL4 (By similarity). Modulates signaling by inhibitory synapses [...] (835 aa) |
| | TRH | Pro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone; As a component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis, it controls the secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and is involved in thyroid hormone synthesis regulation. It also operates as modulator of hair growth. It promotes hair-shaft elongation, prolongs the hair cycle growth phase (anagen) and antagonizes its termination (catagen) by TGFB2. It stimulates proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of hair matrix keratinocytes. (242 aa) |
| | GPR27 | Probable G-protein coupled receptor 27; Orphan receptor. Possible candidate for amine-like G-protein coupled receptor. (375 aa) |
| | MYRIP | Rab effector MyRIP; Rab effector protein involved in melanosome transport. Serves as link between melanosome-bound RAB27A and the motor proteins MYO5A and MYO7A. May link RAB27A-containing vesicles to actin filaments. Functions as a protein kinase A-anchoring protein (AKAP). May act as a scaffolding protein that links PKA to components of the exocytosis machinery, thus facilitating exocytosis, including insulin release (By similarity). (859 aa) |
| | SPINK1 | Serine protease inhibitor Kazal-type 1; Serine protease inhibitor which exhibits anti-trypsin activity. In the pancreas, protects against trypsin- catalyzed premature activation of zymogens (By similarity). (79 aa) |
| | UCN | Urocortin; Acts in vitro to stimulate the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Binds with high affinity to CRF receptor types 1, 2-alpha, and 2-beta. Plays a role in the establishment of normal hearing thresholds (By similarity). Reduces food intake and regulates ghrelin levels in gastric body and plasma (By similarity). (124 aa) |
| | NKX6-1 | Homeobox protein Nkx-6.1; Transcription factor which binds to specific A/T-rich DNA sequences in the promoter regions of a number of genes. Involved in the development of insulin-producing beta cells in the islets of Langerhans at the secondary transition (By similarity). Together with NKX2-2 and IRX3 acts to restrict the generation of motor neurons to the appropriate region of the neural tube. Belongs to the class II proteins of neuronal progenitor factors, which are induced by SHH signals (By similarity). (367 aa) |
| | SOX4 | Transcription factor SOX-4; Transcriptional activator that binds with high affinity to the T-cell enhancer motif 5'-AACAAAG-3' motif. (474 aa) |
| | FFAR1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Fatty acid binding increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and may also enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). May also play a role in bone homeostasis; receptor signaling activates pathways that inhibit osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Ligand binding leads to a conformation change that triggers signaling via G-proteins that activate phospholipase C, leading to an increase of the [...] (300 aa) |
| | TRPM4 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4; Calcium-activated non selective (CAN) cation channel that mediates membrane depolarization. While it is activated by increase in intracellular Ca(2+), it is impermeable to it. Mediates transport of monovalent cations (Na(+) > K(+) > Cs(+) > Li(+)), leading to depolarize the membrane. It thereby plays a central role in cadiomyocytes, neurons from entorhinal cortex, dorsal root and vomeronasal neurons, endocrine pancreas cells, kidney epithelial cells, cochlea hair cells etc. Participates in T-cell activation by modulating [...] (1214 aa) |
| | NR0B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2; Transcriptional regulator that acts as a negative regulator of receptor-dependent signaling pathways (By similarity). Specifically inhibits transactivation of the nuclear receptor with which it interacts (By similarity). Inhibits transcriptional activity of NEUROD1 on E-box-containing promoter by interfering with the coactivation function of the p300/CBP-mediated transcription complex for NEUROD1. Essential component of the liver circadian clock which via its interaction with NR1D1 and RORG regulates NPAS2-mediated hepatic lipid metabolism [...] (257 aa) |
| | GRP | Gastrin-releasing peptide; Stimulates the release of gastrin and other gastrointestinal hormones (By similarity). Contributes to the perception of prurient stimuli and to the transmission of itch signals in the spinal cord that promote scratching behavior. Contributes primarily to nonhistaminergic itch sensation. Contributes to long-term fear memory, but not normal spatial memory. Contributes to the regulation of food intake (By similarity). (148 aa) |
| | BLK | Tyrosine-protein kinase Blk; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in B-lymphocyte development, differentiation and signaling (By similarity). B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling requires a tight regulation of several protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, and associated coreceptors (By similarity). Binding of antigen to the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) triggers signaling that ultimately leads to B-cell activation (By similarity). Signaling through BLK plays an important role in transmitting signals through surface immunoglobulins and supports the pro-B to pre-B transition, as well as [...] (505 aa) |
| | LRRC8A | Volume-regulated anion channel subunit LRRC8A; Essential component of the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC, also named VSOAC channel), an anion channel required to maintain a constant cell volume in response to extracellular or intracellular osmotic changes. The VRAC channel conducts iodide better than chloride and can also conduct organic osmolytes like taurine. Mediates efflux of amino acids, such as aspartate and glutamate, in response to osmotic stress. LRRC8A and LRRC8D are required for the uptake of the drug cisplatin. Required for in vivo channel activity, together with at l [...] (810 aa) |
| | OSBP | Oxysterol-binding protein 1; Lipid transporter involved in lipid countertransport between the Golgi complex and membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum: specifically exchanges sterol with phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), delivering sterol to the Golgi in exchange for PI4P, which is degraded by the SAC1/SACM1L phosphatase in the endoplasmic reticulum. Binds cholesterol and a range of oxysterols including 25-hydroxycholesterol. Cholesterol binding promotes the formation of a complex with PP2A and a tyrosine phosphatase which dephosphorylates ERK1/2, whereas 25- hydroxycholesterol [...] (807 aa) |
| | SRI | Sorcin; Calcium-binding protein that modulates excitation-contraction coupling in the heart. Contributes to calcium homeostasis in the heart sarcoplasmic reticulum. Modulates the activity of RYR2 calcium channels. (198 aa) |
| | MPC2 | Mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2; Mediates the uptake of pyruvate into mitochondria. (127 aa) |
| | CRH | Corticoliberin; Hormone regulating the release of corticotropin from pituitary gland (By similarity). Induces NLRP6 in intestinal epithelial cells, hence may influence gut microbiota profile (By similarity). (196 aa) |
| | GLUD1 | Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase that converts L- glutamate into alpha-ketoglutarate. Plays a key role in glutamine anaplerosis by producing alpha-ketoglutarate, an important intermediate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. May be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate (By similarity). (558 aa) |
| | ADCY8 | Adenylate cyclase type 8; Catalyzes the formation of cAMP in response to calcium entry leadings to cAMP signaling activation that affect processes suche as synaptic plasticity and insulin secretion. Plays a role in many brain functions, such as learning, memory, drug addiction, and anxiety modulation through regulation of synaptic plasticity by modulating long-term memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) through CREB transcription factor activity modulation. Plays a central role in insulin secretion by controlling glucose homeostasis through glucagon- like peptide 1 and glucose signali [...] (1251 aa) |
| | ABAT | 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of gamma-aminobutyrate and L-beta- aminoisobutyrate to succinate semialdehyde and methylmalonate semialdehyde, respectively. Can also convert delta-aminovalerate and beta-alanine; Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (500 aa) |
| | PPP3CB | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2B catalytic subunit beta isoform; Calcium-dependent, calmodulin-stimulated protein phosphatase which plays an essential role in the transduction of intracellular Ca(2+)-mediated signals. Dephosphorylates and activates transcription factor NFATC1. Dephosphorylates and inactivates transcription factor ELK1. Dephosphorylates DARPP32 ; Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-2B subfamily. (525 aa) |
| | AIMP1 | Aminoacyl tRNA synthase complex-interacting multifunctional protein 1; Non-catalytic component of the multisynthase complex. Stimulates the catalytic activity of cytoplasmic arginyl-tRNA synthase. Binds tRNA. Possesses inflammatory cytokine activity. Negatively regulates TGF-beta signaling through stabilization of SMURF2 by binding to SMURF2 and inhibiting its SMAD7- mediated degradation (By similarity). Involved in glucose homeostasis through induction of glucagon secretion at low glucose levels (By similarity). Promotes dermal fibroblast proliferation and wound repair. Regulates KDEL [...] (336 aa) |
| | BAD | Bcl2-associated agonist of cell death; Promotes cell death. Successfully competes for the binding to Bcl-X(L), Bcl-2 and Bcl-W, thereby affecting the level of heterodimerization of these proteins with BAX. Can reverse the death repressor activity of Bcl-X(L), but not that of Bcl-2 (By similarity). Appears to act as a link between growth factor receptor signaling and the apoptotic pathways. (168 aa) |
| | CAPN10 | Calpain-10; Calcium-regulated non-lysosomal thiol-protease which catalyzes limited proteolysis of substrates involved in cytoskeletal remodeling and signal transduction. May play a role in insulin- stimulated glucose uptake; Belongs to the peptidase C2 family. (672 aa) |
| | JAK2 | Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN- beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors [...] (1132 aa) |
| | PDX1 | Pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1; Activates insulin, somatostatin, glucokinase, islet amyloid polypeptide and glucose transporter type 2 gene transcription. Particularly involved in glucose-dependent regulation of insulin gene transcription. As part of a PDX1:PBX1b:MEIS2b complex in pancreatic acinar cells is involved in the transcriptional activation of the ELA1 enhancer; the complex binds to the enhancer B element and cooperates with the transcription factor 1 complex (PTF1) bound to the enhancer A element. Binds preferentially the DNA motif 5'-[CT]TAAT[TG]-3'. During development [...] (283 aa) |
| | UCN3 | Urocortin-3; Suppresses food intake, delays gastric emptying and decreases heat-induced edema. Might represent an endogenous ligand for maintaining homeostasis after stress. (161 aa) |
| | GABBR1 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1; Component of a heterodimeric G-protein coupled receptor for GABA, formed by GABBR1 and GABBR2. Within the heterodimeric GABA receptor, only GABBR1 seems to bind agonists, while GABBR2 mediates coupling to G proteins. Ligand binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and modulates the activity of down-stream effectors, such as adenylate cyclase. Signaling inhibits adenylate cyclase, stimulates phospholipase A2, activates potassium channels, inactivates voltage-depend [...] (961 aa) |
| | IRS2 | Insulin receptor substrate 2; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. (1338 aa) |
| | GHRH | Somatoliberin; GRF is released by the hypothalamus and acts on the adenohypophyse to stimulate the secretion of growth hormone. (108 aa) |
| | MCU | Calcium uniporter protein, mitochondrial; Mitochondrial inner membrane calcium uniporter that mediates calcium uptake into mitochondria. Constitutes the pore-forming and calcium-conducting subunit of the uniporter complex (uniplex). Activity is regulated by MICU1 and MICU2. At low Ca(2+) levels MCU activity is down-regulated by MICU1 and MICU2; at higher Ca(2+) levels MICU1 increases MCU activity. Mitochondrial calcium homeostasis plays key roles in cellular physiology and regulates cell bioenergetics, cytoplasmic calcium signals and activation of cell death pathways. Involved in buffe [...] (351 aa) |
| | FFAR4 | Free fatty acid receptor 4; Receptor for medium and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs). Signals via a G(q)/G(11)-coupled pathway. Acts as a receptor for omega- 3 fatty acids and mediates robust anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in macrophages and fat cells. The anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibition of TAK1 through a beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2)/TAB1-dependent effect, but independent of the G(q)/G(11)- coupled pathway. Mediates potent insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic effects by repressing macrophage-induced tissue inflammation. May mediate the taste of fatty acids. Mediates [...] (377 aa) |
| | RBP4 | Plasma retinol-binding protein(1-176); Retinol-binding protein that mediates retinol transport in blood plasma. Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues (Probable). Transfers the bound all-trans retinol to STRA6, that then facilitates retinol transport across the cell membrane ; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (201 aa) |
| | KISS1 | Metastasis-suppressor KiSS-1; Metastasis suppressor protein in malignant melanomas and in some breast cancers. May regulate events downstream of cell-matrix adhesion, perhaps involving cytoskeletal reorganization. Generates a C- terminally amidated peptide, metastin which functions as the endogenous ligand of the G-protein coupled receptor GPR54. Activation of the receptor inhibits cell proliferation and cell migration, key characteristics of tumor metastasis. Kp-10 is a decapeptide derived from the primary translation product, isolated in conditioned medium of first trimester trophobl [...] (138 aa) |
| | PFKFB2 | 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 2; Synthesis and degradation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. (505 aa) |
| | DRD2 | D(2) dopamine receptor; Dopamine receptor whose activity is mediated by G proteins which inhibit adenylyl cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (443 aa) |
| | HLA-DRB1 | HLA class II histocompatibility antigen, DRB1 beta chain; A beta chain of antigen-presenting major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. In complex with the alpha chain HLA- DRA, displays antigenic peptides on professional antigen presenting cells (APCs) for recognition by alpha-beta T cell receptor (TCR) on HLA-DRB1-restricted CD4-positive T cells. This guides antigen-specific T helper effector functions, both antibody-mediated immune response and macrophage activation, to ultimately eliminate the infectious agents and transformed cells. Typically presents extracellula [...] (266 aa) |
| | GIP | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide; Potent stimulator of insulin secretion and relatively poor inhibitor of gastric acid secretion. (153 aa) |
| | ANO1 | Anoctamin-1; Calcium-activated chloride channel (CaCC) which plays a role in transepithelial anion transport and smooth muscle contraction. Required for the normal functioning of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) which generate electrical pacemaker activity in gastrointestinal smooth muscles. Acts as a major contributor to basal and stimulated chloride conductance in airway epithelial cells and plays an important role in tracheal cartilage development. Belongs to the anoctamin family. (986 aa) |
| | ILDR1 | Immunoglobulin-like domain-containing receptor 1; Putative membrane receptor. (546 aa) |
| | TM7SF3 | Transmembrane 7 superfamily member 3; Involved in the inhibition of cytokine-induced death of pancreatic beta cells. Involved in the promotion of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Is a downstream transcriptional target of p53/TP53, and acts as a pro-survival homeostatic factor that attenuates the development of cellular stress. Maintains protein homeostasis and promotes cell survival through attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the subsequent induction of unfolded protein response (UPR). (570 aa) |
| | ACSL4 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially activates arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Preferentially activates 8,9-EET > 14,15-EET > 5,6-EET > 11,12-EET. Modulates glucose- stimulated insulin secretion by regulating the levels of unesterified EETs (By similarity). Modulates prostaglandin E2 secretion. Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (711 aa) |
| | C2CD2L | Phospholipid transfer protein C2CD2L; Lipid-binding protein that transports phosphatidylinositol, the precursor of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2), from its site of synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane. It thereby maintains the pool of cell membrane phosphoinositides, which are degraded during phospholipase C (PLC) signaling. Plays a key role in the coordination of Ca(2+) and phosphoinositide signaling: localizes to sites of contact between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane, where it tethers the two bilayers. In response to elevati [...] (707 aa) |
| | SIRT6 | NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-6; NAD-dependent protein deacetylase. Has deacetylase activity towards histone H3K9Ac and H3K56Ac. Modulates acetylation of histone H3 in telomeric chromatin during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Deacetylates histone H3K9Ac at NF-kappa-B target promoters and may down-regulate the expression of a subset of NF-kappa-B target genes. Acts as a corepressor of the transcription factor HIF1A to control the expression of multiple glycolytic genes to regulate glucose homeostasis. Required for genomic stability. Regulates the production of TNF protein. H [...] (355 aa) |
| | FGG | Fibrinogen gamma chain; Together with fibrinogen alpha (FGA) and fibrinogen beta (FGB), polymerizes to form an insoluble fibrin matrix. Has a major function in hemostasis as one of the primary components of blood clots. In addition, functions during the early stages of wound repair to stabilize the lesion and guide cell migration during re- epithelialization. Was originally thought to be essential for platelet aggregation, based on in vitro studies using anticoagulated blood. However, subsequent studies have shown that it is not absolutely required for thrombus formation in vivo. Enhan [...] (453 aa) |
| | GHRL | Appetite-regulating hormone; Ghrelin is the ligand for growth hormone secretagogue receptor type 1 (GHSR). Induces the release of growth hormone from the pituitary. Has an appetite-stimulating effect, induces adiposity and stimulates gastric acid secretion. Involved in growth regulation. (117 aa) |
| | PLA2G6 | 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2; Catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. It has been implicated in normal phospholipid remodeling, nitric oxide- induced or vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release and in leukotriene and prostaglandin production. May participate in fas mediated apoptosis and in regulating transmembrane ion flux in glucose- stimulated B-cells. Has a role in cardiolipin (CL) deacylation. Required for both speed and directionality of monocyte MCP1/CCL2- induced chemotaxis through regulation of F-actin polymerization at the pseudopods. (806 aa) |
| | RFX6 | DNA-binding protein RFX6; Transcription factor required to direct islet cell differentiation during endocrine pancreas development. Specifically required for the differentiation of 4 of the 5 islet cell types and for the production of insulin. Not required for pancreatic PP (polypeptide-producing) cells differentiation. Acts downstream of NEUROG3 and regulates the transcription factors involved in beta-cell maturation and function, thereby restricting the expression of the beta-cell differentiation and specification genes, and thus the beta-cell fate choice. Activates transcription by [...] (928 aa) |
| | C1QTNF12 | Adipolin fC1QTNF12; Insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-secreted protein (adipokine) that regulates glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissue. Promotes glucose uptake in adipocytes and suppresses de novo glucose production in hepatocytes via the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Administration lead to reduction of blood glucose. Able to attenuate inflammation in fat tissue. (302 aa) |
| | RPH3AL | Rab effector Noc2; Rab GTPase effector involved in the late steps of regulated exocytosis, both in endocrine and exocrine cells (By similarity). Acts as a potential RAB3B effector protein in epithelial cells. (315 aa) |
| | AACS | Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase; Activates acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA. May be involved in utilizing ketone body for the fatty acid-synthesis during adipose tissue development (By similarity); Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (672 aa) |
| | BAIAP3 | BAI1-associated protein 3; Functions in endosome to Golgi retrograde transport. In response to calcium influx, may interact with SNARE fusion receptors and membrane phospholipids to mediate endosome fusion with the trans- Golgi network. By promoting the recycling of secretory vesicle transmembrane proteins, it indirectly controls dense-core secretory vesicle biogenesis, maturation and their ability to mediate the constitutive and regulated secretion of neurotransmitters and hormones. May regulate behavior and food intake by controlling calcium-stimulated exocytosis of neurotransmitters [...] (1187 aa) |
| | GHRHR | Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor; Receptor for GRF, coupled to G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase. Stimulates somatotroph cell growth, growth hormone gene transcription and growth hormone secretion; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. (423 aa) |
| | STX4 | Syntaxin-4; Plasma membrane t-SNARE that mediates docking of transport vesicles. Necessary for the translocation of SLC2A4 from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane. Together with STXB3 and VAMP2, may also play a role in docking/fusion of intracellular GLUT4-containing vesicles with the cell surface in adipocytes (By similarity). May also play a role in docking of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic active zones; Belongs to the syntaxin family. (297 aa) |
| | PPARD | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma- linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand. Belongs to the nuclear hormone [...] (441 aa) |
| | GPR68 | Ovarian cancer G-protein coupled receptor 1; Proton-sensing receptor involved in pH homeostasis. May represents an osteoblastic pH sensor regulating cell-mediated responses to acidosis in bone. Mediates its action by association with G proteins that stimulates inositol phosphate (IP) production or Ca(2+) mobilization. The receptor is almost silent at pH 7.8 but fully activated at pH 6.8. Also functions as a metastasis suppressor gene in prostate cancer (By similarity); Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (365 aa) |
| | FGA | Fibrinogen alpha chain; Cleaved by the protease thrombin to yield monomers which, together with fibrinogen beta (FGB) and fibrinogen gamma (FGG), polymerize to form an insoluble fibrin matrix. Fibrin has a major function in hemostasis as one of the primary components of blood clots. In addition, functions during the early stages of wound repair to stabilize the lesion and guide cell migration during re- epithelialization. Was originally thought to be essential for platelet aggregation, based on in vitro studies using anticoagulated blood. However, subsequent studies have shown that it [...] (866 aa) |
| | NNAT | Neuronatin; May participate in the maintenance of segment identity in the hindbrain and pituitary development, and maturation or maintenance of the overall structure of the nervous system. May function as a regulatory subunit of ion channels. (81 aa) |
| | PFKM | ATP-dependent 6-phosphofructokinase, muscle type; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by ATP, the first committing step of glycolysis; Belongs to the phosphofructokinase type A (PFKA) family. ATP-dependent PFK group I subfamily. Eukaryotic two domain clade 'E' sub-subfamily. (883 aa) |
| | ARHGEF7 | Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7; Acts as a RAC1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) and can induce membrane ruffling. Functions in cell migration, attachment and cell spreading. Promotes targeting of RAC1 to focal adhesions (By similarity). May function as a positive regulator of apoptosis. Downstream of NMDA receptors and CaMKK-CaMK1 signaling cascade, promotes the formation of spines and synapses in hippocampal neurons. (862 aa) |
| | TUNAR | TCL1 upstream neural differentiation-associated RNA. (48 aa) |
| | TCF7L2 | Transcription factor 7-like 2; Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. Acts as repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as activator in its presence. Activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the Tcf motif 5'-CCTTTGATC-3' in the presence of CTNNB1. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by TCF7L2/TCF4 and CTNNB1. Expression of dominant-negative mutants results in cell-cycle arrest in G1. Necessary for the maintenance of the epithelial stem-cell compartment of [...] (602 aa) |
| | DOC2B | Double C2-like domain-containing protein beta; Calcium sensor which positively regulates SNARE-dependent fusion of vesicles with membranes. Binds phospholipids in a calcium- dependent manner and may act at the priming stage of fusion by modifying membrane curvature to stimulate fusion. Involved in calcium- triggered exocytosis in chromaffin cells and calcium-dependent spontaneous release of neurotransmitter in absence of action potentials in neuronal cells. Involved both in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic cells and insulin-dependent GLUT4 transport to the plasma memb [...] (412 aa) |
| | RASL10B | Ras-like protein family member 10B; May facilitate the release of atrial natriuretic peptide by cardiomyocytes and hence play a role in the regulation of arterial pressure; Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Ras family. (203 aa) |
| | GIPR | Gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor; This is a receptor for GIP. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate adenylyl cyclase; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 2 family. (466 aa) |
| | ADCYAP1 | Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 27; Binding to its receptor activates G proteins and stimulates adenylate cyclase in pituitary cells. Promotes neuron projection development through the RAPGEF2/Rap1/B-Raf/ERK pathway. In chromaffin cells, induces long-lasting increase of intracellular calcium concentrations and neuroendocrine secretion (By similarity). Involved in the control of glucose homeostasis, induces insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells (By similarity). ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P13589, ; Belongs to the glucagon family. (176 aa) |
| | NR1H4 | Bile acid receptor; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor for bile acids (BAs) such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and allocholic acid (ACA). Plays a essential role in BA homeostasis through the regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, conjugation and enterohepatic circulation. Also regulates lipid and glucose homeostasis and is involved innate immune response. The FXR-RXR heterodimer binds predominantly to farnesoid X receptor response elements (FXREs) containing two inverted repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3' in wh [...] (486 aa) |
| | PSMD9 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9; Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC). During the base subcomplex assembly is part of an intermediate PSMD9:PSMC6:PSMC3 module, also known as modulator trimer complex; PSMD9 is released during the further base assembly process. (223 aa) |
| | HNF1A | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1-alpha; Transcriptional activator that regulates the tissue specific expression of multiple genes, especially in pancreatic islet cells and in liver (By similarity). Binds to the inverted palindrome 5'- GTTAATNATTAAC-3'. Activates the transcription of CYP1A2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A11 (By similarity). (638 aa) |
| | HIF1A | Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha; Functions as a master transcriptional regulator of the adaptive response to hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, activates the transcription of over 40 genes, including erythropoietin, glucose transporters, glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factor, HILPDA, and other genes whose protein products increase oxygen delivery or facilitate metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Plays an essential role in embryonic vascularization, tumor angiogenesis and pathophysiology of ischemic disease. Heterodimerizes with ARNT; heterodimer binds to core DNA sequenc [...] (850 aa) |
| | TFR2 | Transferrin receptor protein 2; Mediates cellular uptake of transferrin-bound iron in a non- iron dependent manner. May be involved in iron metabolism, hepatocyte function and erythrocyte differentiation; Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily. (801 aa) |
| | CASR | Extracellular calcium-sensing receptor; G-protein-coupled receptor that senses changes in the extracellular concentration of calcium ions and plays a key role in maintaining calcium homeostasis. Senses fluctuations in the circulating calcium concentration and modulates the production of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in parathyroid glands (By similarity). The activity of this receptor is mediated by a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The G-protein-coupled receptor activity is activated by a co-agonist mechanism: aromatic amino acids, such as T [...] (1088 aa) |
| | SERP1 | Stress-associated endoplasmic reticulum protein 1; Interacts with target proteins during their translocation into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Protects unfolded target proteins against degradation during ER stress. May facilitate glycosylation of target proteins after termination of ER stress. May modulate the use of N-glycosylation sites on target proteins (By similarity); Belongs to the RAMP4 family. (66 aa) |
| | SELENOT | Thioredoxin reductase-like selenoprotein T; Selenoprotein with thioredoxin reductase-like oxidoreductase activity (By similarity). Protects dopaminergic neurons against oxidative stress ans cell death. Involved in ADCYAP1/PACAP-induced calcium mobilization and neuroendocrine secretion (By similarity). Plays a role in fibroblast anchorage and redox regulation (By similarity). In gastric smooth muscle, modulates the contraction processes through the regulation of calcium release and MYLK activation (By similarity). In pancreatic islets, involved in the control of glucose homeostasis, con [...] (195 aa) |
| | HFE | Hereditary hemochromatosis protein; Binds to transferrin receptor (TFR) and reduces its affinity for iron-loaded transferrin. (348 aa) |
| | SLC30A8 | Zinc transporter 8; Facilitates the accumulation of zinc from the cytoplasm into intracellular vesicles, being a zinc-efflux transporter. May be a major component for providing zinc to insulin maturation and/or storage processes in insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells. Belongs to the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) transporter (TC 2.A.4) family. SLC30A subfamily. (369 aa) |
| | GCG | Glicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, fro [...] (180 aa) |
| | VSNL1 | Visinin-like protein 1; Regulates (in vitro) the inhibition of rhodopsin phosphorylation in a calcium-dependent manner; Belongs to the recoverin family. (191 aa) |
| | TNFSF11 | Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11, membrane form; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF11B/OPG and to TNFRSF11A/RANK. Osteoclast differentiation and activation factor. Augments the ability of dendritic cells to stimulate naive T-cell proliferation. May be an important regulator of interactions between T-cells and dendritic cells and may play a role in the regulation of the T-cell-dependent immune response. May also play an important role in enhanced bone-resorption in humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy. Induces osteoclastogenesis by activating multiple signaling pathways in o [...] (317 aa) |
| | TRPM2 | Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 2; [Isoform 1]: Nonselective, voltage-independent cation channel that mediates Na(+) and Ca(2+) influx, leading to increased cytoplasmic Ca(2+) levels. Functions as ligand-gated ion channel. Binding of ADP- ribose to the cytoplasmic Nudix domain causes a conformation change; the channel is primed but still requires Ca(2+) binding to trigger channel opening. Extracellular calcium passes through the channel and increases channel activity. Contributes to Ca(2+) release from intracellular stores in response to ADP-ribose. Plays [...] (1553 aa) |
| | INS | Insulin A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa) |
| | GPER1 | G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1; G-protein coupled estrogen receptor that binds to 17-beta- estradiol (E2) with high affinity, leading to rapid and transient activation of numerous intracellular signaling pathways. Stimulates cAMP production, calcium mobilization and tyrosine kinase Src inducing the release of heparin-bound epidermal growth factor (HB-EGF) and subsequent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), activating downstream signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and ERK/MAPK. Mediates pleiotropic functions among others in the cardiovascular, endocrine [...] (375 aa) |
| | CFTR | Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Plays an important role in airway fluid homeostasis. Contributes to the regulation of the pH [...] (1480 aa) |
| | SCT | Secretin; Hormone involved in different processes, such as regulation of the pH of the duodenal content, food intake and water homeostasis. Exerts its biological effects by binding to secretin receptor (SCTR), a G-protein coupled receptor expressed in the basolateral domain of several cells. Acts as a key gastrointestinal hormone by regulating the pH of the duodenal content (By similarity). Secreted by S cells of the duodenum in the crypts of Lieberkuehn and regulates the pH of the duodenum by (1) inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid from the parietal cells of the stomach and (2) s [...] (121 aa) |
| | OXCT1 | Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid coenzyme A transferase 1, mitochondrial; Key enzyme for ketone body catabolism. Transfers the CoA moiety from succinate to acetoacetate. Formation of the enzyme-CoA intermediate proceeds via an unstable anhydride species formed between the carboxylate groups of the enzyme and substrate; Belongs to the 3-oxoacid CoA-transferase family. (520 aa) |
| | PCK2 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle; Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family. (640 aa) |
| | GCK | Hexokinase-4; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate, respectively). Compared to other hexokinases, has a weak affinity for D-glucose, and is effective only when glucose is abundant (By similarity). Mainly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and the liver and constitutes a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in these tissues. Since insulin secretion parallels glucose metabolism and the low glucose affinity of GCK ensures that it can change it [...] (466 aa) |
| | CD38 | ADP-ribosyl cyclase/cyclic ADP-ribose hydrolase 1; Synthesizes the second messengers cyclic ADP-ribose and nicotinate-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the former a second messenger for glucose-induced insulin secretion. Also has cADPr hydrolase activity. Also moonlights as a receptor in cells of the immune system. (300 aa) |
| | GPLD1 | Phosphatidylinositol-glycan-specific phospholipase D; This protein hydrolyzes the inositol phosphate linkage in proteins anchored by phosphatidylinositol glycans (GPI-anchor) thus releasing these proteins from the membrane. (840 aa) |
| | ISL1 | Insulin gene enhancer protein ISL-1; DNA-binding transcriptional activator. Recognizes and binds to the consensus octamer binding site 5'-ATAATTAA-3' in promoter of target genes. Plays a fundamental role in the gene regulatory network essential for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation. Cooperates with the transcription factor POU4F2 to achieve maximal levels of expression of RGC target genes and RGC fate specification in the developing retina. Involved in the specification of motor neurons in cooperation with LHX3 and LDB1. Binds to insulin gene enhancer sequences. Essential for [...] (349 aa) |
| | ECRG4 | Augurin; Probable hormone that may attenuate cell proliferation and induce senescence of oligodendrocyte and neural precursor cells in the central nervous system (By similarity). ECRG4-induced senescence is characterized by G1 arrest, RB1 dephosphorylation and accelerated CCND1 and CCND3 proteasomal degradation (By similarity). (148 aa) |
