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| | DVL2 | Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-2; Plays a role in the signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple Wnt genes. Participates both in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling by binding to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of frizzled family members and transducing the Wnt signal to down-stream effectors. Promotes internalization and degradation of frizzled proteins upon Wnt signaling; Belongs to the DSH family. (736 aa) |
| | PSMA4 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-4; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (261 aa) |
| | PSMC4 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6B; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC4 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated wit [...] (418 aa) |
| | PPP2R5B | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit beta isoform; As the regulatory component of the serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) holoenzyme, modulates substrate specificity, subcellular localization, and responsiveness to phosphorylation. The phosphorylated form mediates the interaction between PP2A and AKT1, leading to AKT1 dephosphorylation. (497 aa) |
| | PSMD5 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 5; Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC). In the initial step of the base subcomplex assembly is part of an intermediate PSMD5:PSMC2:PSMC1:PSMD2 module which probably assembles with a PSMD10:PSMC4:PSMC5:PAAF1 module followed by dissociation of PSMD5. (504 aa) |
| | PSMD8 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 8; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the proteasome subunit S14 family. (350 aa) |
| | RBX1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RBX1, N-terminally processed; E3 ubiquitin ligase component of multiple cullin-RING-based E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase (CRLs) complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins, including proteins involved in cell cycle progression, signal transduction, transcription and transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair. CRLs complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins, ARIH1 mediating addition of the first ubiquitin on CRLs targets. The functional specificity of the E [...] (108 aa) |
| | PSMA3 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-3; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (255 aa) |
| | PSME2 | Proteasome activator complex subunit 2; Implicated in immunoproteasome assembly and required for efficient antigen processing. The PA28 activator complex enhances the generation of class I binding peptides by altering the cleavage pattern of the proteasome. (239 aa) |
| | CSNK2A1 | Casein kinase II subunit alpha; Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine. Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection. May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response. During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly checkpoin [...] (391 aa) |
| | RSPO4 | R-spondin-4; Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors. Upon binding to LGR4-6 (LGR4, LGR5 or LGR6), LGR4-6 associate with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Also regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin- dependent pathway and non-canonical Wnt signaling by acting as an inhibitor of ZNRF3, an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. (234 aa) |
| | PSMD10 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 10; Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC). In the initial step of the base subcomplex assembly is part of an intermediate PSMD10:PSMC4:PSMC5:PAAF1 module which probably assembles with a PSMD5:PSMC2:PSMC1:PSMD2 module. Independently of the proteasome, regulates EGF-induced AKT activation through inhibition of the RHOA/ROCK/PTEN pathway, leading to prolonged AKT activation. Plays an important role in RAS-induced tumorigenesis. (226 aa) |
| | PSMD7 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 7; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the peptidase M67A family. (324 aa) |
| | SFRP1 | Secreted frizzled-related protein 1; Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP1 decreases intracellular beta-catenin levels (By similarity). Has antiproliferative effects on vascular cells, in vitro and in vivo, and can induce, in vivo, an angiogenic response. In vascular cell cycle, delays the G1 phase and entry into the S phase (By similarity). In kidney development, inhibits tubule formation and bud growth in metane [...] (314 aa) |
| | DKK4 | Dickkopf-related protein 4 short form; Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease (By similarity). (224 aa) |
| | PPP2CB | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit beta isoform; PP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase. Belongs to the PPP phosphatase family. PP-1 subfamily. (309 aa) |
| | PSMA2 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-2; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (234 aa) |
| | WNT3 | Proto-oncogene Wnt-3; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (Probable). Functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that results in activation of transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family. Required for normal gastrulation, formation of the primitive streak, and for the formation of the mesoderm during early embryogenesis. Required for normal formation of the apical ectodermal ridge (By similarity). Required for normal embryonic development, and especially for limb development. (355 aa) |
| | BCL9 | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein; Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway. Promotes beta-catenin's transcriptional activity (By similarity). Belongs to the BCL9 family. (1426 aa) |
| | H4C6 | Histone H4; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (103 aa) |
| | SOX4 | Transcription factor SOX-4; Transcriptional activator that binds with high affinity to the T-cell enhancer motif 5'-AACAAAG-3' motif. (474 aa) |
| | SOX9 | Transcription factor SOX-9; Transcriptional regulator that plays a role in chondrocytes differentiation and skeletal development. Binds to the COL2A1 promoter and activates COL2A1 expression, as part of a complex with ZNF219 (By similarity). (509 aa) |
| | H3-3B | Histone H3.3; Variant histone H3 which replaces conventional H3 in a wide range of nucleosomes in active genes. Constitutes the predominant form of histone H3 in non-dividing cells and is incorporated into chromatin independently of DNA synthesis. Deposited at sites of nucleosomal displacement throughout transcribed genes, suggesting that it represents an epigenetic imprint of transcriptionally active chromatin. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in [...] (136 aa) |
| | CSNK1G2 | Casein kinase I isoform gamma-2; Serine/threonine-protein kinase. Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling. Phosphorylates COL4A3BP/CERT, MTA1 and SMAD3. Involved in brain development and vesicular trafficking and neurotransmitter releasing from small synaptic vesicles. Regulates fast synaptic transmission mediated by glutamate. SMAD3 phosphorylation promotes its ligand-dependent ubiquitination and subsequent proteasome degra [...] (415 aa) |
| | APC | Adenomatous polyposis coli protein; Tumor suppressor. Promotes rapid degradation of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling as a negative regulator. APC activity is correlated with its phosphorylation state. Activates the GEF activity of SPATA13 and ARHGEF4. Plays a role in hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)- induced cell migration. Required for MMP9 up-regulation via the JNK signaling pathway in colorectal tumor cells. Acts as a mediator of ERBB2-dependent stabilization of microtubules at the cell cortex. It is required for the localization of MACF1 to the cell membrane and this localiza [...] (2843 aa) |
| | PSMB7 | Proteasome subunit beta type-7; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (277 aa) |
| | PSMC1 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 4; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC1 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with [...] (440 aa) |
| | LRP6 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6; Component of the Wnt-Fzd-LRP5-LRP6 complex that triggers beta-catenin signaling through inducing aggregation of receptor-ligand complexes into ribosome-sized signalsomes. Cell-surface coreceptor of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling, which plays a pivotal role in bone formation. The Wnt-induced Fzd/LRP6 coreceptor complex recruits DVL1 polymers to the plasma membrane which, in turn, recruits the AXIN1/GSK3B-complex to the cell surface promoting the formation of signalsomes and inhibiting AXIN1/GSK3-mediated phosphorylation and destruction of [...] (1613 aa) |
| | PPP2R5A | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit alpha isoform; The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment. (486 aa) |
| | PSMA6 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-6; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (246 aa) |
| | PSMD11 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 11; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. In the complex, PSMD11 is required for proteasome assembly. P [...] (422 aa) |
| | CSNK1A1 | Casein kinase I isoform alpha; Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. It can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling. Phosphorylates CTNNB1 at 'Ser-45'. May phosphorylate PER1 and PER2. May play a role in segregating chromosomes during mitosis. May play a role in keratin cytoskeleton disassembly and thereby, it may regulate epithelial cell migration. (365 aa) |
| | PSMB1 | Proteasome subunit beta type-1; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (241 aa) |
| | AXIN1 | Axin-1; Component of the beta-catenin destruction complex required for regulating CTNNB1 levels through phosphorylation and ubiquitination, and modulating Wnt-signaling. Controls dorsoventral patterning via two opposing effects; down-regulates CTNNB1 to inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway and ventralize embryos, but also dorsalizes embryos by activating a Wnt- independent JNK signaling pathway. In Wnt signaling, probably facilitates the phosphorylation of CTNNB1 and APC by GSK3B. Likely to function as a tumor suppressor. Enhances TGF-beta signaling by recruiting the RNF111 E3 ubiquitin l [...] (862 aa) |
| | CREBBP | CREB-binding protein; Acetylates histones, giving a specific tag for transcriptional activation. Also acetylates non- histone proteins, like DDX21, FBL, IRF2, MAFG, NCOA3, POLR1E/PAF53 and FOXO1. Binds specifically to phosphorylated CREB and enhances its transcriptional activity toward cAMP-responsive genes. Acts as a coactivator of ALX1. Acts as a circadian transcriptional coactivator which enhances the activity of the circadian transcriptional activators: NPAS2-ARNTL/BMAL1 and CLOCK-ARNTL/BMAL1 heterodimers. Acetylates PCNA; acetylation promotes removal of chromatin-bound PCNA and it [...] (2442 aa) |
| | SMURF2 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SMURF2; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which accepts ubiquitin from an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme in the form of a thioester and then directly transfers the ubiquitin to targeted substrates. Interacts with SMAD1 and SMAD7 in order to trigger their ubiquitination and proteasome-dependent degradation. In addition, interaction with SMAD7 activates autocatalytic degradation, which is prevented by interaction with SCYE1. Forms a stable complex with the TGF-beta receptor-mediated phosphorylated SMAD2 and SMAD3. In this way, SMAD2 may recruit substrates, such as [...] (748 aa) |
| | CSNK2A2 | Casein kinase II subunit alpha; Catalytic subunit of a constitutively active serine/threonine-protein kinase complex that phosphorylates a large number of substrates containing acidic residues C-terminal to the phosphorylated serine or threonine. Regulates numerous cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, apoptosis and transcription, as well as viral infection. May act as a regulatory node which integrates and coordinates numerous signals leading to an appropriate cellular response. During mitosis, functions as a component of the p53/TP53-dependent spindle assembly checkpoin [...] (350 aa) |
| | EP300 | Histone acetyltransferase p300; Functions as histone acetyltransferase and regulates transcription via chromatin remodeling. Acetylates all four core histones in nucleosomes. Histone acetylation gives an epigenetic tag for transcriptional activation. Mediates cAMP-gene regulation by binding specifically to phosphorylated CREB protein. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-122' (H3K122ac), a modification that localizes at the surface of the histone octamer and stimulates transcription, possibly by promoting nucleosome instability. Mediates acetylation of histone H3 at 'Lys-27' (H3K [...] (2414 aa) |
| | CUL3 | Cullin-3; Core component of multiple cullin-RING-based BCR (BTB-CUL3- RBX1) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes which mediate the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. BCR complexes and ARIH1 collaborate in tandem to mediate ubiquitination of target proteins. As a scaffold protein may contribute to catalysis through positioning of the substrate and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme. The E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase activity of the complex is dependent on the neddylation of the cullin subunit and is inhibited by the association of the deneddylated cu [...] (768 aa) |
| | RBBP5 | Retinoblastoma-binding protein 5; In embryonic stem (ES) cells, plays a crucial role in the differentiation potential, particularly along the neural lineage, regulating gene induction and H3 'Lys-4' methylation at key developmental loci, including that mediated by retinoic acid (By similarity). As part of the MLL1/MLL complex, involved in mono-, di- and trimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3. Histone H3 'Lys-4' methylation represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. In association with ASH2L and WDR5, stimulates the histone methyltransferase activities of KMT2 [...] (538 aa) |
| | WNT5A | Protein Wnt-5a; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Can activate or inhibit canonical Wnt signaling, depending on receptor context. In the presence of FZD4, activates beta-catenin signaling. In the presence of ROR2, inhibits the canonical Wnt pathway by promoting beta-catenin degradation through a GSK3-independent pathway which involves down-regulation of beta- catenin-induced reporter gene expression (By similarity). Suppression of the canonical pathway allows chondrogenesis to occur and inhibits tumor formation. Stimulates cell migration. Decre [...] (380 aa) |
| | PSMD3 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the proteasome subunit S3 family. (534 aa) |
| | LEF1 | Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1; Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. Activates transcription of target genes in the presence of CTNNB1 and EP300. May play a role in hair cell differentiation and follicle morphogenesis. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by LEF1 and CTNNB1. Regulates T-cell receptor alpha enhancer function. Binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. PIAG antagonizes both Wnt-dependent and Wnt-independent activation by LEF1 (By similarity). Isoform 3 lacks the CTNNB1 interaction domain and may be an antagonist for Wnt signaling. Isoform 5 [...] (399 aa) |
| | PIP5K1B | Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase type-1 beta; Participates in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5- bisphosphate. Mediates RAC1-dependent reorganization of actin filaments. Contributes to the activation of PLD2. Together with PIP5K1A is required after stimulation of G-protein coupled receptors for stable platelet adhesion (By similarity). (540 aa) |
| | LGR5 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 5; Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and acts as a stem cell marker of the intestinal epithelium and the hair follicle. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the [...] (907 aa) |
| | PSMB6 | Proteasome subunit beta type-6; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (239 aa) |
| | PSMA5 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-5; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (241 aa) |
| | WNT9A | Protein Wnt-9a; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. Required for normal timing of IHH expression during embryonic bone development, normal chondrocyte maturation and for normal bone mineralization during embryonic bone development. Plays a redundant role in maintaining joint integrity. (365 aa) |
| | RPS27A | Ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a; [Ubiquitin]: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be i [...] (156 aa) |
| | SFRP2 | Secreted frizzled-related protein 2; Soluble frizzled-related proteins (sFRPS) function as modulators of Wnt signaling through direct interaction with Wnts. They have a role in regulating cell growth and differentiation in specific cell types. SFRP2 may be important for eye retinal development and for myogenesis. (295 aa) |
| | H2BC1 | Histone H2B type 1-A; Variant histone specifically required to direct the transformation of dissociating nucleosomes to protamine in male germ cells (By similarity). Entirely replaces classical histone H2B prior nucleosome to protamine transition and probably acts as a nucleosome dissociating factor that creates a more dynamic chromatin, facilitating the large-scale exchange of histones (By similarity). Core component of nucleosome (By similarity). Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template (By [...] (127 aa) |
| | RSPO2 | R-spondin-2; Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors. Upon binding to LGR4-6 (LGR4, LGR5 or LGR6), LGR4-6 associate with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Also regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent pathway and non-canonical Wnt signaling by acting as an inhibitor of ZNRF3, an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. During embryonic development, plays a crucial role in [...] (243 aa) |
| | TCF7L1 | Transcription factor 7-like 1; Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway. Binds to DNA and acts as a repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as an activator in its presence. Necessary for the terminal differentiation of epidermal cells, the formation of keratohyalin granules and the development of the barrier function of the epidermis (By similarity). Down-regulates NQO1, leading to increased mitomycin c resistance. (588 aa) |
| | WNT3A | Protein Wnt-3a; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (Probable). Functions in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that results in activation of transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family. Required for normal embryonic mesoderm development and formation of caudal somites. Required for normal morphogenesis of the developing neural tube (By similarity). Mediates self-renewal of the stem cells at the bottom on intestinal crypts (in vitro). (352 aa) |
| | DKK2 | Dickkopf-related protein 2; Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease (By similarity); Belongs to the dickkopf family. (259 aa) |
| | WIF1 | Wnt inhibitory factor 1; Binds to WNT proteins and inhibits their activities. May be involved in mesoderm segmentation. (379 aa) |
| | FZD1 | Frizzled-1; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Activated by WNT3A, WNT3, WNT1 and to a lesser extent WNT2, but apparently not by WNT4, WNT5A, WNT5B, WNT6, WNT7A or WNT7B. Contradictory results showing activation by WNT7B have been described for mouse (By similarity). Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been se [...] (647 aa) |
| | H2BC5 | Histone H2B type 1-D; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | WNT4 | Protein Wnt-4; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (Probable). Plays an important role in the embryonic development of the urogenital tract and the lung. Required for normal mesenchyme to epithelium transition during embryonic kidney development. Required for the formation of early epithelial renal vesicles during kidney development (By similarity). Required for normal formation of the Mullerian duct in females, and normal levels of oocytes in the ovaries. Required for normal down-regulation of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in the ovary. Req [...] (351 aa) |
| | PSMB4 | Proteasome subunit beta type-4; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (264 aa) |
| | CTBP1 | C-terminal-binding protein 1; Corepressor targeting diverse transcription regulators such as GLIS2 or BCL6. Has dehydrogenase activity. Involved in controlling the equilibrium between tubular and stacked structures in the Golgi complex. Functions in brown adipose tissue (BAT) differentiation. Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family. (440 aa) |
| | PSME3 | Proteasome activator complex subunit 3; Subunit of the 11S REG-gamma (also called PA28-gamma) proteasome regulator, a doughnut-shaped homoheptamer which associates with the proteasome. 11S REG-gamma activates the trypsin-like catalytic subunit of the proteasome but inhibits the chymotrypsin-like and postglutamyl-preferring (PGPH) subunits. Facilitates the MDM2-p53/TP53 interaction which promotes ubiquitination- and MDM2-dependent proteasomal degradation of p53/TP53, limiting its accumulation and resulting in inhibited apoptosis after DNA damage. May also be involved in cell cycle regul [...] (267 aa) |
| | WNT1 | Proto-oncogene Wnt-1; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors (Probable). Acts in the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by promoting beta-catenin-dependent transcriptional activation. In some developmental processes, is also a ligand for the coreceptor RYK, thus triggering Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays an essential role in the development of the embryonic brain and central nervous system (CNS) (By similarity). Has a role in osteoblast function, bone development and bone homeostasis. (370 aa) |
| | LRP5 | Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5; Acts as a coreceptor with members of the frizzled family of seven-transmembrane spanning receptors to transduce signal by Wnt proteins. Activates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway that controls cell fate determination and self-renewal during embryonic development and adult tissue regeneration. In particular, may play an important role in the development of the posterior patterning of the epiblast during gastrulation (By similarity). During bone development, regulates osteoblast proliferation and differentiation thus determining bone [...] (1615 aa) |
| | H2AZ1 | Histone H2A.Z; Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post- translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for c [...] (128 aa) |
| | SOX17 | Transcription factor SOX-17; Acts as transcription regulator that binds target promoter DNA and bends the DNA. Binds to the sequences 5'-AACAAT-'3 or 5'- AACAAAG-3'. Modulates transcriptional regulation via WNT3A. Inhibits Wnt signaling. Promotes degradation of activated CTNNB1. Plays a key role in the regulation of embryonic development. Required for normal development of the definitive gut endoderm. Required for normal looping of the embryonic heart tube. Plays an important role in embryonic and postnatal vascular development, including development of arteries. Plays an important rol [...] (414 aa) |
| | LEO1 | RNA polymerase-associated protein LEO1; Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser- 5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional elongation, acting both indepentently and synergistically with TCEA1 and in cooperation with the DSIF complex and HTATSF1. PAF1C is required for transcription of Hox [...] (666 aa) |
| | KMT2D | Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2D; Histone methyltransferase. Methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4me). H3K4me represents a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation. Acts as a coactivator for estrogen receptor by being recruited by ESR1, thereby activating transcription. Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltransferase superfamily. Histone-lysine methyltransferase family. TRX/MLL subfamily. (5537 aa) |
| | SOST | Sclerostin; Negative regulator of bone growth that acts through inhibition of Wnt signaling and bone formation. (213 aa) |
| | SOX7 | Transcription factor SOX-7; Binds to and activates the CDH5 promoter, hence plays a role in the transcriptional regulation of genes expressed in the hemogenic endothelium and blocks further differentiation into blood precursors (By similarity). May be required for the survival of both hematopoietic and endothelial precursors during specification (By similarity). Competes with GATA4 for binding and activation of the FGF3 promoter (By similarity). Represses Wnt/beta-catenin-stimulated transcription, probably by targeting CTNNB1 to proteasomal degradation. Binds the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. (388 aa) |
| | PYGO1 | Pygopus homolog 1; Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway. (419 aa) |
| | AXIN2 | Axin-2; Inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. Down-regulates beta- catenin. Probably facilitate the phosphorylation of beta-catenin and APC by GSK3B. (843 aa) |
| | H2AC8 | Histone H2A type 1-B/E; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (130 aa) |
| | KREMEN2 | Kremen protein 2; Receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Cooperates with DKK1/2 to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting the endocytosis of Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6. Plays a role in limb development; attenuates Wnt signaling in the developing limb to allow normal limb patterning and can also negatively regulate bone formation. (462 aa) |
| | H2AZ2 | Histone H2A.V; Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post- translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. May be involved in the formation of constitutive heterochromatin. May be required for c [...] (128 aa) |
| | PSMD1 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 1; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the proteasome subunit S1 family. (953 aa) |
| | TERT | Telomerase reverse transcriptase; Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme essential for the replication of chromosome termini in most eukaryotes. Active in progenitor and cancer cells. Inactive, or very low activity, in normal somatic cells. Catalytic component of the teleromerase holoenzyme complex whose main activity is the elongation of telomeres by acting as a reverse transcriptase that adds simple sequence repeats to chromosome ends by copying a template sequence within the RNA component of the enzyme. Catalyzes the RNA-dependent extension of 3'-chromosomal termini with the 6-nuc [...] (1132 aa) |
| | PSMD2 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the proteasome subunit S2 family. (908 aa) |
| | PSMC5 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 8; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC5 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with [...] (406 aa) |
| | PSMA8 | Proteasome subunit alpha-type 8; Component of the spermatoproteasome, a proteasome specifically found in testis that promotes acetylation-dependent degradation of histones, thereby participating actively to the exchange of histones during spermatogenesis. The proteasome is a protein complexe that degrades unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis, a chemical reaction that breaks peptide bonds. Required for 20S core proteasome assembly, essential for the degradation of meiotic proteins RAD51 and RPA1 at late prophase I and the progression of meiosis I during spermatogenesis. Localizes [...] (256 aa) |
| | PPP2R1B | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A beta isoform; The PR65 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. (667 aa) |
| | TNKS | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-1; Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase involved in various processes such as Wnt signaling pathway, telomere length and vesicle trafficking. Acts as an activator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating poly- ADP-ribosylation (PARsylation) of AXIN1 and AXIN2, 2 key components of the beta-catenin destruction complex: poly-ADP-ribosylated target proteins are recognized by RNF146, which mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Also mediates PARsylation of BLZF1 and CASC3, followed by recruitment of RNF146 and subsequent ubiquitination. Medi [...] (1327 aa) |
| | DVL3 | Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-3; Involved in the signal transduction pathway mediated by multiple Wnt genes. (716 aa) |
| | RUVBL1 | RuvB-like 1; Possesses single-stranded DNA-stimulated ATPase and ATP- dependent DNA helicase (3' to 5') activity; hexamerization is thought to be critical for ATP hydrolysis and adjacent subunits in the ring- like structure contribute to the ATPase activity. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome-DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively reg [...] (456 aa) |
| | H2BC4 | Histone H2B type 1-C/E/F/G/I; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | SOX2 | Transcription factor SOX-2; Transcription factor that forms a trimeric complex with OCT4 on DNA and controls the expression of a number of genes involved in embryonic development such as YES1, FGF4, UTF1 and ZFP206 (By similarity). Binds to the proximal enhancer region of NANOG (By similarity). Critical for early embryogenesis and for embryonic stem cell pluripotency. Downstream SRRT target that mediates the promotion of neural stem cell self-renewal (By similarity). Keeps neural cells undifferentiated by counteracting the activity of proneural proteins and suppresses neuronal differen [...] (317 aa) |
| | FZD2 | Frizzled-2; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to i [...] (565 aa) |
| | PPP2R1A | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 65 kDa regulatory subunit A alpha isoform; The PR65 subunit of protein phosphatase 2A serves as a scaffolding molecule to coordinate the assembly of the catalytic subunit and a variable regulatory B subunit. Upon interaction with GNA12 promotes dephosphorylation of microtubule associated protein TAU/MAPT. Required for proper chromosome segregation and for centromeric localization of SGO1 in mitosis. (589 aa) |
| | GSK3B | Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta; Constitutively active protein kinase that acts as a negative regulator in the hormonal control of glucose homeostasis, Wnt signaling and regulation of transcription factors and microtubules, by phosphorylating and inactivating glycogen synthase (GYS1 or GYS2), EIF2B, CTNNB1/beta-catenin, APC, AXIN1, DPYSL2/CRMP2, JUN, NFATC1/NFATC, MAPT/TAU and MACF1. Requires primed phosphorylation of the majority of its substrates. In skeletal muscle, contributes to insulin regulation of glycogen synthesis by phosphorylating and inhibiting GYS1 activity and hence glyc [...] (433 aa) |
| | H2AC14 | Histone H2A type 1-J; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (128 aa) |
| | KREMEN1 | Kremen protein 1; Receptor for Dickkopf proteins. Cooperates with DKK1/2 to inhibit Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by promoting the endocytosis of Wnt receptors LRP5 and LRP6. In the absence of DKK1, potentiates Wnt-beta- catenin signaling by maintaining LRP5 or LRP6 at the cell membrane. Can trigger apoptosis in a Wnt-independent manner and this apoptotic activity is inhibited upon binding of the ligand DKK1. Plays a role in limb development; attenuates Wnt signaling in the developing limb to allow normal limb patterning and can also negatively regulate bone formation. Modulates cell fate [...] (492 aa) |
| | H2AC20 | Histone H2A type 2-C; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (129 aa) |
| | H3C13 | Histone H3.2; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (136 aa) |
| | BCL9L | B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9-like protein; Transcriptional regulator that acts as an activator. Promotes beta-catenin transcriptional activity. Plays a role in tumorigenesis. Enhances the neoplastic transforming activity of CTNNB1 (By similarity); Belongs to the BCL9 family. (1499 aa) |
| | MEN1 | Menin; Essential component of a MLL/SET1 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex, a complex that specifically methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3 (H3K4). Functions as a transcriptional regulator. Binds to the TERT promoter and represses telomerase expression. Plays a role in TGFB1-mediated inhibition of cell-proliferation, possibly regulating SMAD3 transcriptional activity. Represses JUND-mediated transcriptional activation on AP1 sites, as well as that mediated by NFKB subunit RELA. Positively regulates HOXC8 and HOXC6 gene expression. May be involved in normal hematopoiesis through the [...] (615 aa) |
| | DACT1 | Dapper homolog 1; Involved in regulation of intracellular signaling pathways during development. Specifically thought to play a role in canonical and/or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways through interaction with DSH (Dishevelled) family proteins. The activation/inhibition of Wnt signaling may depend on the phosphorylation status. Proposed to regulate the degradation of CTNNB1/beta-catenin, thereby modulating the transcriptional activation of target genes of the Wnt signaling pathway. Its function in stabilizing CTNNB1 may involve inhibition of GSK3B activity. Promotes the membrane l [...] (836 aa) |
| | PPP2R5E | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit epsilon isoform; The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment; Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family. (467 aa) |
| | PSMF1 | Proteasome inhibitor PI31 subunit; Plays an important role in control of proteasome function. Inhibits the hydrolysis of protein and peptide substrates by the 20S proteasome. Also inhibits the activation of the proteasome by the proteasome regulatory proteins PA700 and PA28. Belongs to the proteasome inhibitor PI31 family. (271 aa) |
| | CAV1 | Caveolin-1; May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Mediates the recruitment of CAVIN proteins (CAVIN1/2/3/4) to the caveolae. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity (By similarity). Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Its binding to DPP4 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner. Recrui [...] (178 aa) |
| | KAT5 | Histone acetyltransferase KAT5; Catalytic subunit of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is involved in transcriptional activation of select genes principally by acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. This modification may both alter nucleosome-DNA interactions and promote interaction of the modified histones with other proteins which positively regulate transcription. This complex may be required for the activation of transcriptional programs associated with oncogene and proto-oncogene mediated growth induction, tumor suppressor mediated growth arrest and replica [...] (546 aa) |
| | TCF7 | Transcription factor 7; Transcriptional activator involved in T-cell lymphocyte differentiation. Necessary for the survival of CD4(+) CD8(+) immature thymocytes. Isoforms lacking the N-terminal CTNNB1 binding domain cannot fulfill this role. Binds to the T-lymphocyte-specific enhancer element (5'-WWCAAAG-3') found in the promoter of the CD3E gene. May also act as feedback transcriptional repressor of CTNNB1 and TCF7L2 target genes. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by TCF7 and CTNNB1. (384 aa) |
| | WNT8B | Protein Wnt-8b; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. May play an important role in the development and differentiation of certain forebrain structures, notably the hippocampus. (351 aa) |
| | ASH2L | Set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase complex subunit ASH2; Component of the Set1/Ash2 histone methyltransferase (HMT) complex, a complex that specifically methylates 'Lys-4' of histone H3, but not if the neighboring 'Lys-9' residue is already methylated. As part of the MLL1/MLL complex it is involved in methylation and dimethylation at 'Lys-4' of histone H3. May function as a transcriptional regulator. May play a role in hematopoiesis. In association with RBBP5 and WDR5, stimulates the histone methyltransferase activities of KMT2A, KMT2B, KMT2C, KMT2D, SETD1A and SETD1B. (628 aa) |
| | H2AC7 | Histone H2A type 1-D; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (130 aa) |
| | SMARCA4 | Transcription activator BRG1; Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes that carry out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner. Component of the CREST-BRG1 complex, a multiprotein complex that regulates promoter activation by orchestrating the calcium- dependent release of a repressor complex and the recruitment of an activator complex. In resting ne [...] (1647 aa) |
| | PSMD12 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 12; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. (456 aa) |
| | RSPO1 | R-spondin-1; Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors. Upon binding to LGR4-6 (LGR4, LGR5 or LGR6), LGR4-6 associate with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Also regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin- dependent pathway and non-canonical Wnt signaling by acting as an inhibitor of ZNRF3, an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Acts as a ligand for frizzled FZD8 and LRP6. May neg [...] (263 aa) |
| | RSPO3 | R-spondin-3; Activator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway by acting as a ligand for LGR4-6 receptors, which acts as a key regulator of angiogenesis. Upon binding to LGR4-6 (LGR4, LGR5 or LGR6), LGR4-6 associate with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. Also regulates the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin-dependent pathway and non- canonical Wnt signaling by acting as an inhibitor of ZNRF3, an important regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Acts [...] (272 aa) |
| | H2BC12 | Histone H2B type 1-K; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | PSMB10 | Proteasome subunit beta type-10; The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. This subunit is involved in antigen processing to generate class I binding peptides. (273 aa) |
| | FZD6 | Frizzled-6; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most of frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated in the canonical pathway, as PKC seems to be required for Wnt-mediated inactivation of GSK-3 kinase. Both pathways seem to i [...] (706 aa) |
| | H3C12 | Histone H3.1; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (136 aa) |
| | TRRAP | Transformation/transcription domain-associated protein; Adapter protein, which is found in various multiprotein chromatin complexes with histone acetyltransferase activity (HAT), which gives a specific tag for epigenetic transcription activation. Component of the NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex which is responsible for acetylation of nucleosomal histones H4 and H2A. Plays a central role in MYC transcription activation, and also participates in cell transformation by MYC. Required for p53/TP53-, E2F1- and E2F4- mediated transcription activation. Also involved in transcription act [...] (3859 aa) |
| | FZD5 | Frizzled-5; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Can activate WNT2, WNT10B, WNT5A, but not WNT2B or WNT4 (in vitro); the in vivo situation may be different since not all of these are known to be coexpressed (By similarity). In neurons, activation of WNT7A promotes formation of synapses. Functions in the canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes (By similarity). A second signaling pathway involving [...] (585 aa) |
| | PSMB5 | Proteasome subunit beta type-5; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (263 aa) |
| | H3-4 | Histone H3.1t; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (136 aa) |
| | SOX13 | Transcription factor SOX-13; Binds to the sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. (622 aa) |
| | KLHL12 | Kelch-like protein 12; Substrate-specific adapter of a BCR (BTB-CUL3-RBX1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that acts as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling pathway and ER-Golgi transport. The BCR(KLHL12) complex is involved in ER-Golgi transport by regulating the size of COPII coats, thereby playing a key role in collagen export, which is required for embryonic stem (ES) cells division: BCR(KLHL12) acts by mediating monoubiquitination of SEC31 (SEC31A or SEC31B). The BCR(KLHL12) complex is also involved in neural crest specification: in response to cytosolic calcium increase, interacts w [...] (568 aa) |
| | LGR6 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6; Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and acts as a marker of multipotent stem cells in the epidermis. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. May act as [...] (967 aa) |
| | CDC73 | Parafibromin; Tumor suppressor probably involved in transcriptional and post-transcriptional control pathways. May be involved in cell cycle progression through the regulation of cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression. Component of the PAF1 complex (PAF1C) which has multiple functions during transcription by RNA polymerase II and is implicated in regulation of development and maintenance of embryonic stem cell pluripotency. PAF1C associates with RNA polymerase II through interaction with POLR2A CTD non-phosphorylated and 'Ser-2'- and 'Ser- 5'-phosphorylated forms and is involved in transcriptional [...] (531 aa) |
| | RNF146 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF146; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that specifically binds poly-ADP- ribosylated (PARsylated) proteins and mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. May regulate many important biological processes, such as cell survival and DNA damage response. Acts as an activator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination of PARsylated AXIN1 and AXIN2, 2 key components of the beta-catenin destruction complex. Acts in cooperation with tankyrase proteins (TNKS and TNKS2), which mediate PARsylation of target proteins AXIN1, AXIN2, BLZF1, CA [...] (359 aa) |
| | PYGO2 | Pygopus homolog 2; Involved in signal transduction through the Wnt pathway. (406 aa) |
| | PSMD4 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 4; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMD4 acts as an ubiquitin receptor subunit through ubiquitin- [...] (380 aa) |
| | H2BC21 | Histone H2B type 2-E; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2AC18 | Histone H2A type 2-A; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (130 aa) |
| | BTRC | F-box/WD repeat-containing protein 1A; Substrate recognition component of a SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex which mediates the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins. Recognizes and binds to phosphorylated target proteins. SCF(BTRC) mediates the ubiquitination of CTNNB1 and participates in Wnt signaling. SCF(BTRC) mediates the ubiquitination of phosphorylated NFKB1, ATF4, CDC25A, DLG1, FBXO5, PER1, SMAD3, SMAD4, SNAI1 and probably NFKB2. SCF(BTRC) mediates the ubiquitination of NFKBIA, NFKBIB and NFKBIE; the degradatio [...] (605 aa) |
| | SOX3 | Transcription factor SOX-3; Transcription factor required during the formation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis. May function as a switch in neuronal development. Keeps neural cells undifferentiated by counteracting the activity of proneural proteins and suppresses neuronal differentiation. Required also within the pharyngeal epithelia for craniofacial morphogenesis. Controls a genetic switch in male development. Is necessary for initiating male sex determination by directing the development of supporting cell precursors (pre-Sertoli cells) as Sertoli rather than granulosa cells (By s [...] (446 aa) |
| | PSMA7 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-7; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (248 aa) |
| | FRAT2 | GSK-3-binding protein FRAT2; Positively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway by stabilizing beta-catenin through the association with GSK-3; Belongs to the GSK-3-binding protein family. (233 aa) |
| | FRAT1 | Proto-oncogene FRAT1; Positively regulates the Wnt signaling pathway by stabilizing beta-catenin through the association with GSK-3. May play a role in tumor progression and collaborate with PIM1 and MYC in lymphomagenesis. (279 aa) |
| | XIAP | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase XIAP; Multi-functional protein which regulates not only caspases and apoptosis, but also modulates inflammatory signaling and immunity, copper homeostasis, mitogenic kinase signaling, cell proliferation, as well as cell invasion and metastasis. Acts as a direct caspase inhibitor. Directly bind to the active site pocket of CASP3 and CASP7 and obstructs substrate entry. Inactivates CASP9 by keeping it in a monomeric, inactive state. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase regulating NF-kappa-B signaling and the target proteins for its E3 ubiquitin-protein ligas [...] (497 aa) |
| | TNKS2 | Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase tankyrase-2; Poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase involved in various processes such as Wnt signaling pathway, telomere length and vesicle trafficking. Acts as an activator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating poly-ADP-ribosylation of AXIN1 and AXIN2, 2 key components of the beta-catenin destruction complex: poly- ADP-ribosylated target proteins are recognized by RNF146, which mediates their ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Also mediates poly-ADP-ribosylation of BLZF1 and CASC3, followed by recruitment of RNF146 and subsequent ubiquitination. Mediates [...] (1166 aa) |
| | PSMB2 | Proteasome subunit beta type-2; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (201 aa) |
| | HDAC1 | Histone deacetylase 1; Responsible for the deacetylation of lysine residues on the N-terminal part of the core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4). Histone deacetylation gives a tag for epigenetic repression and plays an important role in transcriptional regulation, cell cycle progression and developmental events. Histone deacetylases act via the formation of large multiprotein complexes. Deacetylates SP proteins, SP1 and SP3, and regulates their function. Component of the BRG1-RB1-HDAC1 complex, which negatively regulates the CREST-mediated transcription in resting neurons. Upon calcium st [...] (482 aa) |
| | DKK1 | Dickkopf-related protein 1; Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease. Inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of KREMEN1 in a Wnt-independent manner [...] (266 aa) |
| | FZD8 | Frizzled-8; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Component of the Wnt-Fzd-LRP5-LRP6 complex that triggers beta-catenin signaling through inducing aggregation of receptor-ligand complexes into ribosome-sized signalosomes. The beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. A second signaling pathway involving PKC and calcium fluxes has been seen for some family members, but it is not yet clear if it represents a distinct pathway or if it can be integrated i [...] (694 aa) |
| | PSMB9 | Proteasome subunit beta type-9; The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. This subunit is involved in antigen processing to generate class I binding peptides. Replacement of PSMB6 by PSMB9 increases the capacity of the immunoproteasome to cleave model peptides after hydrophobic and basic residues. (219 aa) |
| | AMER1 | APC membrane recruitment protein 1; Regulator of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Acts by specifically binding phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2), translocating to the cell membrane and interacting with key regulators of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, such as components of the beta-catenin destruction complex. Acts both as a positive and negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, depending on the context: acts as a positive regulator by promoting LRP6 phosphorylation. Also acts as a negative regulator by acting as a scaffold protein for the beta-caten [...] (1135 aa) |
| | PSMB8 | Proteasome subunit beta type-8; The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. This subunit is involved in antigen processing to generate class I binding peptides. Replacement of PSMB5 by PSMB8 increases the capacity of the immunoproteasome to cleave model peptides after hydrophobic and basic residues. Involved in the generation of spliced peptides resulting from the liga [...] (276 aa) |
| | CSNK2B | Casein kinase II subunit beta; Participates in Wnt signaling (By similarity). Plays a complex role in regulating the basal catalytic activity of the alpha subunit; Belongs to the casein kinase 2 subunit beta family. (215 aa) |
| | TLE1 | Transducin-like enhancer protein 1; Transcriptional corepressor that binds to a number of transcription factors. Inhibits NF-kappa-B-regulated gene expression. Inhibits the transcriptional activation mediated by FOXA2, and by CTNNB1 and TCF family members in Wnt signaling. The effects of full- length TLE family members may be modulated by association with dominant-negative AES. Unusual function as coactivator for ESRRG. Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family. (770 aa) |
| | TLE4 | Transducin-like enhancer protein 4; Transcriptional corepressor that binds to a number of transcription factors. Inhibits the transcriptional activation mediated by PAX5, and by CTNNB1 and TCF family members in Wnt signaling. The effects of full-length TLE family members may be modulated by association with dominant-negative AES. Essential for the transcriptional repressor activity of SIX3 during retina and lens development and for SIX3 transcriptional auto-repression (By similarity); Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family. (805 aa) |
| | CTNNBIP1 | Beta-catenin-interacting protein 1; Prevents the interaction between CTNNB1 and TCF family members, and acts as negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway. Belongs to the CTNNBIP1 family. (81 aa) |
| | H2BC13 | Histone H2B type 1-L; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2AC6 | Histone H2A type 1-C; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (130 aa) |
| | DVL1 | Segment polarity protein dishevelled homolog DVL-1; Participates in Wnt signaling by binding to the cytoplasmic C-terminus of frizzled family members and transducing the Wnt signal to down-stream effectors. Plays a role both in canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling. Plays a role in the signal transduction pathways mediated by multiple Wnt genes. Required for LEF1 activation upon WNT1 and WNT3A signaling. DVL1 and PAK1 form a ternary complex with MUSK which is important for MUSK-dependent regulation of AChR clustering during the formation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). (695 aa) |
| | LGR4 | Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 4; Receptor for R-spondins that potentiates the canonical Wnt signaling pathway and is involved in the formation of various organs. Upon binding to R-spondins (RSPO1, RSPO2, RSPO3 or RSPO4), associates with phosphorylated LRP6 and frizzled receptors that are activated by extracellular Wnt receptors, triggering the canonical Wnt signaling pathway to increase expression of target genes. In contrast to classical G-protein coupled receptors, does not activate heterotrimeric G-proteins to transduce the signal. Its function as activat [...] (951 aa) |
| | PSME1 | Proteasome activator complex subunit 1; Implicated in immunoproteasome assembly and required for efficient antigen processing. The PA28 activator complex enhances the generation of class I binding peptides by altering the cleavage pattern of the proteasome. (250 aa) |
| | SRY | Sex-determining region Y protein; Transcriptional regulator that controls a genetic switch in male development. It is necessary and sufficient for initiating male sex determination by directing the development of supporting cell precursors (pre-Sertoli cells) as Sertoli rather than granulosa cells (By similarity). In male adult brain involved in the maintenance of motor functions of dopaminergic neurons (By similarity). Involved in different aspects of gene regulation including promoter activation or repression (By similarity). Promotes DNA bending. SRY HMG box recognizes DNA by partia [...] (204 aa) |
| | CCDC88C | Protein Daple; Required for activation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) during non-canonical Wnt signaling. Binds to ligand-activated Wnt receptor FZD7, displacing DVL1 from the FZD7 receptor and leading to inhibition of canonical Wnt signaling. Acts as a non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor by also binding to guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) alpha (Gi-alpha) subunits, leading to their activation. Binding to Gi-alpha subunits displaces the beta and gamma subunits from the heterotrimeric G-protein complex, triggering non-canonical Wnt responses such [...] (2028 aa) |
| | AKT2 | RAC-beta serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT2 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (481 aa) |
| | CXXC4 | CXXC-type zinc finger protein 4; Acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway via its interaction with DVL1 (By similarity). Binds preferentially to DNA containing cytidine-phosphate-guanosine (CpG) dinucleotides over CpH (H=A, T, and C), hemimethylated-CpG and hemimethylated-hydroxymethyl- CpG. (367 aa) |
| | HECW1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase HECW1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that mediates ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DVL1. Also targets the mutant SOD1 protein involved in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (FALS). Forms cytotoxic aggregates with DVL1, SSR3 and mutant SOD1 that lead to motor neuron death in FALS. (1606 aa) |
| | YWHAZ | 14-3-3 protein zeta/delta; Adapter protein implicated in the regulation of a large spectrum of both general and specialized signaling pathways. Binds to a large number of partners, usually by recognition of a phosphoserine or phosphothreonine motif. Binding generally results in the modulation of the activity of the binding partner. Induces ARHGEF7 activity on RAC1 as well as lamellipodia and membrane ruffle formation. In neurons, regulates spine maturation through the modulation of ARHGEF7 activity (By similarity). Belongs to the 14-3-3 family. (245 aa) |
| | SOX6 | Transcription factor SOX-6; Transcriptional activator. Binds specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-AACAAT-3'. Plays a key role in several developmental processes, including neurogenesis and skeleton formation. (808 aa) |
| | USP8 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 8; Hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from proteins and therefore plays an important regulatory role at the level of protein turnover by preventing degradation. Converts both 'Lys-48' an 'Lys-63'-linked ubiquitin chains. Catalytic activity is enhanced in the M phase. Involved in cell proliferation. Required to enter into S phase in response to serum stimulation. May regulate T-cell anergy mediated by RNF128 via the formation of a complex containing RNF128 and OTUB1. Probably regulates the stability of STAM2 and RASGRF1. Regulates endoso [...] (1118 aa) |
| | CSNK1E | Casein kinase I isoform epsilon; Casein kinases are operationally defined by their preferential utilization of acidic proteins such as caseins as substrates. Can phosphorylate a large number of proteins. Participates in Wnt signaling. Phosphorylates DVL1 and DVL2. Central component of the circadian clock. In balance with PP1, determines the circadian period length, through the regulation of the speed and rhythmicity of PER1 and PER2 phosphorylation. Controls PER1 and PER2 nuclear transport and degradation. Inhibits cytokine-induced granuloytic differentiation. (416 aa) |
| | USP34 | Ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 34; Ubiquitin hydrolase that can remove conjugated ubiquitin from AXIN1 and AXIN2, thereby acting as a regulator of Wnt signaling pathway. Acts as an activator of the Wnt signaling pathway downstream of the beta-catenin destruction complex by deubiquitinating and stabilizing AXIN1 and AXIN2, leading to promote nuclear accumulation of AXIN1 and AXIN2 and positively regulate beta-catenin (CTNBB1)-mediated transcription. Recognizes and hydrolyzes the peptide bond at the C- terminal Gly of ubiquitin. Involved in the processing of poly-ubiquitin precurs [...] (3546 aa) |
| | RUNX3 | Runt-related transcription factor 3; Forms the heterodimeric complex core-binding factor (CBF) with CBFB. RUNX members modulate the transcription of their target genes through recognizing the core consensus binding sequence 5'- TGTGGT-3', or very rarely, 5'-TGCGGT-3', within their regulatory regions via their runt domain, while CBFB is a non-DNA-binding regulatory subunit that allosterically enhances the sequence-specific DNA-binding capacity of RUNX. The heterodimers bind to the core site of a number of enhancers and promoters, including murine leukemia virus, polyomavirus enhancer, T [...] (429 aa) |
| | PSME4 | Proteasome activator complex subunit 4; Associated component of the proteasome that specifically recognizes acetylated histones and promotes ATP- and ubiquitin- independent degradation of core histones during spermatogenesis and DNA damage response. Recognizes and binds acetylated histones via its bromodomain-like (BRDL) region and activates the proteasome by opening the gated channel for substrate entry. Binds to the core proteasome via its C-terminus, which occupies the same binding sites as the proteasomal ATPases, opening the closed structure of the proteasome via an active gating [...] (1843 aa) |
| | XPO1 | Exportin-1; Mediates the nuclear export of cellular proteins (cargos) bearing a leucine-rich nuclear export signal (NES) and of RNAs. In the nucleus, in association with RANBP3, binds cooperatively to the NES on its target protein and to the GTPase RAN in its active GTP-bound form (Ran-GTP). Docking of this complex to the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is mediated through binding to nucleoporins. Upon transit of a nuclear export complex into the cytoplasm, disassembling of the complex and hydrolysis of Ran-GTP to Ran-GDP (induced by RANBP1 and RANGAP1, respectively) cause release of the ca [...] (1071 aa) |
| | PSMB11 | Proteasome subunit beta type-11; The proteasome is a multicatalytic proteinase complex which is characterized by its ability to cleave peptides with Arg, Phe, Tyr, Leu, and Glu adjacent to the leaving group at neutral or slightly basic pH. The proteasome has an ATP-dependent proteolytic activity. Incorporated instead of PSMB5 or PSMB8, this unit reduces the chymotrypsin-like activity of the proteasome (By similarity). Plays a pivotal role in development of CD8-positive T cells (By similarity). Belongs to the peptidase T1B family. (300 aa) |
| | PSMD14 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 14; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. The PSMD14 subunit is a metalloprotease that specifically cle [...] (310 aa) |
| | UBA52 | Ubiquitin-60S ribosomal protein L40; [Ubiquitin]: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be in [...] (128 aa) |
| | PSMC2 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 7; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC2 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated with [...] (433 aa) |
| | PSMD13 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 13; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. (378 aa) |
| | PPP2R5C | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit gamma isoform; The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment. The PP2A- PPP2R5C holoenzyme may specifically dephosphorylate and activate TP53 and play a role in DNA damage-induced inhibition of cell proliferation. PP2A-PPP2R5C may also regulate the ERK signaling pathway through ERK dephosphorylation. (555 aa) |
| | PSMA1 | Proteasome subunit alpha type-1; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pr [...] (269 aa) |
| | PPP2R5D | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A 56 kDa regulatory subunit delta isoform; The B regulatory subunit might modulate substrate selectivity and catalytic activity, and also might direct the localization of the catalytic enzyme to a particular subcellular compartment; Belongs to the phosphatase 2A regulatory subunit B56 family. (602 aa) |
| | PPP2CA | Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit alpha isoform; PP2A is the major phosphatase for microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). PP2A can modulate the activity of phosphorylase B kinase casein kinase 2, mitogen-stimulated S6 kinase, and MAP-2 kinase. Cooperates with SGO2 to protect centromeric cohesin from separase- mediated cleavage in oocytes specifically during meiosis I (By similarity). Can dephosphorylate SV40 large T antigen and p53/TP53. Activates RAF1 by dephosphorylating it at 'Ser-259'. (309 aa) |
| | PSMD6 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 6; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair; Belongs to the proteasome subunit S10 family. (442 aa) |
| | WNT8A | Protein Wnt-8a; Ligand for members of the frizzled family of seven transmembrane receptors. Plays a role in embryonic patterning. (369 aa) |
| | H2AX | Histone H2AX; Variant histone H2A which replaces conventional H2A in a subset of nucleosomes. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post- translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. Required for checkpoint-mediated arrest of cell cycle progression in response to low dos [...] (143 aa) |
| | FZD4 | Frizzled-4; Receptor for Wnt proteins. Most frizzled receptors are coupled to the beta-catenin (CTNNB1) canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin (CTNNB1) and activation of Wnt target genes. Plays a critical role in retinal vascularization by acting as a receptor for Wnt proteins and norrin (NDP) (By similarity). In retina, it can be activated by Wnt protein-binding and also by Wnt-independent signaling via binding of norrin (NDP), promoting in both cases beta-catenin (CTNNB1) accu [...] (537 aa) |
| | H2AJ | Histone H2A.J; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (129 aa) |
| | PSMD9 | 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 9; Acts as a chaperone during the assembly of the 26S proteasome, specifically of the base subcomplex of the PA700/19S regulatory complex (RC). During the base subcomplex assembly is part of an intermediate PSMD9:PSMC6:PSMC3 module, also known as modulator trimer complex; PSMD9 is released during the further base assembly process. (223 aa) |
| | UBC | Polyubiquitin-C; [Ubiquitin]: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair [...] (685 aa) |
| | ZNRF3 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase ZNRF3; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of Wnt receptor complex components Frizzled and LRP6. Acts on both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Acts as a tumor suppressor in the intestinal stem cell zone by inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway, thereby resticting the size of the intestinal stem cell zone. Along with RSPO2 and RNF43, constitutes a master switch that governs limb specification (By similarity); Belongs to the ZNRF3 [...] (936 aa) |
| | AKT1 | RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (480 aa) |
| | TLE3 | Transducin-like enhancer protein 3; Transcriptional corepressor that binds to a number of transcription factors. Inhibits the transcriptional activation mediated by CTNNB1 and TCF family members in Wnt signaling. The effects of full- length TLE family members may be modulated by association with dominant-negative AES (By similarity). (772 aa) |
| | RNF43 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF43; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that acts as a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway by mediating the ubiquitination, endocytosis and subsequent degradation of Wnt receptor complex components Frizzled. Acts on both canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Along with RSPO2 and ZNRF3, constitutes a master switch that governs limb specification (By similarity). (783 aa) |
| | TLE2 | Transducin-like enhancer protein 2; Transcriptional corepressor that binds to a number of transcription factors. Inhibits the transcriptional activation mediated by CTNNB1 and TCF family members in Wnt signaling. The effects of full- length TLE family members may be modulated by association with dominant-negative AES (By similarity); Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family. (744 aa) |
| | H2BC11 | Histone H2B type 1-J; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2BC17 | Histone H2B type 1-O; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2BC14 | Histone H2B type 1-M; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | RYK | Tyrosine-protein kinase RYK; May be a coreceptor along with FZD8 of Wnt proteins, such as WNT1, WNT3, WNT3A and WNT5A. Involved in neuron differentiation, axon guidance, corpus callosum establishment and neurite outgrowth. In response to WNT3 stimulation, receptor C-terminal cleavage occurs in its transmembrane region and allows the C-terminal intracellular product to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it plays a crucial role in neuronal development; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Tyr protein kinase family. (610 aa) |
| | UBB | Polyubiquitin-B; [Ubiquitin]: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair [...] (229 aa) |
| | MYC | Myc proto-oncogene protein; Transcription factor that binds DNA in a non-specific manner, yet also specifically recognizes the core sequence 5'-CAC[GA]TG-3'. Activates the transcription of growth-related genes. Binds to the VEGFA promoter, promoting VEGFA production and subsequent sprouting angiogenesis. Regulator of somatic reprogramming, controls self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Functions with TAF6L to activate target gene expression through RNA polymerase II pause release (By similarity). (454 aa) |
| | CBY1 | Protein chibby homolog 1; Inhibits the Wnt/Wingless pathway by binding to CTNNB1/beta- catenin and inhibiting beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activation through competition with TCF/LEF transcription factors. Has also been shown to play a role in regulating the intracellular trafficking of polycystin-2/PKD2 and possibly of other intracellular proteins. Promotes adipocyte and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Belongs to the chibby family. (169 aa) |
| | H2BC9 | Histone H2B type 1-H; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2BU1 | Histone H2B type 3-B; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | PSMC3 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 6A; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC3 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated wit [...] (439 aa) |
| | H2BS1 | Histone H2B type F-S; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2BC3 | Histone H2B type 1-B; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | PSMB3 | Proteasome subunit beta type-3; Component of the 20S core proteasome complex involved in the proteolytic degradation of most intracellular proteins. This complex plays numerous essential roles within the cell by associating with different regulatory particles. Associated with two 19S regulatory particles, forms the 26S proteasome and thus participates in the ATP- dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. The 26S proteasome plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins that could impair cellular functions, and by removing pro [...] (205 aa) |
| | H2BC15 | Histone H2B type 1-N; Core component of nucleosome. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. DNA accessibility is regulated via a complex set of post-translational modifications of histones, also called histone code, and nucleosome remodeling. (126 aa) |
| | H2AB1 | Histone H2A-Bbd type 1; Atypical histone H2A which can replace conventional H2A in some nucleosomes and is associated with active transcription and mRNA processing. Nucleosomes wrap and compact DNA into chromatin, limiting DNA accessibility to the cellular machineries which require DNA as a template. Histones thereby play a central role in transcription regulation, DNA repair, DNA replication and chromosomal stability. Nucleosomes containing this histone are less rigid and organize less DNA than canonical nucleosomes in vivo. They are enriched in actively transcribed genes and associat [...] (115 aa) |
| | PSMC6 | 26S proteasome regulatory subunit 10B; Component of the 26S proteasome, a multiprotein complex involved in the ATP-dependent degradation of ubiquitinated proteins. This complex plays a key role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis by removing misfolded or damaged proteins, which could impair cellular functions, and by removing proteins whose functions are no longer required. Therefore, the proteasome participates in numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, apoptosis, or DNA damage repair. PSMC6 belongs to the heterohexameric ring of AAA (ATPases associated wi [...] (403 aa) |
| | TCF7L2 | Transcription factor 7-like 2; Participates in the Wnt signaling pathway and modulates MYC expression by binding to its promoter in a sequence-specific manner. Acts as repressor in the absence of CTNNB1, and as activator in its presence. Activates transcription from promoters with several copies of the Tcf motif 5'-CCTTTGATC-3' in the presence of CTNNB1. TLE1, TLE2, TLE3 and TLE4 repress transactivation mediated by TCF7L2/TCF4 and CTNNB1. Expression of dominant-negative mutants results in cell-cycle arrest in G1. Necessary for the maintenance of the epithelial stem-cell compartment of [...] (602 aa) |
| | CHD8 | Chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein 8; DNA helicase that acts as a chromatin remodeling factor and regulates transcription. Acts as a transcription repressor by remodeling chromatin structure and recruiting histone H1 to target genes. Suppresses p53/TP53-mediated apoptosis by recruiting histone H1 and preventing p53/TP53 transactivation activity. Acts as a negative regulator of Wnt signaling pathway by regulating beta-catenin (CTNNB1) activity. Negatively regulates CTNNB1-targeted gene expression by being recruited specifically to the promoter regions of several CTNNB1 responsive [...] (2581 aa) |
| | CTNNB1 | Catenin beta-1; Key downstream component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, forms a complex with AXIN1, AXIN2, APC, CSNK1A1 and GSK3B that promotes phosphorylation on N-terminal Ser and Thr residues and ubiquitination of CTNNB1 via BTRC and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In the presence of Wnt ligand, CTNNB1 is not ubiquitinated and accumulates in the nucleus, where it acts as a coactivator for transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family, leading to activate Wnt responsive genes. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, as component of an [...] (781 aa) |
