Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Hepcidin-20; Liver-produced hormone that constitutes the main circulating regulator of iron absorption and distribution across tissues. Acts by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin, leading to the retention of iron in iron-exporting cells and decreased flow of iron into plasma. Controls the major flows of iron into plasma: absorption of dietary iron in the intestine, recycling of iron by macrophages, which phagocytose old erythrocytes and other cells, and mobilization of stored iron from hepatocytes. Belongs to the hepcidin family.

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Hereditary hemochromatosis protein; Binds to transferrin receptor (TFR) and reduces its affinity for iron-loaded transferrin.

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Hemojuvelin; Acts as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor. Through enhancement of BMP signaling regulates hepcidin (HAMP) expression and regulates iron homeostasis. Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK2; Non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in various processes such as cell growth, development, differentiation or histone modifications. Mediates essential signaling events in both innate and adaptive immunity. In the cytoplasm, plays a pivotal role in signal transduction via its association with type I receptors such as growth hormone (GHR), prolactin (PRLR), leptin (LEPR), erythropoietin (EPOR), thrombopoietin (THPO); or type II receptors including IFN-alpha, IFN- beta, IFN-gamma and multiple interleukins. Following ligand-binding to cell surface receptors [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4; In muscle physiology, plays a central role in the balance between atrophy and hypertrophy. When recruited by MSTN, promotes atrophy response via phosphorylated SMAD2/4. MSTN decrease causes SMAD4 release and subsequent recruitment by the BMP pathway to promote hypertrophy via phosphorylated SMAD1/5/8. Acts synergistically with SMAD1 and YY1 in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-mediated cardiac- specific gene expression. Binds to SMAD binding elements (SBEs) (5'- GTCT/AGAC-3') within BMP response element (BMPRE) of cardiac activating regions (By [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 7; Antagonist of signaling by TGF-beta (transforming growth factor) type 1 receptor superfamily members; has been shown to inhibit TGF-beta (Transforming growth factor) and activin signaling by associating with their receptors thus preventing SMAD2 access. Functions as an adapter to recruit SMURF2 to the TGF-beta receptor complex. Also acts by recruiting the PPP1R15A-PP1 complex to TGFBR1, which promotes its dephosphorylation. Positively regulates PDPK1 kinase activity by stimulating its dissociation from the 14-3-3 protein YWHAQ which acts as a [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors. Once activated, recruits coactivators, such as NCOA1 or MED1, to the promoter region of the target gene. May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. Activated by IL31 through IL31RA. Acts as a regulator of inflammatory response by regulating differenti [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Transferrin receptor protein 2; Mediates cellular uptake of transferrin-bound iron in a non- iron dependent manner. May be involved in iron metabolism, hepatocyte function and erythrocyte differentiation; Belongs to the peptidase M28 family. M28B subfamily.

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Transferrin receptor protein 1, serum form; Cellular uptake of iron occurs via receptor-mediated endocytosis of ligand-occupied transferrin receptor into specialized endosomes. Endosomal acidification leads to iron release. The apotransferrin-receptor complex is then recycled to the cell surface with a return to neutral pH and the concomitant loss of affinity of apotransferrin for its receptor. Transferrin receptor is necessary for development of erythrocytes and the nervous system (By similarity). A second ligand, the heditary hemochromatosis protein HFE, competes for binding with tra [...]

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Transmembrane protease serine 6; Serine protease which hydrolyzes a range of proteins including type I collagen, fibronectin and fibrinogen. Can also activate urokinase-type plasminogen activator with low efficiency. May play a specialized role in matrix remodeling processes in liver. Through the cleavage of HJV, a regulator of the expression of the iron absorption-regulating hormone hepicidin/HAMP, plays a role in iron homeostasis.

Bone morphogenetic protein 6; Induces cartilage and bone formation.

Twisted gastrulation protein homolog 1; May be involved in dorsoventral axis formation. Seems to antagonize BMP signaling by forming ternary complexes with CHRD and BMPs, thereby preventing BMPs from binding to their receptors. In addition to the anti-BMP function, also has pro-BMP activity, partly mediated by cleavage and degradation of CHRD, which releases BMPs from ternary complexes. May be an important modulator of BMP-regulated cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation. May play a role in thymocyte development (By similarity); Belongs to the twisted gastrulation protei [...]

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Hepcidin-20; Liver-produced hormone that constitutes the main circulating regulator of iron absorption and distribution across tissues. Acts by promoting endocytosis and degradation of ferroportin, leading to the retention of iron in iron-exporting cells and decreased flow of iron into plasma. Controls the major flows of iron into plasma: absorption of dietary iron in the intestine, recycling of iron by macrophages, which phagocytose old erythrocytes and other cells, and mobilization of stored iron from hepatocytes. Belongs to the hepcidin family.

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Hereditary hemochromatosis protein; Binds to transferrin receptor (TFR) and reduces its affinity for iron-loaded transferrin.

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Hemojuvelin; Acts as a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) coreceptor. Through enhancement of BMP signaling regulates hepcidin (HAMP) expression and regulates iron homeostasis. Belongs to the repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) family.

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...]

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Iron-trafficking protein involved in multiple processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and renal development. Binds iron through association with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), a siderophore that shares structural similarities with bacterial enterobactin, and delivers or removes iron from the cell, depending on the context. Iron-bound form (holo-24p3) is internalized following binding to the SLC22A17 (24p3R) receptor, leading to release of iron and subsequent increase of intracellular iron concentration. In contrast, association of [...]

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Leptin; Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways. In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal me [...]

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

67 kDa matrix metalloproteinase-9; May play an essential role in local proteolysis of the extracellular matrix and in leukocyte migration. Could play a role in bone osteoclastic resorption. Cleaves KiSS1 at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Cleaves type IV and type V collagen into large C-terminal three quarter fragments and shorter N-terminal one quarter fragments. Degrades fibronectin but not laminin or Pz-peptide. Belongs to the peptidase M10A family.

Growth/differentiation factor 15; Regulates food intake, energy expenditure and body weight in response to metabolic and toxin-induced stresses. Binds to its receptor, GFRAL, and activates GFRAL- expressing neurons localized in the area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius of the brainstem. It then triggers the activation of neurons localized within the parabrachial nucleus and central amygdala, which contitutes part of the 'emergency circuit' that shapes feeding responses to stressful conditions. On hepatocytes, inhibits growth hormone signaling (By similarity).

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3; Signal transducer and transcription activator that mediates cellular responses to interleukins, KITLG/SCF, LEP and other growth factors. Once activated, recruits coactivators, such as NCOA1 or MED1, to the promoter region of the target gene. May mediate cellular responses to activated FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3 and FGFR4. Binds to the interleukin-6 (IL-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. Activated by IL31 through IL31RA. Acts as a regulator of inflammatory response by regulating differenti [...]