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| | SCARB1 | Scavenger receptor class B member 1; Receptor for different ligands such as phospholipids, cholesterol ester, lipoproteins, phosphatidylserine and apoptotic cells. Receptor for HDL, mediating selective uptake of cholesteryl ether and HDL-dependent cholesterol efflux. Also facilitates the flux of free and esterified cholesterol between the cell surface and apoB-containing lipoproteins and modified lipoproteins, although less efficiently than HDL. May be involved in the phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, via its phosphatidylserine binding activity. Belongs to the CD36 family. (509 aa) |
| | CFTR | Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator; Epithelial ion channel that plays an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion and water transport and fluid homeostasis. Mediates the transport of chloride ions across the cell membrane. Channel activity is coupled to ATP hydrolysis. The ion channel is also permeable to HCO(3-); selectivity depends on the extracellular chloride concentration. Exerts its function also by modulating the activity of other ion channels and transporters. Plays an important role in airway fluid homeostasis. Contributes to the regulation of the pH [...] (1480 aa) |
| | CYP51A1 | Lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in sterol biosynthesis. Catalyzes 14-alpha demethylation of lanosterol and 24,25- dihydrolanosterol likely through sequential oxidative conversion of 14- alpha methyl group to hydroxymethyl, then to carboxylaldehyde, followed by the formation of the delta 14,15 double bond in the sterol core and concomitant release of formic acid. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P45 [...] (509 aa) |
| | CD4 | T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4; Integral membrane glycoprotein that plays an essential role in the immune response and serves multiple functions in responses against both external and internal offenses. In T-cells, functions primarily as a coreceptor for MHC class II molecule:peptide complex. The antigens presented by class II peptides are derived from extracellular proteins while class I peptides are derived from cytosolic proteins. Interacts simultaneously with the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the MHC class II presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs). In turn, recruits the Src kina [...] (458 aa) |
| | ABCC6 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 6; [Isoform 1]: May participate directly in the active transport of drugs into subcellular organelles or influence drug distribution indirectly. Transports glutathione conjugates as leukotriene-c4 (LTC4) and N-ethylmaleimide S-glutathione (NEM-GS). Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily. (1503 aa) |
| | MAPK1 | Mitogen-activated protein kinase 1; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as an essential component of the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. MAPK1/ERK2 and MAPK3/ERK1 are the 2 MAPKs which play an important role in the MAPK/ERK cascade. They participate also in a signaling cascade initiated by activated KIT and KITLG/SCF. Depending on the cellular context, the MAPK/ERK cascade mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion, survival and differentiation through the regulation of transcription, translation, cytoskeletal rearrangements. The MAPK/ERK cascade plays a [...] (360 aa) |
| | HMOX1 | Heme oxygenase 1; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Exhibits cytoprotective effects since excess of free heme sensitizes cells to undergo apoptosis. (288 aa) |
| | PNPLA3 | 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase PNPLA3; Specifically catalyzes coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acylation of 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (2-lysophosphatidic acid/LPA) to generate phosphatidic acid (PA), an important metabolic intermediate and precursor for both triglycerides and glycerophospholipids. Does not esterify other lysophospholipids. Acyl donors are long chain (at least C16) fatty acyl-CoAs: arachidonoyl-CoA, linoleoyl-CoA, oleoyl-CoA and at a lesser extent palmitoyl-CoA. Additionally possesses low triacylglycerol lipase and CoA-independent acylglycerol transacylase [...] (481 aa) |
| | CERK | Ceramide kinase; Catalyzes specifically the phosphorylation of ceramide to form ceramide 1-phosphate. Acts efficiently on natural and analog ceramides (C6, C8, C16 ceramides, and C8-dihydroceramide), to a lesser extent on C2- ceramide and C6-dihydroceramide, but not on other lipids, such as various sphingosines. Shows a greater preference for D-erythro isomer of ceramides. Binds phosphoinositides. (537 aa) |
| | MMP2 | 72 kDa type IV collagenase; Ubiquitinous metalloproteinase that is involved in diverse functions such as remodeling of the vasculature, angiogenesis, tissue repair, tumor invasion, inflammation, and atherosclerotic plaque rupture. As well as degrading extracellular matrix proteins, can also act on several nonmatrix proteins such as big endothelial 1 and beta- type CGRP promoting vasoconstriction. Also cleaves KISS at a Gly-|-Leu bond. Appears to have a role in myocardial cell death pathways. Contributes to myocardial oxidative stress by regulating the activity of GSK3beta. Cleaves GSK3 [...] (660 aa) |
| | PLA2G15 | Group XV phospholipase A2; Has transacylase and calcium-independent phospholipase A2 activity. Catalyzes the formation of 1-O-acyl-N-acetylsphingosine and the concomitant release of a lyso- phospholipid. Has high activity with 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1,2- dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC), catalyzing the transfer of oleic acid to N-acetyl-sphingosine. Required for normal phospholipid degradation in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages and in spleen (By similarity). May have weak lysophospholipase activity. (412 aa) |
| | CYP4F3 | Cytochrome P450 4F3; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). May play a role in inactivation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory oxylipins during the resolution of inflammation. [Isoform CYP4F3B]: Catalyzes predominantly the oxi [...] (520 aa) |
| | RETN | Resistin; Hormone that seems to suppress insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake into adipose cells (By similarity). Potentially links obesity to diabetes (By similarity). Promotes chemotaxis in myeloid cells. (108 aa) |
| | CYP4F2 | Cytochrome P450 4F2; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, eicosanoids and vitamins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes predominantly the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of long- and very long-chain fatty acids. Displays high omega-hydroxylase activity toward polyunsaturated fatty [...] (520 aa) |
| | TGFB1 | Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein; Transforming growth factor beta-1 proprotein: Precursor of the Latency-associated peptide (LAP) and Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta-1) chains, which constitute the regulatory and active subunit of TGF-beta-1, respectively. Transforming growth factor beta-1: Multifunctional protein that regulates the growth and differentiation of various cell types and is involved in various processes, such as normal development, immune function, microglia function and responses to neurodegeneration (By similarity). Activation into mature form fo [...] (390 aa) |
| | CYP26A1 | Cytochrome P450 26A1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a signaling molecule that binds to retinoic acid receptors and regulates gene transcription. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH- ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bonds of atRA primarily at C-4 and C-18. Has no activity toward 9-cis and 13-cis retinoic acid st [...] (497 aa) |
| | PPIF | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase F, mitochondrial; PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding. Involved in regulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). It is proposed that its association with the mPTP is masking a binding site for inhibiting inorganic phosphate (Pi) and promotes the open probability of the mPTP leading to apoptosis or necrosis; the requirement of the PPIase activity for this function is debated. In cooperation with mitochondrial TP53 is involved [...] (207 aa) |
| | NFKB1 | Nuclear factor NF-kappa-B p105 subunit; NF-kappa-B is a pleiotropic transcription factor present in almost all cell types and is the endpoint of a series of signal transduction events that are initiated by a vast array of stimuli related to many biological processes such as inflammation, immunity, differentiation, cell growth, tumorigenesis and apoptosis. NF-kappa-B is a homo- or heterodimeric complex formed by the Rel-like domain- containing proteins RELA/p65, RELB, NFKB1/p105, NFKB1/p50, REL and NFKB2/p52 and the heterodimeric p65-p50 complex appears to be most abundant one. The dime [...] (969 aa) |
| | DGAT2 | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2; Essential acyltransferase that catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. Required for synthesis and storage of intracellular triglycerides. Probably plays a central role in cytosolic lipid accumulation. In liver, is primarily responsible for incorporating endogenously synthesized fatty acids into triglycerides (By similarity). Functions also as an acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT). (388 aa) |
| | CYP27B1 | 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1 alpha hydroxylase, mitochondrial; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in vitamin D metabolism and in calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. Catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the activation of vitamin D in the kidney, namely the hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3/calcidiol at the C1alpha- position to form the hormonally active form of vitamin D3, 1alpha,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3/calcitriol that acts via the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Has 1alpha-hydroxylase activity on vitamin D intermediates of the CYP24A1-mediated inactivation pathway. Converts 24R,25-dihydrox [...] (508 aa) |
| | IFNG | Interferon gamma; Produced by lymphocytes activated by specific antigens or mitogens. IFN-gamma, in addition to having antiviral activity, has important immunoregulatory functions. It is a potent activator of macrophages, it has antiproliferative effects on transformed cells and it can potentiate the antiviral and antitumor effects of the type I interferons; Belongs to the type II (or gamma) interferon family. (166 aa) |
| | LOX | Protein-lysine 6-oxidase, short form; Responsible for the post-translational oxidative deamination of peptidyl lysine residues in precursors to fibrous collagen and elastin. Regulator of Ras expression. May play a role in tumor suppression. Plays a role in the aortic wall architecture (By similarity); Belongs to the lysyl oxidase family. (417 aa) |
| | IL4 | Interleukin-4; Participates in at least several B-cell activation processes as well as of other cell types. It is a costimulator of DNA-synthesis. It induces the expression of class II MHC molecules on resting B-cells. It enhances both secretion and cell surface expression of IgE and IgG1. It also regulates the expression of the low affinity Fc receptor for IgE (CD23) on both lymphocytes and monocytes. Positively regulates IL31RA expression in macrophages (By similarity). Stimulates autophagy in dendritic cells by interfering with mTORC1 signaling and through the induction of RUFY4 (By [...] (153 aa) |
| | IL5 | Interleukin-5; Factor that induces terminal differentiation of late- developing B-cells to immunoglobulin secreting cells; Belongs to the IL-5 family. (134 aa) |
| | APOB | Apolipoprotein B-100; Apolipoprotein B is a major protein constituent of chylomicrons (apo B-48), LDL (apo B-100) and VLDL (apo B-100). Apo B- 100 functions as a recognition signal for the cellular binding and internalization of LDL particles by the apoB/E receptor. (4563 aa) |
| | APOA1 | Truncated apolipoprotein A-I; Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As part of the SPAP complex, activates spermatozoa motility. (267 aa) |
| | PI3 | Elafin; Neutrophil and pancreatic elastase-specific inhibitor of skin. It may prevent elastase-mediated tissue proteolysis. Has been shown to inhibit the alpha-4-beta-2/CHRNA2-CHRNB2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and to produce a weak inhibition on Kv11.1/KCNH2/ERG1 and on the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1). (117 aa) |
| | PTGIS | Prostacyclin synthase; Catalyzes the isomerization of prostaglandin H2 to prostacyclin (= prostaglandin I2). (500 aa) |
| | LIPE | Hormone-sensitive lipase; In adipose tissue and heart, it primarily hydrolyzes stored triglycerides to free fatty acids, while in steroidogenic tissues, it principally converts cholesteryl esters to free cholesterol for steroid hormone production. (1076 aa) |
| | FFAR1 | Free fatty acid receptor 1; G-protein coupled receptor for medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids that plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Fatty acid binding increases glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and may also enhance the secretion of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). May also play a role in bone homeostasis; receptor signaling activates pathways that inhibit osteoclast differentiation (By similarity). Ligand binding leads to a conformation change that triggers signaling via G-proteins that activate phospholipase C, leading to an increase of the [...] (300 aa) |
| | APOE | Apolipoprotein E; APOE is an apolipoprotein, a protein associating with lipid particles, that mainly functions in lipoprotein-mediated lipid transport between organs via the plasma and interstitial fluids. APOE is a core component of plasma lipoproteins and is involved in their production, conversion and clearance. Apoliproteins are amphipathic molecules that interact both with lipids of the lipoprotein particle core and the aqueous environment of the plasma. As such, APOE associates with chylomicrons, chylomicron remnants, very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and intermediate density [...] (317 aa) |
| | SLC27A1 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1; Mediates the ATP-dependent import of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into the cell by mediating their translocation at the plasma membrane. Has also an acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. May act directly as a bona fide transporter, or alternatively, in a cytoplasmic or membrane- associated multimeric protein complex to trap and draw fatty acids towards accumulation. Plays a pivotal role in regulating available LCFA substrates from exogenous sources in tissues undergoing high levels of beta-oxidation or trigl [...] (646 aa) |
| | NR0B2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 0 group B member 2; Transcriptional regulator that acts as a negative regulator of receptor-dependent signaling pathways (By similarity). Specifically inhibits transactivation of the nuclear receptor with which it interacts (By similarity). Inhibits transcriptional activity of NEUROD1 on E-box-containing promoter by interfering with the coactivation function of the p300/CBP-mediated transcription complex for NEUROD1. Essential component of the liver circadian clock which via its interaction with NR1D1 and RORG regulates NPAS2-mediated hepatic lipid metabolism [...] (257 aa) |
| | LGALS3 | Galectin-3; Galactose-specific lectin which binds IgE. May mediate with the alpha-3, beta-1 integrin the stimulation by CSPG4 of endothelial cells migration. Together with DMBT1, required for terminal differentiation of columnar epithelial cells during early embryogenesis (By similarity). In the nucleus: acts as a pre-mRNA splicing factor. Involved in acute inflammatory responses including neutrophil activation and adhesion, chemoattraction of monocytes macrophages, opsonization of apoptotic neutrophils, and activation of mast cells. Together with TRIM16, coordinates the recognition of [...] (250 aa) |
| | CRP | C-reactive protein(1-205); Displays several functions associated with host defense: it promotes agglutination, bacterial capsular swelling, phagocytosis and complement fixation through its calcium-dependent binding to phosphorylcholine. Can interact with DNA and histones and may scavenge nuclear material released from damaged circulating cells. (224 aa) |
| | FABP4 | Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte; Lipid transport protein in adipocytes. Binds both long chain fatty acids and retinoic acid. Delivers long-chain fatty acids and retinoic acid to their cognate receptors in the nucleus. Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (132 aa) |
| | PNPLA8 | Calcium-independent phospholipase A2-gamma; Calcium-independent phospholipase A2, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of the sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids, PtdSer and to a lower extent PtdCho. Cleaves membrane phospholipids. (782 aa) |
| | IL1RN | Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein; Inhibits the activity of interleukin-1 by binding to receptor IL1R1 and preventing its association with the coreceptor IL1RAP for signaling. Has no interleukin-1 like activity. Binds functional interleukin-1 receptor IL1R1 with greater affinity than decoy receptor IL1R2; however, the physiological relevance of the latter association is unsure. (180 aa) |
| | TLR2 | Toll-like receptor 2; Cooperates with LY96 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins and other microbial cell wall components. Cooperates with TLR1 or TLR6 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipoproteins or lipopeptides. Acts via MYD88 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. May also activate immune cells and promote apoptosis in response to the lipid moiety of lipoproteins. Recognizes mycoplasmal macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2kD (MALP-2), soluble tuberculosis factor (STF), phenol-soluble [...] (784 aa) |
| | POU2F3 | POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 3; Transcription factor that binds to the octamer motif (5'- ATTTGCAT-3'). Regulated the expression of a number of genes such as SPRR2A or placental lactogen. (438 aa) |
| | CYP2C9 | Cytochrome P450 2C9; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and steroids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabolizes cholesterol toward 25-hydroxycholesterol, a physiological regulato [...] (490 aa) |
| | PPIG | Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase G; PPIase that catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline imidic peptide bonds in oligopeptides and may therefore assist protein folding. May be implicated in the folding, transport, and assembly of proteins. May play an important role in the regulation of pre-mRNA splicing. (754 aa) |
| | LPCAT3 | Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 5; Acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or LPC) into phosphatidylcholine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine or PC) (LPCAT activity). Catalyzes also the conversion of lysophosphatidylserine (1-acyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or LPS) into phosphatidylserine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L- serine or PS) (LPSAT activity). Has also weak lysophosphatidylethanolamine acyltransferase activity (LPEAT activity). Favors polyunsaturated fatty acyl-CoAs as acyl donors compa [...] (487 aa) |
| | SLC27A6 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6; Involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids (LFCA) across the plasma membrane. Thought to function as the predominant fatty acid protein transporter in heart. (619 aa) |
| | UCP1 | Mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein 1; Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance (By similarity). Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, LCFAs remaining associated with the transporter via their hydrophobic tails, it results in [...] (307 aa) |
| | SLC27A5 | Bile acyl-CoA synthetase; Acyl-CoA synthetase that catalyzes the activation of bile acids via formation of bile acid CoA thioesters which is necessary for their subsequent conjugation with glycine or taurine. Both primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) are the principal substrates. Also exhibits acyl CoA synthetase activity that activates very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) by catalyzing the formation of fatty acyl-CoA. In vitro, also activates 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate ( [...] (690 aa) |
| | IL1A | Interleukin-1 alpha; Produced by activated macrophages, IL-1 stimulates thymocyte proliferation by inducing IL-2 release, B-cell maturation and proliferation, and fibroblast growth factor activity. IL-1 proteins are involved in the inflammatory response, being identified as endogenous pyrogens, and are reported to stimulate the release of prostaglandin and collagenase from synovial cells. (271 aa) |
| | IL1B | Interleukin-1 beta; Potent proinflammatory cytokine. Initially discovered as the major endogenous pyrogen, induces prostaglandin synthesis, neutrophil influx and activation, T-cell activation and cytokine production, B- cell activation and antibody production, and fibroblast proliferation and collagen production. Promotes Th17 differentiation of T-cells. Synergizes with IL12/interleukin-12 to induce IFNG synthesis from T- helper 1 (Th1) cells. (269 aa) |
| | PIK3CA | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha isoform; Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Participates in cellular signaling in response to v [...] (1068 aa) |
| | SI | Sucrase-isomaltase, intestinal; Plays an important role in the final stage of carbohydrate digestion. Isomaltase activity is specific for both alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-oligosaccharides; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family. (1827 aa) |
| | GPAT3 | Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 3; Converts glycerol-3-phosphate to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3- phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Also converts LPA into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone ; Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family. (434 aa) |
| | ICAM1 | Intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICAM proteins are ligands for the leukocyte adhesion protein LFA-1 (integrin alpha-L/beta-2). During leukocyte trans-endothelial migration, ICAM1 engagement promotes the assembly of endothelial apical cups through ARHGEF26/SGEF and RHOG activation. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Coxsackievirus A21 capsid proteins. (532 aa) |
| | SCARB2 | Lysosome membrane protein 2; Acts as a lysosomal receptor for glucosylceramidase (GBA) targeting. (478 aa) |
| | GPAM | Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 1, mitochondrial; Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. (828 aa) |
| | CPT1A | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform; Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism. (773 aa) |
| | ABCB4 | Phosphatidylcholine translocator ABCB4; Energy-dependent phospholipid efflux translocator that acts as a positive regulator of biliary lipid secretion. Functions as a floppase that translocates specifically phosphatidylcholine (PC) from the inner to the outer leaflet of the canalicular membrane bilayer into the canaliculi of hepatocytes. Translocation of PC makes the biliary phospholipids available for extraction into the canaliculi lumen by bile salt mixed micelles and therefore protects the biliary tree from the detergent activity of bile salts. Plays a role in the recruitment of pho [...] (1286 aa) |
| | SLC27A2 | Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase; Acyl CoA synthetase that activates long-chain and very long- chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) by catalyzing the formation of fatty acyl- CoA. Can also activate branched-chain fatty acids such as phytanic acid and pristanic acid. Does not activate C24 bile acids, cholate and chenodeoxycholate. In vitro, activates 3-alpha,7- alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate (THCA), the C27 precursor of cholic acid deriving from the de novo synthesis from cholesterol. Exhibits long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) transport activity and plays an important role in hepati [...] (620 aa) |
| | CYP4F22 | Cytochrome P450 4F22; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in epidermal ceramide biosynthesis. Hydroxylates the terminal carbon (omega- hydroxylation) of ultra-long-chain fatty acyls (C28-C36) prior to ceramide synthesis. Contributes to the synthesis of three classes of omega-hydroxy-ultra-long chain fatty acylceramides having sphingosine, 6-hydroxysphingosine and phytosphingosine bases, all major lipid components that underlie the permeability barrier of the stratum corneum. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second [...] (531 aa) |
| | SLC27A3 | Solute carrier family 27 member 3; Has acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long- chain fatty acids. Does not exhibit fatty acid transport activity (By similarity). (811 aa) |
| | FABP2 | Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal; FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (132 aa) |
| | GNA12 | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit alpha-12; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Activates effector molecule RhoA by binding and activating RhoGEFs (ARHGEF12/LARG). GNA12-dependent Rho signaling subsequently regulates transcription factor AP-1 (activating protein-1) (By similarity). GNA12-dependent Rho signaling also regulates protein phosphatese 2A activation causing dephosphorylation of its target proteins. Promotes tumor cell invasion and metastasis by activating RhoA/ROCK sign [...] (381 aa) |
| | FADS2 | Acyl-CoA 6-desaturase; Acts as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively. Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA [...] (444 aa) |
| | CYSLTR2 | Cysteinyl leukotriene receptor 2; Receptor for cysteinyl leukotrienes. The response is mediated via a G-protein that activates a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. Stimulation by BAY u9773, a partial agonist, induces specific contractions of pulmonary veins and might also have an indirect role in the relaxation of the pulmonary vascular endothelium. The rank order of affinities for the leukotrienes is LTC4 = LTD4 >> LTE4. (346 aa) |
| | ABCC3 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 2; May act as an inducible transporter in the biliary and intestinal excretion of organic anions. Acts as an alternative route for the export of bile acids and glucuronides from cholestatic hepatocytes (By similarity). (1527 aa) |
| | AKR1B1 | Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosacharides, bile acids and xenobiotics substrates. Key enzyme in the polyol pathway, catalyzes reduction of glucose to sorbitol during hyperglycemia. Reduces steroids and their derivatives and prostaglandins. Displays low enzymatic activity toward all-trans-retinal, 9-cis-retinal, and 13-cis- retinal. Catalyzes t [...] (316 aa) |
| | GNAQ | Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(q) subunit alpha; Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) are involved as modulators or transducers in various transmembrane signaling systems. Regulates B-cell selection and survival and is required to prevent B-cell-dependent autoimmunity. Regulates chemotaxis of BM- derived neutrophils and dendritic cells (in vitro) (By similarity). Belongs to the G-alpha family. G(q) subfamily. (359 aa) |
| | SLCO2B1 | Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2B1; Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as taurocholate, the prostaglandins PGD2, PGE1, PGE2, leukotriene C4, thromboxane B2 and iloprost. (709 aa) |
| | PTGIR | Prostacyclin receptor; Receptor for prostacyclin (prostaglandin I2 or PGI2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins which activate adenylate cyclase. (386 aa) |
| | CALM3 | Calmodulin-1; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis. Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C. Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2. (149 aa) |
| | AGPAT3 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase gamma; Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. Acts on LPA containing saturated or unsaturated fatty acids C16:0-C20:4 at the sn-1 position using C18:1, C20:4 or C18:2-CoA as the acyl donor. Also acts on lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylserine using C18:1 or C20:4-CoA. Has a preference for arachidonoyl-CoA as a donor (By similarit [...] (376 aa) |
| | S100B | Protein S100-B; Weakly binds calcium but binds zinc very tightly-distinct binding sites with different affinities exist for both ions on each monomer. Physiological concentrations of potassium ion antagonize the binding of both divalent cations, especially affecting high-affinity calcium-binding sites. Binds to and initiates the activation of STK38 by releasing autoinhibitory intramolecular interactions within the kinase. Interaction with AGER after myocardial infarction may play a role in myocyte apoptosis by activating ERK1/2 and p53/TP53 signaling. Could assist ATAD3A cytoplasmic pr [...] (92 aa) |
| | PTGER1 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP1 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(q) proteins which activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. May play a role as an important modulator of renal function. Implicated the smooth muscle contractile response to PGE2 in various tissues; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (402 aa) |
| | ACOX1 | Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1, A chain; Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Isoform 1 shows highest activity against medium-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and activity decreases with increasing chain length. Isoform 2 is active against a much broader range of substrates and shows activity towards very long-chain acyl-CoAs. Isoform 2 is twice as active as isoform 1 against 16-hydroxy-palmitoyl-CoA and is 25% more active against 1,16-hexadecanodioyl-CoA. (660 aa) |
| | BAX | Apoptosis regulator BAX; Plays a role in the mitochondrial apoptotic process. Under normal conditions, BAX is largely cytosolic via constant retrotranslocation from mitochondria to the cytosol mediated by BCL2L1/Bcl-xL, which avoids accumulation of toxic BAX levels at the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). Under stress conditions, undergoes a conformation change that causes translocation to the mitochondrion membrane, leading to the release of cytochrome c that then triggers apoptosis. Promotes activation of CASP3, and thereby apoptosis. (218 aa) |
| | ALOX15 | Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase; Non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase that catalyzes the stereo-specific peroxidation of free and esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids generating a spectrum of bioactive lipid mediators. Converts arachidonic acid into 12-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid/12- HPETE and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid/15-HPETE. Also converts linoleic acid to 13-hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid. May also act on (12S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid/(12S)-HPETE to produce hepoxilin A3. Probably plays an important role in the immune and inflammatory responses. Through the o [...] (662 aa) |
| | RETNLB | Resistin-like beta; Probable hormone; Belongs to the resistin/FIZZ family. (111 aa) |
| | FABP1 | Fatty acid-binding protein, liver; Plays a role in lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Binds cholesterol. Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport (By similarity). Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (127 aa) |
| | ALB | Serum albumin; Serum albumin, the main protein of plasma, has a good binding capacity for water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs (Probable). Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood (Probable). Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc. Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma (By similarity). Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific man [...] (609 aa) |
| | HPGD | 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase [NAD(+)]; Prostaglandin inactivation. Contributes to the regulation of events that are under the control of prostaglandin levels. Catalyzes the NAD-dependent dehydrogenation of lipoxin A4 to form 15-oxo-lipoxin A4. Inhibits in vivo proliferation of colon cancer cells. (266 aa) |
| | FABP5 | Fatty acid-binding protein 5; Intracellular carrier for long-chain fatty acids and related active lipids, such as the endocannabinoid, that regulates the metabolism and actions of the ligands they bind. In addition to the cytosolic transport, selectively delivers specific fatty acids from the cytosol to the nucleus, wherein they activate nuclear receptors. Delivers retinoic acid to the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; which promotes proliferation and survival. May also serve as a synaptic carrier of endocannabinoid at central synapses and thus controls [...] (135 aa) |
| | NOS3 | Nitric oxide synthase, endothelial; Produces nitric oxide (NO) which is implicated in vascular smooth muscle relaxation through a cGMP-mediated signal transduction pathway. NO mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in coronary vessels and promotes blood clotting through the activation of platelets; Belongs to the NOS family. (1203 aa) |
| | PLIN1 | Perilipin-1; Modulator of adipocyte lipid metabolism. Coats lipid storage droplets to protect them from breakdown by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Its absence may result in leanness. Plays a role in unilocular lipid droplet formation by activating CIDEC. Their interaction promotes lipid droplet enlargement and directional net neutral lipid transfer. May modulate lipolysis and triglyceride levels. Belongs to the perilipin family. (522 aa) |
| | SLC27A4 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4; Involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids (LFCA) across the plasma membrane. Appears to be the principal fatty acid transporter in small intestinal enterocytes. Plays a role in the formation of the epidermal barrier. Required for fat absorption in early embryogenesis. Has acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via substrate competition and via production of VLCFA derivatives like lignoceroyl-CoA. Prevents light-induced degeneration of rods and cones (By similarity); [...] (643 aa) |
| | CYP2A6 | Cytochrome P450 2A6; Exhibits a high coumarin 7-hydroxylase activity. Can act in the hydroxylation of the anti-cancer drugs cyclophosphamide and ifosphamide. Competent in the metabolic activation of aflatoxin B1. Constitutes the major nicotine C-oxidase. Acts as a 1,4-cineole 2-exo- monooxygenase. Possesses low phenacetin O-deethylation activity. (494 aa) |
| | ANGPTL4 | Angiopoietin-related protein 4; Mediates inactivation of the lipoprotein lipase LPL, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of triglyceride clearance from the blood serum and in lipid metabolism. May also play a role in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity (Probable). Inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. Upon heterologous expression, inhibits the adhesion of endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and inhibits the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of actin stress fi [...] (406 aa) |
| | CYP7A1 | Cytochrome P450 7A1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endogenous cholesterol and its oxygenated derivatives (oxysterols). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Functions as a critical regulatory enzyme of bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bond at 7-alpha position of cholesterol, a rate-limiting st [...] (504 aa) |
| | MBOAT2 | Lysophospholipid acyltransferase 2; Acyltransferase which mediates the conversion of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine or LPE) into phosphatidylethanolamine (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3- phosphoethanolamine or PE) (LPEAT activity). Catalyzes also the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA) (LPAAT activity). Has also a very weak lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT activity). Prefers oleoyl-CoA as the acyl donor. Lysophospholipid acyltransferases (LPLATs) catalyze the reacylation step of the phospholipid remodeling p [...] (520 aa) |
| | PTGER4 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP4 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor is mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase. Has a relaxing effect on smooth muscle. May play an important role in regulating renal hemodynamics, intestinal epithelial transport, adrenal aldosterone secretion, and uterine function. (488 aa) |
| | PTGDR | Prostaglandin D2 receptor; Receptor for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). The activity of this receptor is mainly mediated by G(s) proteins that stimulate adenylate cyclase, resulting in an elevation of intracellular cAMP. A mobilization of calcium is also observed, but without formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (By similarity). (359 aa) |
| | INSR | Insulin receptor subunit alpha; Receptor tyrosine kinase which mediates the pleiotropic actions of insulin. Binding of insulin leads to phosphorylation of several intracellular substrates, including, insulin receptor substrates (IRS1, 2, 3, 4), SHC, GAB1, CBL and other signaling intermediates. Each of these phosphorylated proteins serve as docking proteins for other signaling proteins that contain Src-homology-2 domains (SH2 domain) that specifically recognize different phosphotyrosine residues, including the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3K and SHP2. Phosphorylation of IRSs proteins lea [...] (1382 aa) |
| | FASN | 3-hydroxyacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] dehydratase; Fatty acid synthetase catalyzes the formation of long-chain fatty acids from acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA and NADPH. This multifunctional protein has 7 catalytic activities as an acyl carrier protein. (2511 aa) |
| | CALML6 | Calmodulin-like protein 6; Calmodulin like 6; Belongs to the calmodulin family. Calglandulin subfamily. (181 aa) |
| | IRS1 | Insulin receptor substrate 1; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. When phosphorylated by the insulin receptor binds specifically to various cellular proteins containing SH2 domains such as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p85 subunit or GRB2. Activates phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase when bound to the regulatory p85 subunit (By similarity). (1242 aa) |
| | IL13 | Interleukin-13; Cytokine. Inhibits inflammatory cytokine production. Synergizes with IL2 in regulating interferon-gamma synthesis. May be critical in regulating inflammatory and immune responses. Positively regulates IL31RA expression in macrophages (By similarity). (146 aa) |
| | SLCO1A2 | Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1A2; Mediates the Na(+)-independent transport of organic anions such as sulfobromophthalein (BSP) and conjugated (taurocholate) and unconjugated (cholate) bile acids (By similarity). Selectively inhibited by the grapefruit juice component naringin. (670 aa) |
| | CXCL8 | Interleukin-8; IL-8 is a chemotactic factor that attracts neutrophils, basophils, and T-cells, but not monocytes. It is also involved in neutrophil activation. It is released from several cell types in response to an inflammatory stimulus. IL-8(6-77) has a 5-10-fold higher activity on neutrophil activation, IL-8(5-77) has increased activity on neutrophil activation and IL-8(7-77) has a higher affinity to receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 as compared to IL-8(1-77), respectively. (99 aa) |
| | CYCS | Cytochrome c; Electron carrier protein. The oxidized form of the cytochrome c heme group can accept an electron from the heme group of the cytochrome c1 subunit of cytochrome reductase. Cytochrome c then transfers this electron to the cytochrome oxidase complex, the final protein carrier in the mitochondrial electron-transport chain. (105 aa) |
| | CYP2S1 | Cytochrome P450 2S1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of retinoids and eicosanoids. In epidermis, may contribute to the oxidative metabolism of all-trans- retinoic acid. For this activity, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Additionally, displays peroxidase and isomerase activities toward various oxygenated eicosanoids such as prostaglandin H2 (PGH2) and hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoates (H [...] (504 aa) |
| | CYB5B | Cytochrome b5 type B; Cytochrome b5 is a membrane-bound hemoprotein functioning as an electron carrier for several membrane-bound oxygenases. (150 aa) |
| | PRKACA | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit alpha; Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subunits, leading to their subsequent proteolysis. Phosphorylates CDC25B, ABL1, NFKB1, CLDN3, PSMC5/RPT6, PJA2, RYR2, RORA and VASP. RORA is activated by phosphorylation. Required for glucose- mediated adipogenic differentiation increase and osteogenic differentiation inhibition from osteoblasts. Involved in the [...] (351 aa) |
| | CD34 | Hematopoietic progenitor cell antigen CD34; Possible adhesion molecule with a role in early hematopoiesis by mediating the attachment of stem cells to the bone marrow extracellular matrix or directly to stromal cells. Could act as a scaffold for the attachment of lineage specific glycans, allowing stem cells to bind to lectins expressed by stromal cells or other marrow components. Presents carbohydrate ligands to selectins. (385 aa) |
| | PPARD | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma- linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand. Belongs to the nuclear hormone [...] (441 aa) |
| | CASP3 | Caspase-3 subunit p12; Involved in the activation cascade of caspases responsible for apoptosis execution. At the onset of apoptosis it proteolytically cleaves poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) at a '216-Asp-|-Gly-217' bond. Cleaves and activates sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) between the basic helix-loop-helix leucine zipper domain and the membrane attachment domain. Cleaves and activates caspase-6, -7 and -9. Involved in the cleavage of huntingtin. Triggers cell adhesion in sympathetic neurons through RET cleavage. (277 aa) |
| | CYP4A11 | Cytochrome P450 4A11; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes predominantly the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, the catalytic efficiency decreasing in the following order: dodecanoic > tetradecanoic > (9 [...] (519 aa) |
| | SLCO2A1 | Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 2A1; May mediate the release of newly synthesized prostaglandins from cells, the transepithelial transport of prostaglandins, and the clearance of prostaglandins from the circulation. Transports PGD2, as well as PGE1, PGE2 and PGF2A; Belongs to the organo anion transporter (TC 2.A.60) family. (643 aa) |
| | PPARGC1B | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-beta; Plays a role of stimulator of transcription factors and nuclear receptors activities. Activates transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor alpha, nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1) and glucocorticoid receptor in the presence of glucocorticoids. May play a role in constitutive non-adrenergic-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis as suggested by increased basal oxygen consumption and mitochondrial number when overexpressed. May be involved in fat oxidation and non- oxidative glucose metabolism and in the regulation of e [...] (1023 aa) |
| | LEP | Leptin; Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways. In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal me [...] (167 aa) |
| | HNF4A | Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha; Transcriptional regulator which controls the expression of hepatic genes during the transition of endodermal cells to hepatic progenitor cells, facilitating the recruitment of RNA pol II to the promoters of target genes. Activates the transcription of CYP2C38 (By similarity). Represses the CLOCK- ARNTL/BMAL1 transcriptional activity and is essential for circadian rhythm maintenance and period regulation in the liver and colon cells. (474 aa) |
| | CALML3 | Calmodulin-like protein 3; May function as a specific light chain of unconventional myosin-10 (MYO10), also enhances MYO10 translation, possibly by acting as a chaperone for the emerging MYO10 heavy chain protein. May compete with calmodulin by binding, with different affinities, to cellular substrates. (149 aa) |
| | PLD6 | Mitochondrial cardiolipin hydrolase; Endonuclease that plays a critical role in PIWI-interacting RNA (piRNA) biogenesis during spermatogenesis. piRNAs provide essential protection against the activity of mobile genetic elements (By similarity). piRNA-mediated transposon silencing is thus critical for maintaining genome stability, in particular in germline cells when transposons are mobilized as a consequence of wide-spread genomic demethylation (By similarity). Has been proposed to act as a cardiolipin hydrolase to generate phosphatidic acid at mitochondrial surface (By similarity). Al [...] (252 aa) |
| | LPCAT4 | Lysophospholipid acyltransferase LPCAT4; Displays acyl-CoA-dependent lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity with a subset of lysophospholipids as substrates; converts lysophosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidycholine, 1-alkenyl- lysophatidylethanolamine to 1-alkenyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, lysophosphatidylglycerol and alkyl-lysophosphatidylcholine to phosphatidylglycerol and alkyl-phosphatidylcholine, respectively. In contrast, has no lysophosphatidylinositol, glycerol-3-phosphate, diacylglycerol or lysophosphatidic acid acyltr [...] (524 aa) |
| | PLAAT3 | Phospholipase A and acyltransferase 3; Exhibits both phospholipase A1/2 and acyltransferase activities. Shows phospholipase A1 (PLA1) and A2 (PLA2) activity, catalyzing the calcium-independent release of fatty acids from the sn-1 or sn-2 position of glycerophospholipids. For most substrates, PLA1 activity is much higher than PLA2 activity. Shows O-acyltransferase activity,catalyzing the transfer of a fatty acyl group from glycerophospholipid to the hydroxyl group of lysophospholipid. Shows N-acyltransferase activity, catalyzing the calcium-independent transfer of a fatty acyl group at [...] (162 aa) |
| | MLXIPL | Carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein; Transcriptional repressor. Binds to the canonical and non- canonical E box sequences 5'-CACGTG-3' (By similarity). (852 aa) |
| | SLC2A4 | Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell. (509 aa) |
| | FADS1 | Acyl-CoA (8-3)-desaturase; Isoform 1: Acts as a front-end fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 5 located between a preexisting double bond and the carboxyl end of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Specifically, desaturates dihomo-gamma-linoleoate (DGLA) (20:3n-6) and eicosatetraenoate (ETA) (20:4n-3) to generate arachidonate (AA) (20:4n-6) and eicosapent [...] (501 aa) |
| | PGR | Progesterone receptor; The steroid hormones and their receptors are involved in the regulation of eukaryotic gene expression and affect cellular proliferation and differentiation in target tissues. Depending on the isoform, progesterone receptor functions as transcriptional activator or repressor. [Isoform B]: Transcriptional activator of several progesteron-dependent promoters in a variety of cell types. Involved in activation of SRC-dependent MAPK signaling on hormone stimulation. (933 aa) |
| | FFAR3 | Free fatty acid receptor 3; G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin- sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha f [...] (346 aa) |
| | LEPR | Leptin receptor; Receptor for hormone LEP/leptin (Probable). On ligand binding, mediates LEP central and peripheral effects through the activation of different signaling pathways such as JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK cascade/FOS. In the hypothalamus, LEP acts as an appetite- regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones (By similarity). In the periphery, increases basal metabolism, influences [...] (1165 aa) |
| | PTGDR2 | Prostaglandin D2 receptor 2; Receptor for prostaglandin D2 (PGD2). Coupled to the G(i)- protein. Receptor activation may result in pertussis toxin-sensitive decreases in cAMP levels and Ca(2+) mobilization. PI3K signaling is also implicated in mediating PTGDR2 effects. PGD2 induced receptor internalization. CRTH2 internalization can be regulated by diverse kinases such as, PKC, PKA, GRK2, GPRK5/GRK5 and GRK6. Receptor activation is responsible, at least in part, in immune regulation and allergic/inflammation responses. (395 aa) |
| | PLA2G6 | 85/88 kDa calcium-independent phospholipase A2; Catalyzes the release of fatty acids from phospholipids. It has been implicated in normal phospholipid remodeling, nitric oxide- induced or vasopressin-induced arachidonic acid release and in leukotriene and prostaglandin production. May participate in fas mediated apoptosis and in regulating transmembrane ion flux in glucose- stimulated B-cells. Has a role in cardiolipin (CL) deacylation. Required for both speed and directionality of monocyte MCP1/CCL2- induced chemotaxis through regulation of F-actin polymerization at the pseudopods. (806 aa) |
| | CYP2U1 | Cytochrome P450 2U1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of arachidonic acid and its conjugates. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH- ferrihemoprotein reductase). Acts as an omega and omega-1 hydroxylase for arachidonic acid and possibly for other long chain fatty acids. May modulate the arachidonic acid signaling pathway and play a role in other fatty acid signaling processes. May downregulat [...] (544 aa) |
| | ABCC5 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 5; Acts as a multispecific organic anion pump which can transport nucleotide analogs; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily. (1437 aa) |
| | CYP4Z1 | Cytochrome P450 family 4 subfamily Z member 1. (505 aa) |
| | NR1I2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 2; Nuclear receptor that binds and is activated by variety of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. Transcription factor that activates the transcription of multiple genes involved in the metabolism and secretion of potentially harmful xenobiotics, drugs and endogenous compounds. Activated by the antibiotic rifampicin and various plant metabolites, such as hyperforin, guggulipid, colupulone, and isoflavones. Response to specific ligands is species-specific. Activated by naturally occurring steroids, such as pregnenolone and progesterone. Binds [...] (473 aa) |
| | PNPLA2 | Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 2; Catalyzes the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis in adipocyte and non-adipocyte lipid droplets. Also has acylglycerol transacylase activity. May act coordinately with LIPE/HLS within the lipolytic cascade. Regulates adiposome size and may be involved in the degradation of adiposomes. May play an important role in energy homeostasis. May play a role in the response of the organism to starvation, enhancing hydrolysis of triglycerides and providing free fatty acids to other tissues to be oxidized in situations of energy depletion. (504 aa) |
| | CAV1 | Caveolin-1; May act as a scaffolding protein within caveolar membranes. Forms a stable heterooligomeric complex with CAV2 that targets to lipid rafts and drives caveolae formation. Mediates the recruitment of CAVIN proteins (CAVIN1/2/3/4) to the caveolae. Interacts directly with G-protein alpha subunits and can functionally regulate their activity (By similarity). Involved in the costimulatory signal essential for T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated T-cell activation. Its binding to DPP4 induces T-cell proliferation and NF-kappa-B activation in a T-cell receptor/CD3-dependent manner. Recrui [...] (178 aa) |
| | ACSL4 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially activates arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Preferentially activates 8,9-EET > 14,15-EET > 5,6-EET > 11,12-EET. Modulates glucose- stimulated insulin secretion by regulating the levels of unesterified EETs (By similarity). Modulates prostaglandin E2 secretion. Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (711 aa) |
| | CYB5A | Cytochrome b5; Cytochrome b5 is a membrane-bound hemoprotein functioning as an electron carrier for several membrane-bound oxygenases. (134 aa) |
| | CYP1A2 | Cytochrome P450 1A2; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta- estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and [...] (516 aa) |
| | PRDX6 | Peroxiredoxin-6; Thiol-specific peroxidase that catalyzes the reduction of hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides to water and alcohols, respectively. Can reduce H(2)O(2) and short chain organic, fatty acid, and phospholipid hydroperoxides. Also has phospholipase activity, and can therefore either reduce the oxidized sn-2 fatty acyl grup of phospholipids (peroxidase activity) or hydrolyze the sn-2 ester bond of phospholipids (phospholipase activity). These activities are dependent on binding to phospholipids at acidic pH and to oxidized phospholipds at cytosolic pH. Plays a role [...] (224 aa) |
| | PTGES | Prostaglandin E synthase; Catalyzes the oxidoreduction of prostaglandin endoperoxide H2 (PGH2) to prostaglandin E2 (PGE2); Belongs to the MAPEG family. (152 aa) |
| | ADRB3 | Beta-3 adrenergic receptor; Beta-adrenergic receptors mediate the catecholamine-induced activation of adenylate cyclase through the action of G proteins. Beta- 3 is involved in the regulation of lipolysis and thermogenesis. (408 aa) |
| | NR4A2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2; Transcriptional regulator which is important for the differentiation and maintenance of meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons during development. It is crucial for expression of a set of genes such as SLC6A3, SLC18A2, TH and DRD2 which are essential for development of mdDA neurons (By similarity); Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR4 subfamily. (598 aa) |
| | PTGES2 | Prostaglandin E synthase 2 truncated form; Isomerase that catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 into the more stable prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). (377 aa) |
| | SREBF1 | Processed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1; Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the fatty acid and to a lesser degree the cholesterol synthesis pathway (By similarity). Binds to the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) (5'- ATCACCCCAC-3'). Has dual sequence specificity binding to both an E-box motif (5'-ATCACGTGA-3') and to SRE-1 (5'-ATCACCCCAC-3'). (1177 aa) |
| | HP | Haptoglobin alpha chain; As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity, and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway. (406 aa) |
| | ACSL5 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 5; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. ACSL5 may activate fatty acids from exogenous sources for the synthesis of triacylglycerol destined for intracellular storage (By similarity). Utilizes a wide range of saturated fatty acids with a preference for C16-C18 unsaturated fatty acids (By similarity). It was suggested that it may also stimulate fatty acid oxidation (By similarity). At the villus tip of the crypt-villus axis of the small [...] (739 aa) |
| | ACOX3 | Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3; Oxidizes the CoA-esters of 2-methyl-branched fatty acids. Belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. (700 aa) |
| | FABP7 | Fatty acid-binding protein, brain; B-FABP could be involved in the transport of a so far unknown hydrophobic ligand with potential morphogenic activity during CNS development. It is required for the establishment of the radial glial fiber system in developing brain, a system that is necessary for the migration of immature neurons to establish cortical layers (By similarity). (166 aa) |
| | PTGER3 | Prostaglandin E2 receptor EP3 subtype; Receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The activity of this receptor can couple to both the inhibition of adenylate cyclase mediated by G(i) proteins, and to an elevation of intracellular calcium. Required for normal development of fever in response to pyrinogens, including IL1B, prostaglandin E2 and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Required for normal potentiation of platelet aggregation by prostaglandin E2, and thus plays a role in the regulation of blood coagulation. Required for increased HCO3(-) secretion in the duodenum in response to muco [...] (418 aa) |
| | ACSL3 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 3; Acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) activates long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta- oxidation. Required for the incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid located on the surface of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins). Has mainly an anabolic role in energy metabolism. Mediates hepatic lipogenesis. Preferentially uses myristate, laurate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Both isoforms exhibit the same level of activity (By similarity). (720 aa) |
| | STAT4 | Signal transducer and activator of transcription 4; Carries out a dual function: signal transduction and activation of transcription. Involved in IL12 signaling. (748 aa) |
| | CYB5R3 | NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 3 membrane-bound form; Desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction. (334 aa) |
| | SREBF2 | Processed sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2; Transcriptional activator required for lipid homeostasis. Regulates transcription of the LDL receptor gene as well as the cholesterol and to a lesser degree the fatty acid synthesis pathway (By similarity). Binds the sterol regulatory element 1 (SRE-1) (5'- ATCACCCCAC-3') found in the flanking region of the LDRL and HMG-CoA synthase genes. (1141 aa) |
| | PTGS1 | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 1; Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Involved in the constitutive production of prostanoids in particular in the stomach and platelets. In gastric epithelial cells, it is a key step in the generation of prostaglandins, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays an important role in cytoprotection. In platelets, it is involved in the generation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2), which promotes platelet activation and aggregation, vasoconstriction and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells; Belongs to th [...] (599 aa) |
| | AGT | Angiotensin 1-4; Essential component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), a potent regulator of blood pressure, body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. [Angiotensin-3]: stimulates aldosterone release. (485 aa) |
| | CYB5R1 | NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 1; NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction. Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. (305 aa) |
| | NR5A2 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 5 group A member 2; Nuclear receptor that acts as a key metabolic sensor by regulating the expression of genes involved in bile acid synthesis, cholesterol homeostasis and triglyceride synthesis. Together with the oxysterol receptors NR1H3/LXR-alpha and NR1H2/LXR-beta, acts as an essential transcriptional regulator of lipid metabolism. Plays an anti- inflammatory role during the hepatic acute phase response by acting as a corepressor: inhibits the hepatic acute phase response by preventing dissociation of the N-Cor corepressor complex. Binds to the sequence e [...] (541 aa) |
| | PTGS2 | Prostaglandin G/H synthase 2; Converts arachidonate to prostaglandin H2 (PGH2), a committed step in prostanoid synthesis. Constitutively expressed in some tissues in physiological conditions, such as the endothelium, kidney and brain, and in pathological conditions, such as in cancer. PTGS2 is responsible for production of inflammatory prostaglandins. Up-regulation of PTGS2 is also associated with increased cell adhesion, phenotypic changes, resistance to apoptosis and tumor angiogenesis. In cancer cells, PTGS2 is a key step in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which plays imp [...] (604 aa) |
| | XPR1 | Xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1; Plays a role in phosphate homeostasis. Mediates phosphate export from the cell. Binds inositol hexakisphosphate (Ins6P) and similar inositol polyphosphates, such as 5-diphospho-inositol pentakisphosphate (5-InsP7); these are important intracellular signaling molecules. (696 aa) |
| | NR1I3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group I member 3; Binds and transactivates the retinoic acid response elements that control expression of the retinoic acid receptor beta 2 and alcohol dehydrogenase 3 genes. Transactivates both the phenobarbital responsive element module of the human CYP2B6 gene and the CYP3A4 xenobiotic response element; Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR1 subfamily. (357 aa) |
| | ECHS1 | Enoyl-CoA hydratase, mitochondrial; Straight-chain enoyl-CoA thioesters from C4 up to at least C16 are processed, although with decreasing catalytic rate. Has high substrate specificity for crotonyl-CoA and moderate specificity for acryloyl-CoA, 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA and methacrylyl-CoA. It is noteworthy that binds tiglyl-CoA, but hydrates only a small amount of this substrate; Belongs to the enoyl-CoA hydratase/isomerase family. (290 aa) |
| | S100A9 | Protein S100-A9; S100A9 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis, adhesion, can increase the bactericidal activity of neutrophils by promoting phagocytosis via activation of SYK, PI3K/AKT, and ERK1/2 and can induce degranulation of neutrophils by a MAPK-dependent mechanism. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid [...] (114 aa) |
| | PNLIP | Pancreatic lipase; Belongs to the AB hydrolase superfamily. Lipase family. (465 aa) |
| | CYB5R4 | Cytochrome b5 reductase 4; NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress response pathway. Plays a critical role in protecting pancreatic beta-cells against oxidant stress, possibly by protecting the cell from excess buildup of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Reduces a variety of substrates in vitro, such as cytochrome c, feericyanide and methemoglobin. (521 aa) |
| | ELOVL4 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 4; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of very long chain saturated (VLC-SFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids that are involved in multiple biological processes as precursors of membrane lipids and lipid mediators. May play a critical r [...] (314 aa) |
| | ELOVL3 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 3; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and unsaturated acyl-CoA substrates with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:0 acyl-CoAs. May participate in the production of saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different [...] (270 aa) |
| | SCD | Acyl-CoA desaturase; Stearyl-CoA desaturase that utilizes O(2) and electrons from reduced cytochrome b5 to introduce the first double bond into saturated fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Catalyzes the insertion of a cis double bond at the delta-9 position into fatty acyl-CoA substrates including palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. Gives rise to a mixture of 16:1 and 18:1 unsaturated fatty acids. Plays an important role in lipid biosynthesis. Plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes that are involved in lipogenesis and in regulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (By simi [...] (359 aa) |
| | PRKACB | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit beta; Mediates cAMP-dependent signaling triggered by receptor binding to GPCRs. PKA activation regulates diverse cellular processes such as cell proliferation, the cell cycle, differentiation and regulation of microtubule dynamics, chromatin condensation and decondensation, nuclear envelope disassembly and reassembly, as well as regulation of intracellular transport mechanisms and ion flux. Regulates the abundance of compartmentalized pools of its regulatory subunits through phosphorylation of PJA2 which binds and ubiquitinates these subu [...] (398 aa) |
| | ELOVL5 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 5; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that acts specifically toward polyunsaturated acyl-CoA with the higher activity toward C18:3(n-6) acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of monounsaturated and of polyunsaturated VLCFAs of different chain lengths that are involv [...] (326 aa) |
| | CYP2J2 | Cytochrome P450 2J2; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the cardiovascular system. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA. Converts arachidonic acid to four regioisomeric epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EpETrE), likely playing a major role in the epoxidation of endogenous cardiac arachidonic [...] (502 aa) |
| | CYP2C8 | Cytochrome P450 2C8; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Primarily catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with a preference for the last double bond. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Metabol [...] (490 aa) |
| | CYP2C19 | Cytochrome P450 2C19; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates PUFA specifically at the omega-1 position. Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of PUFA. Also metabolizes plant monoterpenes such as limonene. Oxygenates (R)- and (S)-limo [...] (490 aa) |
| | RBP4 | Plasma retinol-binding protein(1-176); Retinol-binding protein that mediates retinol transport in blood plasma. Delivers retinol from the liver stores to the peripheral tissues (Probable). Transfers the bound all-trans retinol to STRA6, that then facilitates retinol transport across the cell membrane ; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Lipocalin family. (201 aa) |
| | FFAR4 | Free fatty acid receptor 4; Receptor for medium and long-chain free fatty acids (FFAs). Signals via a G(q)/G(11)-coupled pathway. Acts as a receptor for omega- 3 fatty acids and mediates robust anti-inflammatory effects, particularly in macrophages and fat cells. The anti-inflammatory effects involve inhibition of TAK1 through a beta-arrestin 2 (ARRB2)/TAB1-dependent effect, but independent of the G(q)/G(11)- coupled pathway. Mediates potent insulin sensitizing and antidiabetic effects by repressing macrophage-induced tissue inflammation. May mediate the taste of fatty acids. Mediates [...] (377 aa) |
| | PTGDS | Prostaglandin-H2 D-isomerase; Catalyzes the conversion of PGH2 to PGD2, a prostaglandin involved in smooth muscle contraction/relaxation and a potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Involved in a variety of CNS functions, such as sedation, NREM sleep and PGE2-induced allodynia, and may have an anti-apoptotic role in oligodendrocytes. Binds small non-substrate lipophilic molecules, including biliverdin, bilirubin, retinal, retinoic acid and thyroid hormone, and may act as a scavenger for harmful hydrophobic molecules and as a secretory retinoid and thyroid hormone transporter. Possib [...] (190 aa) |
| | AGPAT2 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase beta; Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. (278 aa) |
| | CYP4X1 | Cytochrome P450 4X1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that selectively catalyzes the epoxidation of the last double bond of the arachidonoyl moiety of anandamide, potentially modulating endocannabinoid signaling. Has no hydroxylase activity toward various fatty acids, steroids and prostaglandins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). (509 aa) |
| | LCN2 | Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; Iron-trafficking protein involved in multiple processes such as apoptosis, innate immunity and renal development. Binds iron through association with 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DHBA), a siderophore that shares structural similarities with bacterial enterobactin, and delivers or removes iron from the cell, depending on the context. Iron-bound form (holo-24p3) is internalized following binding to the SLC22A17 (24p3R) receptor, leading to release of iron and subsequent increase of intracellular iron concentration. In contrast, association of [...] (198 aa) |
| | FNDC5 | Fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5; [Irisin]: Contrary to mouse, may not be involved in the beneficial effects of muscular exercise, nor in the induction of browning of human white adipose tissue. (212 aa) |
| | SRC | Proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src; Non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase which is activated following engagement of many different classes of cellular receptors including immune response receptors, integrins and other adhesion receptors, receptor protein tyrosine kinases, G protein-coupled receptors as well as cytokine receptors. Participates in signaling pathways that control a diverse spectrum of biological activities including gene transcription, immune response, cell adhesion, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and transformation. Due to functional redundancy bet [...] (536 aa) |
| | TXLNA | Alpha-taxilin; May be involved in intracellular vesicle traffic and potentially in calcium-dependent exocytosis in neuroendocrine cells; Belongs to the taxilin family. (546 aa) |
| | FABP3 | Fatty acid-binding protein, heart; FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (133 aa) |
| | TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4; Cooperates with LY96 and CD14 to mediate the innate immune response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Acts via MYD88, TIRAP and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Also involved in LPS-independent inflammatory responses triggered by free fatty acids, such as palmitate, and Ni(2+). Responses triggered by Ni(2+) require non- conserved histidines and are, therefore, species-specific. Both M.tuberculosis HSP70 (dnaK) and HSP65 (groEL-2) act via this protein to stimulate NF-kappa-B expression. In complex with [...] (839 aa) |
| | ALOX5 | Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase; Catalyzes the first step in leukotriene biosynthesis, and thereby plays a role in inflammatory processes. Belongs to the lipoxygenase family. (674 aa) |
| | ABCA1 | Phospholipid-transporting ATPase ABCA1; Catalyzes the translocation of specific phospholipids from the cytoplasmic to the extracellular/lumenal leaflet of membrane coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Thereby, participates to phospholipids transfer to apoliproteins to form nascent high density lipoproteins/HDLs. Transports preferentially phosphatidylcholine over phosphatidylserine. May play a similar role in the efflux of intracellular cholesterol to apoliproteins and the formation of nascent high density lipoproteins/HDLs ; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCA family. (2261 aa) |
| | IRS2 | Insulin receptor substrate 2; May mediate the control of various cellular processes by insulin. (1338 aa) |
| | SSX1 | Protein SSX1; Could act as a modulator of transcription; Belongs to the SSX family. (188 aa) |
| | PRKACG | cAMP-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit gamma; Phosphorylates a large number of substrates in the cytoplasm and the nucleus. (351 aa) |
| | PIK3CD | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta isoform; Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Mediates immune responses. Plays a role in B-cell development, proliferation, migration, and function. Required for B-cell recepto [...] (1044 aa) |
| | FOXO1 | Forkhead box protein O1; Transcription factor that is the main target of insulin signaling and regulates metabolic homeostasis in response to oxidative stress. Binds to the insulin response element (IRE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTTG-3' and the related Daf-16 family binding element (DBE) with consensus sequence 5'-TT[G/A]TTTAC-3'. Activity suppressed by insulin. Main regulator of redox balance and osteoblast numbers and controls bone mass. Orchestrates the endocrine function of the skeleton in regulating glucose metabolism. Acts synergistically with ATF4 to suppress osteocalc [...] (655 aa) |
| | ALOX15B | Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase B; Non-heme iron-containing dioxygenase that catalyzes the stereo-specific peroxidation of free and esterified polyunsaturated fatty acids generating a spectrum of bioactive lipid mediators. Converts arachidonic acid to 15S-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid/(15S)-HPETE. Also acts on linoleic acid to produce 13- hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid/13-HPODE. Has no detectable 8S-lipoxygenase activity but reacts with (8S)-HPETE to produce (8S,15S)-diHPETE. May regulate progression through the cell cycle and cell proliferation. May also regulate cytokine secretion by ma [...] (676 aa) |
| | CALML5 | Calmodulin-like protein 5; Binds calcium. May be involved in terminal differentiation of keratinocytes. (146 aa) |
| | CIDEC | Cell death activator CIDE-3; Binds to lipid droplets and regulates their enlargement, thereby restricting lipolysis and favoring storage. At focal contact sites between lipid droplets, promotes directional net neutral lipid transfer from the smaller to larger lipid droplets. The transfer direction may be driven by the internal pressure difference between the contacting lipid droplet pair. Its role in neutral lipid transfer and lipid droplet enlargement is activated by the interaction with PLIN1. May act as a CEBPB coactivator in the white adipose tissue to control the expression of a s [...] (251 aa) |
| | FABP6 | Gastrotropin; Binds to bile acids and is involved in enterohepatic bile acid metabolism. Required for efficient apical to basolateral transport of conjugated bile acids in ileal enterocytes (By similarity). In vitro binds to bile acids in the order: deoxycholic acid > cholic acid > chenodeoxycholic acid and respective BA conjugation modifies affinities in the order taurine-conjugated > glycine-conjugated > unconjugated bile acids. Stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion (By similarity). ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P51162, ; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding prot [...] (177 aa) |
| | PNPLA1 | Patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 1; Lipid hydrolase. Important in the formation of the epidermal lipid barrier. Plays a role in glycerophospholipid metabolism. (532 aa) |
| | ELOVL6 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 6; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that elongates fatty acids with 12, 14 and 16 carbons with higher activity toward C16:0 acyl-CoAs. Catalyzes the synthesis of unsaturated C16 long chain fatty acids and, to a lesser extent, C18:0 and those with low desaturation degre [...] (265 aa) |
| | GPT | Alanine aminotransferase 1; Catalyzes the reversible transamination between alanine and 2-oxoglutarate to form pyruvate and glutamate. Participates in cellular nitrogen metabolism and also in liver gluconeogenesis starting with precursors transported from skeletal muscles (By similarity). Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family. Alanine aminotransferase subfamily. (496 aa) |
| | CYP1A1 | Cytochrome P450 1A1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E [...] (512 aa) |
| | AGPAT1 | 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase alpha; Converts 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) into 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate (phosphatidic acid or PA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. (283 aa) |
| | CCK | Cholecystokinin-58 desnonopeptide; This peptide hormone induces gall bladder contraction and the release of pancreatic enzymes in the gut. Its function in the brain is not clear. Binding to CCK-A receptors stimulates amylase release from the pancreas, binding to CCK-B receptors stimulates gastric acid secretion. (115 aa) |
| | MGST1 | Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1; Conjugation of reduced glutathione to a wide number of exogenous and endogenous hydrophobic electrophiles. Has a wide substrate specificity. (155 aa) |
| | LTB4R | Leukotriene B4 receptor 1; Receptor for extracellular ATP > UTP and ADP. The activity of this receptor is mediated by G proteins which activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. May be the cardiac P2Y receptor involved in the regulation of cardiac muscle contraction through modulation of L-type calcium currents. Is a receptor for leukotriene B4, a potent chemoattractant involved in inflammation and immune response; Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family. (352 aa) |
| | GPAT4 | Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 4; Converts glycerol-3-phosphate to 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3- phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA) by incorporating an acyl moiety at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Active against both saturated and unsaturated long-chain fatty acyl- CoAs ; Belongs to the 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase family. (456 aa) |
| | INS | Insulin A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa) |
| | ABCC1 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 1; Mediates export of organic anions and drugs from the cytoplasm. Mediates ATP-dependent transport of glutathione and glutathione conjugates, leukotriene C4, estradiol-17- beta-o-glucuronide, methotrexate, antiviral drugs and other xenobiotics. Confers resistance to anticancer drugs by decreasing accumulation of drug in cells, and by mediating ATP- and GSH-dependent drug export. Hydrolyzes ATP with low efficiency. Catalyzes the export of sphingosine 1-phosphate from mast cells independently of their degranulation. Participates in inflammatory re [...] (1531 aa) |
| | PLA2G2A | Phospholipase A2, membrane associated; Catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Thought to participate in the regulation of phospholipid metabolism in biomembranes including eicosanoid biosynthesis. Independent of its catalytic activity, acts as a ligand for integrins. Binds to and activates integrins ITGAV:ITGB3, ITGA4:ITGB1 and ITGA5:ITGB1. Binds to a site (site 2) which is distinct from the classical ligand-binding site (site 1) and induces integrin conformational changes and enhanced ligand binding to site 1. Induces cell proliferat [...] (144 aa) |
| | POMC | Corticotropin-like intermediary peptide; [Corticotropin]: Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol. [Melanocyte-stimulating hormone beta]: Increases the pigmentation of skin by increasing melanin production in melanocytes. [Met-enkephalin]: Endogenous opiate; Belongs to the POMC family. (267 aa) |
| | CYP4F11 | Cytochrome P450 4F11; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes with high efficiency the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of 3-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic and 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic aci [...] (524 aa) |
| | PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn- glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and [...] (468 aa) |
| | IL6 | Interleukin-6; Cytokine with a wide variety of biological functions. It is a potent inducer of the acute phase response. Plays an essential role in the final differentiation of B-cells into Ig-secreting cells Involved in lymphocyte and monocyte differentiation. Acts on B-cells, T-cells, hepatocytes, hematopoietic progenitor cells and cells of the CNS. Required for the generation of T(H)17 cells. Also acts as a myokine. It is discharged into the bloodstream after muscle contraction and acts to increase the breakdown of fats and to improve insulin resistance. It induces myeloma and plasm [...] (212 aa) |
| | GCG | Glicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, fro [...] (180 aa) |
| | GPAT2 | Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase 2, mitochondrial; Esterifies acyl-group from acyl-ACP to the sn-1 position of glycerol-3-phosphate, an essential step in glycerolipid biosynthesis. Required for primary processing step during piRNA biosynthesis. Molecular mechanisms by which it promotes piRNA biosynthesis are unclear and do not involve its acyltransferase activity. Belongs to the GPAT/DAPAT family. (795 aa) |
| | TBXAS1 | Thromboxane A synthase 1; Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family. (580 aa) |
| | ADIPOQ | Adiponectin; Important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression in various tissues such as liver and macrophages, and also by counteracting its effects. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. May play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis [...] (244 aa) |
| | PLA2G10 | Group 10 secretory phospholipase A2; PA2 catalyzes the calcium-dependent hydrolysis of the 2-acyl groups in 3-sn-phosphoglycerides. Has a powerful potency for releasing arachidonic acid from cell membrane phospholipids. Prefers phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine liposomes to those of phosphatidylserine. (165 aa) |
| | LPIN1 | Phosphatidate phosphatase LPIN1; Plays important roles in controlling the metabolism of fatty acids at different levels. Acts as a magnesium-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol during triglyceride, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine biosynthesis in the reticulum endoplasmic membrane. Acts also as a nuclear transcriptional coactivator for PPARGC1A/PPARA to modulate lipid metabolism gene expression (By similarity). Is involved in adipocyte differentiation. May also be involved in mitochondrial fiss [...] (975 aa) |
| | TNF | Tumor necrosis factor, membrane form; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF1A/TNFR1 and TNFRSF1B/TNFBR. It is mainly secreted by macrophages and can induce cell death of certain tumor cell lines. It is potent pyrogen causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion and is implicated in the induction of cachexia, Under certain conditions it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation. Impairs regulatory T- cells (Treg) function in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis via FOXP3 dephosphorylation. Upregulates the expression of protein phosphatase 1 [...] (233 aa) |
| | IL10 | Interleukin-10; Major immune regulatory cytokine that acts on many cells of the immune system where it has profound anti-inflammatory functions, limiting excessive tissue disruption caused by inflammation. Mechanistically, IL10 binds to its heterotetrameric receptor comprising IL10RA and IL10RB leading to JAK1 and STAT2-mediated phosphorylation of STAT3. In turn, STAT3 translocates to the nucleus where it drives expression of anti-inflammatory mediators. Targets antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages and monocytes and inhibits their release of pro- inflammatory cytokines i [...] (178 aa) |
| | CD36 | Platelet glycoprotein 4; Multifunctional glycoprotein that acts as receptor for a broad range of ligands. Ligands can be of proteinaceous nature like thrombospondin, fibronectin, collagen or amyloid-beta as well as of lipidic nature such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anionic phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids and bacterial diacylated lipopeptides. They are generally multivalent and can therefore engage multiple receptors simultaneously, the resulting formation of CD36 clusters initiates signal transduction and internalization of receptor- ligand complexes. The depende [...] (472 aa) |
| | CALML4 | Calmodulin-like protein 4; Calmodulin like 4; Belongs to the calmodulin family. (196 aa) |
| | PIK3CG | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit gamma isoform; Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Links G-protein coupled receptor activation to PIP3 production. Involved in immune, inflammatory and allergic responses. Modulates [...] (1102 aa) |
| | POR | NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase; This enzyme is required for electron transfer from NADP to cytochrome P450 in microsomes. It can also provide electron transfer to heme oxygenase and cytochrome B5; Belongs to the NADPH--cytochrome P450 reductase family. In the C-terminal section; belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. (680 aa) |
| | ADH7 | All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH7; Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of all-trans-retinol, alcohol, and omega-hydroxy fatty acids and their derivatives. Oxidizes preferentially all trans-retinol, all-trans-4-hydroxyretinol, 9-cis- retinol, 2-hexenol, and long chain omega-hydroxy fatty acids such as juniperic acid. In vitro can also catalyzes the NADH-dependent reduction of all-trans- retinal and aldehydes and their derivatives. Reduces preferentially all trans- retinal, all-trans-4-oxoretinal and hexanal. Catalyzes in the oxidative direction with higher efficiency. Ther [...] (394 aa) |
| | ACSL1 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate. Preferentially activates arachidonate than epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) or hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (HETEs) (By similarity); Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (698 aa) |
| | ELOVL7 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 7; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme with higher activity toward C18 acyl-CoAs, especially C18:3(n-3) acyl-CoAs and C18:3(n-6)-CoAs. Also active toward C20:4-, C18:0-, C18:1-, C18:2- and C16:0-CoAs, and weakly toward C20:0-CoA. Little or no activity toward C22:0-, C24:0 [...] (281 aa) |
| | ADH4 | All-trans-retinol dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] ADH4; Catalyzes the NAD-dependent oxidation of either all-trans- retinol or 9-cis-retinol. Also oxidizes long chain omega-hydroxy fatty acids, such as 20-HETE, producing both the intermediate aldehyde, 20-oxoarachidonate and the end product, a dicarboxylic acid, (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenedioate. Also catalyzes the reduction of benzoquinones. (399 aa) |
| | MTTP | Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein large subunit; Catalyzes the transport of triglyceride, cholesteryl ester, and phospholipid between phospholipid surfaces. Required for the secretion of plasma lipoproteins that contain apolipoprotein B. (921 aa) |
| | EPHX2 | Bifunctional epoxide hydrolase 2; Bifunctional enzyme. The C-terminal domain has epoxide hydrolase activity and acts on epoxides (alkene oxides, oxiranes) and arene oxides. Plays a role in xenobiotic metabolism by degrading potentially toxic epoxides (By similarity). Also determines steady- state levels of physiological mediators. The N-terminal domain has lipid phosphatase activity, with the highest activity towards threo-9,10- phosphonooxy-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, followed by erythro-9,10- phosphonooxy-hydroxy-octadecanoic acid, 12-phosphonooxy-octadec-9Z- enoic acid and 12-phospho [...] (555 aa) |
| | CYB5RL | NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase-like; NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction. Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. (315 aa) |
| | CYB5R2 | NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase 2; NADH-cytochrome b5 reductases are involved in desaturation and elongation of fatty acids, cholesterol biosynthesis, drug metabolism, and, in erythrocyte, methemoglobin reduction (By similarity). Responsible for NADH-dependent lucigenin chemiluminescence in spermatozoa by reducing both lucigenin and 2-[4-iodophenyl]-3-[4- nitrophenyl]-5-[2,4-disulfophenyl]-2H tetrazolium monosodium salt (WST- 1); Belongs to the flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductase family. (276 aa) |
| | CYP2E1 | Cytochrome P450 2E1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids. May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics (Probable). (493 aa) |
| | NR4A1 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 1; Orphan nuclear receptor. May act concomitantly with NURR1 in regulating the expression of delayed-early genes during liver regeneration. Binds the NGFI-B response element (NBRE) 5'-AAAAGGTCA-3' (By similarity). May inhibit NF-kappa-B transactivation of IL2. Participates in energy homeostasis by sequestrating the kinase STK11 in the nucleus, thereby attenuating cytoplasmic AMPK activation. Plays a role in the vascular response to injury (By similarity). ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P12813. (652 aa) |
| | LTB4R2 | Leukotriene B4 receptor 2; Low-affinity receptor for leukotrienes including leukotriene B4. Mediates chemotaxis of granulocytes and macrophages. The response is mediated via G-proteins that activate a phosphatidylinositol-calcium second messenger system. The rank order of affinities for the leukotrienes is LTB4 > 12-epi-LTB4 > LTB5 > LTB3. (358 aa) |
| | NR1H4 | Bile acid receptor; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor for bile acids (BAs) such as chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid (DCA) and allocholic acid (ACA). Plays a essential role in BA homeostasis through the regulation of genes involved in BA synthesis, conjugation and enterohepatic circulation. Also regulates lipid and glucose homeostasis and is involved innate immune response. The FXR-RXR heterodimer binds predominantly to farnesoid X receptor response elements (FXREs) containing two inverted repeats of the consensus sequence 5'-AGGTCA-3' in wh [...] (486 aa) |
| | MGAM | Maltase-glucoamylase, intestinal; May serve as an alternate pathway for starch digestion when luminal alpha-amylase activity is reduced because of immaturity or malnutrition. May play a unique role in the digestion of malted dietary oligosaccharides used in food manufacturing. (1857 aa) |
| | CYP4F12 | Cytochrome P450 4F12; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bonds, with preference for omega-2 position. Metabolizes (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)- eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonate) toward 18-hydroxy arachidonate. Catalyzes the epoxidation of dou [...] (524 aa) |
| | GPR84 | G-protein coupled receptor 84; Receptor for medium-chain free fatty acid (FFA) with carbon chain lengths of C9 to C14. Capric acid (C10:0), undecanoic acid (C11:0) and lauric acid (C12:0) are the most potent agonists. Not activated by short-chain and long-chain saturated and unsaturated FFAs. Activation by medium-chain free fatty acid is coupled to a pertussis toxin sensitive G(i/o) protein pathway. May have important roles in processes from fatty acid metabolism to regulation of the immune system. (396 aa) |
| | AKT1 | RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase; AKT1 is one of 3 closely related serine/threonine-protein kinases (AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3) called the AKT kinase, and which regulate many processes including metabolism, proliferation, cell survival, growth and angiogenesis. This is mediated through serine and/or threonine phosphorylation of a range of downstream substrates. Over 100 substrate candidates have been reported so far, but for most of them, no isoform specificity has been reported. AKT is responsible of the regulation of glucose uptake by mediating insulin-induced translocation of the [...] (480 aa) |
| | LDLR | Low-density lipoprotein receptor; Binds LDL, the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, and transports it into cells by endocytosis. In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complexes must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Vesicular stomatitis virus; Belongs to the LDLR family. (860 aa) |
| | ACLY | ATP-citrate synthase; Catalyzes the cleavage of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA, the latter serving as common substrate for de novo cholesterol and fatty acid synthesis. In the N-terminal section; belongs to the succinate/malate CoA ligase beta subunit family. (1101 aa) |
| | FFAR2 | Free fatty acid receptor 2; G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by a major product of dietary fiber digestion, the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and that plays a role in the regulation of whole-body energy homeostasis and in intestinal immunity. In omnivorous mammals, the short chain fatty acids acetate, propionate and butyrate are produced primarily by the gut microbiome that metabolizes dietary fibers. SCFAs serve as a source of energy but also act as signaling molecules. That G protein-coupled receptor is probably coupled to the pertussis toxin- sensitive, G(i/o)-alpha f [...] (330 aa) |
| | NELFCD | Negative elongation factor C/D; Essential component of the NELF complex, a complex that negatively regulates the elongation of transcription by RNA polymerase II. The NELF complex, which acts via an association with the DSIF complex and causes transcriptional pausing, is counteracted by the P-TEFb kinase complex. Belongs to the NELF-D family. (599 aa) |
| | CYP4F8 | Cytochrome P450 4F8; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endogenous polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bonds, with preference for omega-1 and omega-2 positions. Hydroxylates (5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid (arachidonate) predomi [...] (520 aa) |
| | HMOX2 | Heme oxygenase 2; Heme oxygenase cleaves the heme ring at the alpha methene bridge to form biliverdin. Biliverdin is subsequently converted to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Under physiological conditions, the activity of heme oxygenase is highest in the spleen, where senescent erythrocytes are sequestrated and destroyed. Heme oxygenase 2 could be implicated in the production of carbon monoxide in brain where it could act as a neurotransmitter. (370 aa) |
| | ELOVL1 | Elongation of very long chain fatty acids protein 1; Catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction of the four reactions that constitute the long-chain fatty acids elongation cycle. This endoplasmic reticulum-bound enzymatic process allows the addition of 2 carbons to the chain of long- and very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) per cycle. Condensing enzyme that exhibits activity toward saturated and monounsaturated acyl-CoA substrates, with the highest activity towards C22:0 acyl-CoA. May participate in the production of both saturated and monounsaturated VLCFAs of different chain leng [...] (279 aa) |
| | ALOX5AP | Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein; Required for leukotriene biosynthesis by ALOX5 (5- lipoxygenase). Anchors ALOX5 to the membrane. Binds arachidonic acid, and could play an essential role in the transfer of arachidonic acid to ALOX5. Binds to MK-886, a compound that blocks the biosynthesis of leukotrienes; Belongs to the MAPEG family. (218 aa) |
| | EPHX1 | Epoxide hydrolase 1; Biotransformation enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of arene and aliphatic epoxides to less reactive and more water soluble dihydrodiols by the trans addition of water (By similarity). May play a role in the metabolism of endogenous lipids such as epoxide-containing fatty acids ; Belongs to the peptidase S33 family. (455 aa) |
| | NR4A3 | Nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 3; Transcriptional activator that binds to regulatory elements in promoter regions in a cell- and response element (target)-specific manner. Induces gene expression by binding as monomers to the NR4A1 response element (NBRE) 5'-AAAAGGTCA-3' site and as homodimers to the Nur response element (NurRE) site in the promoter of their regulated target genes (By similarity). Plays a role in the regulation of proliferation, survival and differentiation of many different cell types and also in metabolism and inflammation. Mediates proliferation of vasc [...] (637 aa) |
| | DGAT1 | Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1; Catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. In contrast to DGAT2 it is not essential for survival. May be involved in VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) assembly. In liver, plays a role in esterifying exogenous fatty acids to glycerol. Functions as the major acyl-CoA retinol acyltransferase (ARAT) in the skin, where it acts to maintain retinoid homeostasis and prevent retinoid toxicity leading to skin and hair disorders. Belongs to the membrane-bound acyltransf [...] (488 aa) |
| | DBI | Acyl-CoA-binding protein; Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity and may function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. It is also able to displace diazepam from the benzodiazepine (BZD) recognition site located on the GABA type A receptor. It is therefore possible that this protein also acts as a neuropeptide to modulate the action of the GABA receptor; Belongs to the ACBP family. (148 aa) |
| | KNG1 | Low molecular weight growth-promoting factor; (1) Kininogens are inhibitors of thiol proteases; (2) HMW- kininogen plays an important role in blood coagulation by helping to position optimally prekallikrein and factor XI next to factor XII; (3) HMW-kininogen inhibits the thrombin- and plasmin-induced aggregation of thrombocytes; (4) the active peptide bradykinin that is released from HMW-kininogen shows a variety of physiological effects: (4A) influence in smooth muscle contraction, (4B) induction of hypotension, (4C) natriuresis and diuresis, (4D) decrease in blood glucose level, (4E) [...] (644 aa) |
| | ABCC8 | ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 8; Subunit of the beta-cell ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP). Regulator of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels and insulin release. Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily. (1603 aa) |
| | ABCC4 | Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4; May be an organic anion pump relevant to cellular detoxification; Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily. (1325 aa) |
| | ABHD5 | 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase ABHD5; Coenzyme A-dependent lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase that catalyzes the transfert of an acyl group on a lysophosphatidic acid. Functions preferentially with 1-oleoyl- lysophosphatidic acid followed by 1-palmitoyl-lysophosphatidic acid, 1- stearoyl-lysophosphatidic acid and 1-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidic acid as lipid acceptor. Functions preferentially with arachidonoyl-CoA followed by oleoyl-CoA as acyl group donors (By similarity). Functions in phosphatidic acid biosynthesis. May regulate the cellular storage of triacylglycero [...] (349 aa) |
| | ABCC2 | Canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter 1; Mediates hepatobiliary excretion of numerous organic anions and conjugated organic anions such as methotrexate, 17beta-estradiol 17-glucosiduronic acid and leukotriene C4. Also transports sulfated bile salt such as taurolithocholate sulfate. May function as a cellular cisplatin transporter. Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCC family. Conjugate transporter (TC 3.A.1.208) subfamily. (1545 aa) |
| | LPL | Lipoprotein lipase; Key enzyme in triglyceride metabolism. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and thereby plays an important role in lipid clearance from the blood stream, lipid utilization and storage. Mediates margination of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in capillaries. Recruited to its site of action on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium by binding to GPIHBP1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. (475 aa) |
| | ABCB11 | Bile salt export pump; Catalyzes the secretion of conjugated bile salts across the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes in an ATP-dependent manner. Transports taurine-conjugated bile salts more rapidly than glycine-conjugated bile salts. Belongs to the ABC transporter superfamily. ABCB family. Multidrug resistance exporter (TC 3.A.1.201) subfamily. (1321 aa) |
| | MYD88 | Myeloid differentiation primary response protein MyD88; Adapter protein involved in the Toll-like receptor and IL-1 receptor signaling pathway in the innate immune response. Acts via IRAK1, IRAK2, IRF7 and TRAF6, leading to NF-kappa-B activation, cytokine secretion and the inflammatory response. Increases IL-8 transcription. Involved in IL-18-mediated signaling pathway. Activates IRF1 resulting in its rapid migration into the nucleus to mediate an efficient induction of IFN-beta, NOS2/INOS, and IL12A genes. MyD88-mediated signaling in intestinal epithelial cells is crucial for maintena [...] (317 aa) |
| | CYP3A4 | Cytochrome P450 3A4; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of sterols, steroid hormones, retinoids and fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta- estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxyla [...] (503 aa) |
| | CEL | Bile salt-activated lipase; Catalyzes the hydrolysis of a wide range of substrates including cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, lysophospholipids, di- and tri-acylglycerols, and fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). Preferentially hydrolyzes FAHFAs with the ester bond further away from the carboxylate. Unsaturated FAHFAs are hydrolyzed more quickly than saturated FAHFAs (By similarity). Has an essential role in the complete digestion of dietary lipids and their intestinal absorption, along with the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins. Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/ [...] (756 aa) |
| | PIK3CB | Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta isoform; Phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) that phosphorylates PtdIns (Phosphatidylinositol), PtdIns4P (Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate) and PtdIns(4,5)P2 (Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate) to generate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). PIP3 plays a key role by recruiting PH domain-containing proteins to the membrane, including AKT1 and PDPK1, activating signaling cascades involved in cell growth, survival, proliferation, motility and morphology. Involved in the activation of AKT1 upon stimulation [...] (1070 aa) |
