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DHODH DHODH NME3 NME3 NME4 NME4 GSR GSR AK1 AK1 DNPH1 DNPH1 AGXT2 AGXT2 UMPS UMPS NT5C1A NT5C1A ATIC ATIC GDA GDA NT5C NT5C RRM2B RRM2B NT5E NT5E NUDT15 NUDT15 GMPR GMPR DGUOK DGUOK PPAT PPAT CAD CAD AK7 AK7 DPYS DPYS DCK DCK AK8 AK8 HPRT1 HPRT1 TK2 TK2 RRM1 RRM1 ENTPD3 ENTPD3 NUDT9 NUDT9 DTYMK DTYMK PFAS PFAS TYMS TYMS IMPDH2 IMPDH2 DCTPP1 DCTPP1 UPB1 UPB1 UPP1 UPP1 ADSS1 ADSS1 ENTPD5 ENTPD5 NME1 NME1 NT5C2 NT5C2 IMPDH1 IMPDH1 UCKL1 UCKL1 AK5 AK5 ENTPD2 ENTPD2 DCTD DCTD NUDT13 NUDT13 ENTPD4 ENTPD4 NT5C1B NT5C1B RRM2 RRM2 PNP PNP ADSS2 ADSS2 GUK1 GUK1 UCK2 UCK2 DPYD DPYD ENTPD7 ENTPD7 ENTPD1 ENTPD1 ENTPD8 ENTPD8 CMPK1 CMPK1 UCK1 UCK1 ADA ADA TXN TXN CDA CDA ENTPD6 ENTPD6 APRT APRT XDH XDH ADPRM ADPRM GLRX GLRX ITPA ITPA AK6 AK6 DUT DUT GART GART NT5M NT5M NME2 NME2 AK4 AK4 TYMP TYMP AMPD3 AMPD3 NUDT1 NUDT1 PAICS PAICS PUDP PUDP CTPS2 CTPS2 AK9 AK9 NUDT5 NUDT5 GMPS GMPS NUDT16 NUDT16 AMPD1 AMPD1 TXNRD1 TXNRD1 ADK ADK GMPR2 GMPR2 ADAL ADAL TK1 TK1 UPP2 UPP2 NT5C3A NT5C3A NUDT18 NUDT18 ADSL ADSL SAMHD1 SAMHD1 CTPS1 CTPS1 AMPD2 AMPD2 AK2 AK2
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DHODHDihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone), mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of dihydroorotate to orotate with quinone as electron acceptor. (395 aa)
NME3Nucleoside diphosphate kinase 3; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Probably has a role in normal hematopoiesis by inhibition of granulocyte differentiation and induction of apoptosis; Belongs to the NDK family. (169 aa)
NME4Nucleoside diphosphate kinase, mitochondrial; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Through the catalyzed exchange of gamma-phosphate between di- and triphosphonucleosides participates in regulation of intracellular nucleotide homeostasis. Binds to anionic phospholipids, predominantly to cardiolipin; the binding inhibits its phosphotransfer activity. Acts as mitochondria-specific NDK; its association with cardioli [...] (187 aa)
GSRGlutathione reductase, mitochondrial; Maintains high levels of reduced glutathione in the cytosol. (522 aa)
AK1Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1; Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. (210 aa)
DNPH12'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1; Catalyzes the cleavage of the N-glycosidic bond of deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates to yield deoxyribose 5-phosphate and a purine or pyrimidine base. Deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphates containing purine bases are preferred to those containing pyrimidine bases; Belongs to the 2'-deoxynucleoside 5'-phosphate N-hydrolase 1 family. (174 aa)
AGXT2Alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2, mitochondrial; Can metabolize asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) via transamination to alpha-keto-delta-(NN-dimethylguanidino) valeric acid (DMGV). ADMA is a potent inhibitor of nitric-oxide (NO) synthase, and this activity provides mechanism through which the kidney regulates blood pressure; Belongs to the class-III pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. (514 aa)
UMPSOrotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase; Uridine monophosphate synthetase; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the OMP decarboxylase family. (480 aa)
NT5C1ACytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides and has a broad substrate specificity. Helps to regulate adenosine levels in heart during ischemia and hypoxia. (368 aa)
ATICBifunctional purine biosynthesis protein PURH, N-terminally processed; Bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes 2 steps in purine biosynthesis; Belongs to the PurH family. (592 aa)
GDAGuanine deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of guanine, producing xanthine and ammonia; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. ATZ/TRZ family. (471 aa)
NT5C5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, cytosolic type; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides, with a preference for dUMP and dTMP, intermediate activity towards dGMP, and low activity towards dCMP and dAMP. (201 aa)
RRM2BRibonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 B; Plays a pivotal role in cell survival by repairing damaged DNA in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Supplies deoxyribonucleotides for DNA repair in cells arrested at G1 or G2. Contains an iron-tyrosyl free radical center required for catalysis. Forms an active ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) complex with RRM1 which is expressed both in resting and proliferating cells in response to DNA damage. Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family. (351 aa)
NT5E5'-nucleotidase; Hydrolyzes extracellular nucleotides into membrane permeable nucleosides. Exhibits AMP-, NAD-, and NMN-nucleosidase activities. (574 aa)
NUDT15Nucleotide triphosphate diphosphatase NUDT15; May catalyze the hydrolysis of nucleoside triphosphates including dGTP, dTTP, dCTP, their oxidized forms like 8-oxo-dGTP and the prodrug thiopurine derivatives 6-thio-dGTP and 6-thio-GTP. Could also catalyze the hydrolysis of some nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Hydrolyzes oxidized nucleosides triphosphates like 8-oxo-dGTP in vitro, but the specificity and efficiency towards these substrates are low. Therefore, the potential in vivo sanitizing role of this enzyme, that would consist in removing oxidatively damaged forms of nucleosides t [...] (164 aa)
GMPRGMP reductase 1; Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides; Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. GuaC type 1 subfamily. (345 aa)
DGUOKDeoxyguanosine kinase, mitochondrial; Phosphorylates deoxyguanosine and deoxyadenosine in the mitochondrial matrix, with the highest efficiency for deoxyguanosine. In non-replicating cells, where cytosolic dNTP synthesis is down- regulated, mtDNA synthesis depends solely on DGUOK and TK2. Phosphorylates certain nucleoside analogs. Widely used as target of antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents. (277 aa)
PPATAmidophosphoribosyltransferase; Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the purine/pyrimidine phosphoribosyltransferase family. (517 aa)
CADGlutamine-dependent carbamoyl-phosphate synthase; This protein is a 'fusion' protein encoding four enzymatic activities of the pyrimidine pathway (GATase, CPSase, ATCase and DHOase); In the central section; belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. DHOase family. CAD subfamily. (2225 aa)
AK7Adenylate kinase 7; Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has highest activity toward AMP, and weaker activity toward dAMP, CMP and dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Involved in maintaining ciliary structure and function. (723 aa)
DPYSDihydropyrimidinase; Catalyzes the second step of the reductive pyrimidine degradation, the reversible hydrolytic ring opening of dihydropyrimidines. Can catalyze the ring opening of 5,6-dihydrouracil to N-carbamyl-alanine and of 5,6-dihydrothymine to N-carbamyl-amino isobutyrate. (519 aa)
DCKDeoxycytidine kinase; Required for the phosphorylation of the deoxyribonucleosides deoxycytidine (dC), deoxyguanosine (dG) and deoxyadenosine (dA). Has broad substrate specificity, and does not display selectivity based on the chirality of the substrate. It is also an essential enzyme for the phosphorylation of numerous nucleoside analogs widely employed as antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents; Belongs to the DCK/DGK family. (260 aa)
AK8Adenylate kinase 8; Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Has highest activity toward AMP, and weaker activity toward dAMP, CMP and dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. (479 aa)
HPRT1Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase; Converts guanine to guanosine monophosphate, and hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate. Transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5- phosphoribosylpyrophosphate onto the purine. Plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway. (218 aa)
TK2Thymidine kinase 2, mitochondrial; Phosphorylates thymidine, deoxycytidine, and deoxyuridine in the mitochondrial matrix. In non-replicating cells, where cytosolic dNTP synthesis is down-regulated, mtDNA synthesis depends solely on TK2 and DGUOK. Widely used as target of antiviral and chemotherapeutic agents; Belongs to the DCK/DGK family. (265 aa)
RRM1Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase large subunit; Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. (792 aa)
ENTPD3Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 3; Has a threefold preference for the hydrolysis of ATP over ADP. (529 aa)
NUDT9ADP-ribose pyrophosphatase, mitochondrial; Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose (ADPR) to AMP and ribose 5'-phosphate. (350 aa)
DTYMKThymidylate kinase; Catalyzes the conversion of dTMP to dTDP; Belongs to the thymidylate kinase family. (212 aa)
PFASPhosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase; Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase involved in the purines biosynthetic pathway. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent conversion of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide (FGAR) and glutamine to yield formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide (FGAM) and glutamate (By similarity); In the N-terminal section; belongs to the FGAMS family. (1338 aa)
TYMSThymidylate synthase; Contributes to the de novo mitochondrial thymidylate biosynthesis pathway. (313 aa)
IMPDH2Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2; Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. Could also have a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity and could play a role in RNA and/or DNA metabolism. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors. (514 aa)
DCTPP1dCTP pyrophosphatase 1; Hydrolyzes deoxynucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) to the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. Has a strong preference for dCTP and its analogs including 5-iodo-dCTP and 5-methyl-dCTP for which it may even have a higher efficiency. May protect DNA or RNA against the incorporation of these genotoxic nucleotide analogs through their catabolism. (170 aa)
UPB1Beta-ureidopropionase; Catalyzes a late step in pyrimidine degradation. Converts N-carbamoyl-beta-alanine (3-ureidopropanoate) into beta-alanine, ammonia and carbon dioxide. Likewise, converts N-carbamoyl-beta- aminoisobutyrate (3-ureidoisobutyrate) into beta-aminoisobutyrate, ammonia and carbon dioxide (Probable). Belongs to the carbon-nitrogen hydrolase superfamily. BUP family. (384 aa)
UPP1Uridine phosphorylase 1; Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis. (310 aa)
ADSS1Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 1; Component of the purine nucleotide cycle (PNC), which interconverts IMP and AMP to regulate the nucleotide levels in various tissues, and which contributes to glycolysis and ammoniagenesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP. (500 aa)
ENTPD5Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 5; Uridine diphosphatase (UDPase) that promotes protein N- glycosylation and ATP level regulation. UDP hydrolysis promotes protein N-glycosylation and folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, as well as elevated ATP consumption in the cytosol via an ATP hydrolysis cycle. Together with CMPK1 and AK1, constitutes an ATP hydrolysis cycle that converts ATP to AMP and results in a compensatory increase in aerobic glycolysis. The nucleotide hydrolyzing preference is GDP > IDP > UDP, but not any other nucleoside di-, mono- or triphosphates, nor thia [...] (428 aa)
NME1Nucleoside diphosphate kinase A; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate. Possesses nucleoside-diphosphate kinase, serine/threonine-specific protein kinase, geranyl and farnesyl pyrophosphate kinase, histidine protein kinase and 3'-5' exonuclease activities. Involved in cell proliferation, differentiation and development, signal transduction, G protein-coupled receptor endocytosis, and gene expression. Required for n [...] (177 aa)
NT5C2Cytosolic purine 5'-nucleotidase; May have a critical role in the maintenance of a constant composition of intracellular purine/pyrimidine nucleotides in cooperation with other nucleotidases. Preferentially hydrolyzes inosine 5'-monophosphate (IMP) and other purine nucleotides. (561 aa)
IMPDH1Inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 1; Catalyzes the conversion of inosine 5'-phosphate (IMP) to xanthosine 5'-phosphate (XMP), the first committed and rate-limiting step in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides, and therefore plays an important role in the regulation of cell growth. Could also have a single-stranded nucleic acid-binding activity and could play a role in RNA and/or DNA metabolism. It may also have a role in the development of malignancy and the growth progression of some tumors; Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. (599 aa)
UCKL1Uridine-cytidine kinase-like 1; May contribute to UTP accumulation needed for blast transformation and proliferation; Belongs to the uridine kinase family. (548 aa)
AK5Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 5; Nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. Active on AMP and dAMP with ATP as a donor. When GTP is used as phosphate donor, the enzyme phosphorylates AMP, CMP, and to a small extent dCMP. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. (562 aa)
ENTPD2Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 2; In the nervous system, could hydrolyze ATP and other nucleotides to regulate purinergic neurotransmission. Hydrolyzes ADP only to a marginal extent. The order of activity with different substrates is ATP > GTP > CTP = ITP > UTP >> ADP = UDP. (495 aa)
DCTDDeoxycytidylate deaminase; Supplies the nucleotide substrate for thymidylate synthetase. (189 aa)
NUDT13Nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X motif 13; Nudix hydrolase 13. (352 aa)
ENTPD4Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 4; Hydrolyzes preferentially nucleoside 5'-diphosphates, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are hydrolyzed only to a minor extent. The order of activity with different substrates is UDP >> GDP = CDP = TDP, AMP, ADP, ATP and UMP are not substrates. Preferred substrates for isoform 2 are CTP, UDP, CDP, GTP and GDP, while isoform 1 utilizes UTP and TTP; Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (616 aa)
NT5C1BCytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1B; Dephosphorylates the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of deoxyribonucleotides. Helps to regulate adenosine levels (By similarity). (610 aa)
RRM2Ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase subunit M2; Provides the precursors necessary for DNA synthesis. Catalyzes the biosynthesis of deoxyribonucleotides from the corresponding ribonucleotides. Inhibits Wnt signaling; Belongs to the ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase small chain family. (449 aa)
PNPPurine nucleoside phosphorylase; The purine nucleoside phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic breakdown of the N-glycosidic bond in the beta- (deoxy)ribonucleoside molecules, with the formation of the corresponding free purine bases and pentose-1-phosphate. (289 aa)
ADSS2Adenylosuccinate synthetase isozyme 2; Plays an important role in the de novo pathway and in the salvage pathway of purine nucleotide biosynthesis. Catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of AMP from IMP. Belongs to the adenylosuccinate synthetase family. (456 aa)
GUK1Guanylate kinase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of GMP to GDP. Essential enzyme for recycling GMP and indirectly, cyclic GMP (cGMP). Involved in the cGMP metabolism in photoreceptors (By similarity). It may also have a role in the survival and growth progression of some tumors. In addition to its physiological role, GUK1 is essential for convert prodrugs used for the treatment of cancers and viral infections into their pharmacologically active metabolites, most notably acyclovir, ganciclovir, and 6-thioguanine and its closely related analog 6-mercaptopurine. Belongs to the guanylate ki [...] (241 aa)
UCK2Uridine-cytidine kinase 2; Phosphorylates uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. Does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. Can use ATP or GTP as a phosphate donor. Can also phosphorylate cytidine and uridine nucleoside analogs such as 6- azauridine, 5-fluorouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-bromouridine, N(4)- acetylcytidine, N(4)-benzoylcytidine, 5-fluorocytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5-methylcytidine, and N(4)-anisoylcytidine; Belongs to the uridine kinase family. (261 aa)
DPYDDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [NADP(+)]; Involved in pyrimidine base degradation. Catalyzes the reduction of uracil and thymine. Also involved the degradation of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil; Belongs to the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase family. (1025 aa)
ENTPD7Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 7; Preferentially hydrolyzes nucleoside 5'-triphosphates. The order of activity with respect to possible substrates is UTP > GTP > CTP. (604 aa)
ENTPD1Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1; In the nervous system, could hydrolyze ATP and other nucleotides to regulate purinergic neurotransmission. Could also be implicated in the prevention of platelet aggregation by hydrolyzing platelet-activating ADP to AMP. Hydrolyzes ATP and ADP equally well. Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (522 aa)
ENTPD8Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 8; Canalicular ectonucleoside NTPDase responsible for the main hepatic NTPDase activity. Ectonucleoside NTPDases catalyze the hydrolysis of gamma- and beta-phosphate residues of nucleotides, playing a central role in concentration of extracellular nucleotides. Has activity toward ATP, ADP, UTP and UDP, but not toward AMP. (495 aa)
CMPK1UMP-CMP kinase; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of pyrimidine nucleoside monophosphates at the expense of ATP. Plays an important role in de novo pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis. Has preference for UMP and CMP as phosphate acceptors. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. (228 aa)
UCK1Uridine-cytidine kinase 1; Phosphorylates uridine and cytidine to uridine monophosphate and cytidine monophosphate. Does not phosphorylate deoxyribonucleosides or purine ribonucleosides. Can use ATP or GTP as a phosphate donor. Can also phosphorylate cytidine and uridine nucleoside analogs such as 6- azauridine, 5-fluorouridine, 4-thiouridine, 5-bromouridine, N(4)- acetylcytidine, N(4)-benzoylcytidine, 5-fluorocytidine, 2-thiocytidine, 5-methylcytidine, and N(4)-anisoylcytidine; Belongs to the uridine kinase family. (282 aa)
ADAAdenosine deaminase; Catalyzes the hydrolytic deamination of adenosine and 2- deoxyadenosine. Plays an important role in purine metabolism and in adenosine homeostasis. Modulates signaling by extracellular adenosine, and so contributes indirectly to cellular signaling events. Acts as a positive regulator of T-cell coactivation, by binding DPP4. Its interaction with DPP4 regulates lymphocyte-epithelial cell adhesion. Enhances dendritic cell immunogenicity by affecting dendritic cell costimulatory molecule expression and cytokines and chemokines secretion (By similarity). Enhances CD4+ T [...] (363 aa)
TXNThioredoxin; Participates in various redox reactions through the reversible oxidation of its active center dithiol to a disulfide and catalyzes dithiol-disulfide exchange reactions. Plays a role in the reversible S- nitrosylation of cysteine residues in target proteins, and thereby contributes to the response to intracellular nitric oxide. Nitrosylates the active site Cys of CASP3 in response to nitric oxide (NO), and thereby inhibits caspase-3 activity. Induces the FOS/JUN AP-1 DNA-binding activity in ionizing radiation (IR) cells through its oxidation/reduction status and stimulates [...] (105 aa)
CDACytidine deaminase; This enzyme scavenges exogenous and endogenous cytidine and 2'-deoxycytidine for UMP synthesis. (146 aa)
ENTPD6Ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 6; Might support glycosylation reactions in the Golgi apparatus and, when released from cells, might catalyze the hydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides. Hydrolyzes preferentially nucleoside 5'- diphosphates, nucleoside 5'-triphosphates are hydrolyzed only to a minor extent, there is no hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. The order of activity with different substrates is GDP > IDP >> UDP = CDP >> ADP (By similarity); Belongs to the GDA1/CD39 NTPase family. (484 aa)
APRTAdenine phosphoribosyltransferase; Catalyzes a salvage reaction resulting in the formation of AMP, that is energically less costly than de novo synthesis. (180 aa)
XDHXanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase; Key enzyme in purine degradation. Catalyzes the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine. Catalyzes the oxidation of xanthine to uric acid. Contributes to the generation of reactive oxygen species. Has also low oxidase activity towards aldehydes (in vitro). (1333 aa)
ADPRMManganese-dependent ADP-ribose/CDP-alcohol diphosphatase; Hydrolyzes ADP-ribose, IDP-ribose, CDP-glycerol, CDP-choline and CDP-ethanolamine, but not other non-reducing ADP-sugars or CDP- glucose. May be involved in immune cell signaling as suggested by the second-messenger role of ADP-ribose, which activates TRPM2 as a mediator of oxidative/nitrosative stress (By similarity). (342 aa)
GLRXGlutaredoxin-1; Has a glutathione-disulfide oxidoreductase activity in the presence of NADPH and glutathione reductase. Reduces low molecular weight disulfides and proteins; Belongs to the glutaredoxin family. (106 aa)
ITPAInosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase; Pyrophosphatase that hydrolyzes the non-canonical purine nucleotides inosine triphosphate (ITP), deoxyinosine triphosphate (dITP) as well as 2'-deoxy-N-6-hydroxylaminopurine triposphate (dHAPTP) and xanthosine 5'-triphosphate (XTP) to their respective monophosphate derivatives. The enzyme does not distinguish between the deoxy- and ribose forms. Probably excludes non-canonical purines from RNA and DNA precursor pools, thus preventing their incorporation into RNA and DNA and avoiding chromosomal lesions; Belongs to the HAM1 NTPase family. (194 aa)
AK6Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 6; Broad-specificity nucleoside monophosphate (NMP) kinase that catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between nucleoside triphosphates and monophosphates. AMP and dAMP are the preferred substrates, but CMP and dCMP are also good substrates. IMP is phosphorylated to a much lesser extent. All nucleoside triphosphates ATP, GTP, UTP, CTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP, and TTP are accepted as phosphate donors. CTP is the best phosphate donor, followed by UTP, ATP, GTP and dCTP. May have a role in nuclear energy homeostasis. Has also ATPase activity [...] (172 aa)
DUTDeoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase, mitochondrial; This enzyme is involved in nucleotide metabolism: it produces dUMP, the immediate precursor of thymidine nucleotides and it decreases the intracellular concentration of dUTP so that uracil cannot be incorporated into DNA. (252 aa)
GARTTrifunctional purine biosynthetic protein adenosine-3; Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase, phosphoribosylglycinamide synthetase, phosphoribosylaminoimidazole synthetase; In the central section; belongs to the AIR synthase family. (1010 aa)
NT5M5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase, mitochondrial; Dephosphorylates specifically the 5' and 2'(3')-phosphates of uracil and thymine deoxyribonucleotides, and so protects mitochondrial DNA replication from excess dTTP. Has only marginal activity towards dIMP and dGMP. (228 aa)
NME2Nucleoside diphosphate kinase B; Major role in the synthesis of nucleoside triphosphates other than ATP. The ATP gamma phosphate is transferred to the NDP beta phosphate via a ping-pong mechanism, using a phosphorylated active-site intermediate (By similarity). Negatively regulates Rho activity by interacting with AKAP13/LBC. Acts as a transcriptional activator of the MYC gene; binds DNA non-specifically. Binds to both single-stranded guanine- and cytosine-rich strands within the nuclease hypersensitive element (NHE) III(1) region of the MYC gene promoter. Does not bind to duplex NHE I [...] (152 aa)
AK4Adenylate kinase 4, mitochondrial; Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Efficiently phosphorylates AMP and dAMP using ATP as phosphate donor, but phosphorylates only AMP when using GTP as phosphate donor. Also displays broad nucleoside diphosphate kinase activity. Plays a role in controlling cellular ATP levels by regulating phosphorylation and activation of the energy sensor protein kinase AMPK. Plays a protective role in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Belongs to the adenylate kinase fam [...] (223 aa)
TYMPThymidine phosphorylase; May have a role in maintaining the integrity of the blood vessels. Has growth promoting activity on endothelial cells, angiogenic activity in vivo and chemotactic activity on endothelial cells in vitro. (487 aa)
AMPD3AMP deaminase 3; AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. (776 aa)
NUDT17,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine triphosphatase; Antimutagenic. Plays a redundant role in sanitizing oxidized nucleotide pools, such as 8-oxo-dGTP pools. Acts as a sanitizing enzyme for oxidized nucleotide pools, thus suppressing cell dysfunction and death induced by oxidative stress. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-dATP and 2-OH-dATP, thus preventing misincorporation of oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates into DNA and subsequently preventing A:T to C:G and G:C to T:A transversions. Able to hydrolyze also the corresponding ribonucleotides, 2-OH-ATP, 8- oxo-GTP and 8-oxo-ATP. Does not play a [...] (179 aa)
PAICSPhosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase and phosphoribosylaminoimidazolesuccinocarboxamide synthase; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the AIR carboxylase family. Class II subfamily. (432 aa)
PUDPPseudouridine-5'-phosphatase; Dephosphorylates pseudouridine 5'-phosphate, a potential intermediate in rRNA degradation. Pseudouridine is then excreted intact in urine; Belongs to the HAD-like hydrolase superfamily. CbbY/CbbZ/Gph/YieH family. (251 aa)
CTPS2CTP synthase 2; Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as the source of nitrogen. Constitutes the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of cytosine nucleotides. (586 aa)
AK9Adenylate kinase 9; Involved in maintaining the homeostasis of cellular nucleotides by catalyzing the interconversion of nucleoside phosphates. Has both nucleoside monophosphate and diphosphate kinase activities. Catalyzes the phosphorylation of AMP, dAMP, CMP and dCMP with ATP as phosphate donor and of CMP with GTP as phosphate donor. Also catalyzes the production of ATP, CTP, GTP, UTP, dATP, dCTP, dGTP and TTP from the corresponding diphosphate substrates with either ATP or GTP as phosphate donor. Shows substrate preference of CDP > UDP > ADP > GDP > TDP. (1911 aa)
NUDT5ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase; Enzyme that can either act as an ADP-sugar pyrophosphatase in absence of diphosphate or catalyze the synthesis of ATP in presence of diphosphate. In absence of diphosphate, hydrolyzes with similar activities various modified nucleoside diphosphates such as ADP-ribose, ADP-mannose, ADP-glucose, 8-oxo-GDP and 8-oxo-dGDP. Can also hydrolyze other nucleotide sugars with low activity. In presence of diphosphate, mediates the synthesis of ATP in the nucleus by catalyzing the conversion of ADP-ribose to ATP and ribose 5-phosphate. Nuclear ATP synthesis takes place w [...] (219 aa)
GMPSGMP synthase [glutamine-hydrolyzing]; Involved in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides which are not only essential for DNA and RNA synthesis, but also provide GTP, which is involved in a number of cellular processes important for cell division. (693 aa)
NUDT16U8 snoRNA-decapping enzyme; RNA-binding and decapping enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of the cap structure of snoRNAs and mRNAs in a metal-dependent manner. Part of the U8 snoRNP complex that is required for the accumulation of mature 5.8S and 28S rRNA. Has diphosphatase activity and removes m7G and/or m227G caps from U8 snoRNA and leaves a 5'monophosphate on the RNA. Catalyzes also the cleavage of the cap structure on mRNAs. Does not hydrolyze cap analog structures like 7-methylguanosine nucleoside triphosphate (m7GpppG). Also hydrolysis m7G- and m227G U3-capped RNAs but with less [...] (227 aa)
AMPD1AMP deaminase 1; AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deaminases family. (780 aa)
TXNRD1Thioredoxin reductase 1, cytoplasmic; Isoform 1 may possess glutaredoxin activity as well as thioredoxin reductase activity and induces actin and tubulin polymerization, leading to formation of cell membrane protrusions. Isoform 4 enhances the transcriptional activity of estrogen receptors alpha and beta while isoform 5 enhances the transcriptional activity of the beta receptor only. Isoform 5 also mediates cell death induced by a combination of interferon-beta and retinoic acid. (649 aa)
ADKAdenosine kinase; ATP dependent phosphorylation of adenosine and other related nucleoside analogs to monophosphate derivatives. Serves as a potential regulator of concentrations of extracellular adenosine and intracellular adenine nucleotides; Belongs to the carbohydrate kinase PfkB family. (362 aa)
GMPR2GMP reductase 2; Catalyzes the irreversible NADPH-dependent deamination of GMP to IMP. It functions in the conversion of nucleobase, nucleoside and nucleotide derivatives of G to A nucleotides, and in maintaining the intracellular balance of A and G nucleotides. Plays a role in modulating cellular differentiation. Belongs to the IMPDH/GMPR family. GuaC type 1 subfamily. (427 aa)
ADALAdenosine deaminase-like protein; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of the free cytosolic methylated adenosine nucleotide N(6)-methyl-AMP (N6-mAMP) to produce inositol monophosphate (IMP) and methylamine. Is required for the catabolism of cytosolic N6-mAMP, which is derived from the degradation of mRNA containing N6-methylated adenine (m6A). Catalyzes the removal of different alkyl groups not only from N6-substituted purine or 2-aminopurine nucleoside monophosphates but also from O6-substituted compounds in vitro ; Belongs to the metallo-dependent hydrolases superfamily. Adenosine and AMP deami [...] (355 aa)
TK1Thymidine kinase, cytosolic; Thymidine kinase 1; Belongs to the thymidine kinase family. (267 aa)
UPP2Uridine phosphorylase 2; Catalyzes the reversible phosphorylytic cleavage of uridine and deoxyuridine to uracil and ribose- or deoxyribose-1-phosphate. The produced molecules are then utilized as carbon and energy sources or in the rescue of pyrimidine bases for nucleotide synthesis. Shows substrate specificity and accept uridine, deoxyuridine, and thymidine as well as the two pyrimidine nucleoside analogs 5-fluorouridine and 5- fluoro-2(')-deoxyuridine as substrates. (374 aa)
NT5C3ACytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 3A; Nucleotidase which shows specific activity towards cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and 7-methylguanosine monophosphate (m(7)GMP). CMP seems to be the preferred substrate ; Belongs to the pyrimidine 5'-nucleotidase family. (331 aa)
NUDT188-oxo-dGDP phosphatase NUDT18; Mediates the hydrolysis of oxidized nucleoside diphosphate derivatives. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxo-Gua)-containing deoxyribo- and ribonucleoside diphosphates to the monophosphates. Hydrolyzes 8-oxo-dGDP and 8-oxo-GDP with the same efficiencies. Hydrolyzes also 8-OH-dADP and 2-OH-dADP. Exhibited no or minimal hydrolysis activity against 8-oxo-dGTP, 8-oxo-GTP, dGTP, GTP, dGDP and GDP. Probably removes oxidized guanine nucleotides from both the DNA and RNA precursor pools; Belongs to the Nudix hydrolase family. (323 aa)
ADSLAdenylosuccinate lyase; Catalyzes two non-sequential steps in de novo AMP synthesis: converts (S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4- carboxamido)succinate (SAICAR) to fumarate plus 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D- ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide, and thereby also contributes to de novo IMP synthesis, and converts succinyladenosine monophosphate (SAMP) to AMP and fumarate. (484 aa)
SAMHD1Deoxynucleoside triphosphate triphosphohydrolase SAMHD1; Protein that acts both as a host restriction factor involved in defense response to virus and as a regulator of DNA end resection at stalled replication forks. Has deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTPase) activity, which is required to restrict infection by viruses, such as HIV-1: dNTPase activity reduces cellular dNTP levels to levels too low for retroviral reverse transcription to occur, blocking early- stage virus replication in dendritic and other myeloid cells. Likewise, suppresses LINE-1 retrotransposon activity. Not able to [...] (626 aa)
CTPS1CTP synthase 1; This enzyme is involved in the de novo synthesis of CTP, a precursor of DNA, RNA and phospholipids. Catalyzes the ATP-dependent amination of UTP to CTP with either L-glutamine or ammonia as a source of nitrogen. This enzyme and its product, CTP, play a crucial role in the proliferation of activated lymphocytes and therefore in immunity. (591 aa)
AMPD2AMP deaminase 2; AMP deaminase plays a critical role in energy metabolism. Catalyzes the deamination of AMP to IMP and plays an important role in the purine nucleotide cycle. (879 aa)
AK2Adenylate kinase 2, mitochondrial, N-terminally processed; Catalyzes the reversible transfer of the terminal phosphate group between ATP and AMP. Plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis and in adenine nucleotide metabolism. Adenylate kinase activity is critical for regulation of the phosphate utilization and the AMP de novo biosynthesis pathways. Plays a key role in hematopoiesis. (239 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Homo sapiens
NCBI taxonomy Id: 9606
Other names: H. sapiens, human, man
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