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ENO3 ENO3 PYGM PYGM PYGL PYGL PYGB PYGB GCK GCK PPP1R3C PPP1R3C G6PC G6PC GYS2 GYS2 SI SI GCKR GCKR SUB1 SUB1 G6PC3 G6PC3 PPP1R3A PPP1R3A PRKAG2 PRKAG2 CALM3 CALM3 AGL AGL PGAM2 PGAM2 GAA GAA PPP1R3B PPP1R3B PHKB PHKB GYS1 GYS1 SLC2A4 SLC2A4 SLC2A2 SLC2A2 AMY1B AMY1B UGP2 UGP2 PRDM8 PRDM8 GYG1 GYG1 NHLRC1 NHLRC1 AMY2B AMY2B EPM2A EPM2A PGAM1 PGAM1 PPP1R3D PPP1R3D PGM1 PGM1 PHKA1 PHKA1 G6PC2 G6PC2 PHKA2 PHKA2 GYG2 GYG2 PGM2 PGM2 PGM5 PGM5 INS INS GCG GCG LAMP2 LAMP2 GBE1 GBE1 PGAM4 PGAM4 SLC2A1 SLC2A1 PGM3 PGM3 LDHA LDHA PHKG1 PHKG1 MGAM MGAM PHKG2 PHKG2 SLC37A4 SLC37A4 AMY2A AMY2A LOC112694756 LOC112694756 ENO1 ENO1 ALDOA ALDOA CALM2 CALM2
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
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a 3D structure is known or predicted
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experimentally determined
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ENO3Beta-enolase; Appears to have a function in striated muscle development and regeneration; Belongs to the enolase family. (434 aa)
PYGMGlycogen phosphorylase, muscle form; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties. (842 aa)
PYGLGlycogen phosphorylase, liver form; Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties. (847 aa)
PYGBGlycogen phosphorylase, brain form; Glycogen phosphorylase that regulates glycogen mobilization. Phosphorylase is an important allosteric enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism. Enzymes from different sources differ in their regulatory mechanisms and in their natural substrates. However, all known phosphorylases share catalytic and structural properties. (843 aa)
GCKHexokinase-4; Catalyzes the phosphorylation of hexose, such as D-glucose, D-fructose and D-mannose, to hexose 6-phosphate (D-glucose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate and D-mannose 6-phosphate, respectively). Compared to other hexokinases, has a weak affinity for D-glucose, and is effective only when glucose is abundant (By similarity). Mainly expressed in pancreatic beta cells and the liver and constitutes a rate-limiting step in glucose metabolism in these tissues. Since insulin secretion parallels glucose metabolism and the low glucose affinity of GCK ensures that it can change it [...] (466 aa)
PPP1R3CProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C; Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1 and regulates its activity. Activates glycogen synthase, reduces glycogen phosphorylase activity and limits glycogen breakdown. Dramatically increases basal and insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis upon overexpression in a variety of cell types. (317 aa)
G6PCGlucose-6-phosphatase; Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. Forms with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT) the complex responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hence, it is the key enzyme in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels; Belongs to the glucose-6-phosphatase family. (357 aa)
GYS2Glycogen [starch] synthase, liver; Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non- reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan. (703 aa)
SISucrase-isomaltase, intestinal; Plays an important role in the final stage of carbohydrate digestion. Isomaltase activity is specific for both alpha-1,4- and alpha-1,6-oligosaccharides; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 31 family. (1827 aa)
GCKRGlucokinase regulatory protein; Regulates glucokinase (GCK) by forming an inactive complex with this enzyme. Acts by promoting GCK recruitment to the nucleus, possibly to provide a reserve of GCK that can be quickly released in the cytoplasm after a meal. The affinity of GCKR for GCK is modulated by fructose metabolites: GCKR with bound fructose 6-phosphate has increased affinity for GCK, while GCKR with bound fructose 1-phosphate has strongly decreased affinity for GCK and does not inhibit GCK activity. (625 aa)
SUB1Activated RNA polymerase II transcriptional coactivator p15; General coactivator that functions cooperatively with TAFs and mediates functional interactions between upstream activators and the general transcriptional machinery. May be involved in stabilizing the multiprotein transcription complex. Binds single-stranded DNA. Also binds, in vitro, non-specifically to double-stranded DNA (ds DNA). (127 aa)
G6PC3Glucose-6-phosphatase 3; Hydrolyzes glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. May form with the glucose-6-phosphate transporter (SLC37A4/G6PT) a ubiquitously expressed complex responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Probably required for normal neutrophil function. (346 aa)
PPP1R3AProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3A; Seems to act as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1. PP1 is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. Plays an important role in glycogen synthesis but is not essential for insulin activation of glycogen synthase (By similarity). (1122 aa)
PRKAG25'-AMP-activated protein kinase subunit gamma-2; AMP/ATP-binding subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an energy sensor protein kinase that plays a key role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In response to reduction of intracellular ATP levels, AMPK activates energy-producing pathways and inhibits energy-consuming processes: inhibits protein, carbohydrate and lipid biosynthesis, as well as cell growth and proliferation. AMPK acts via direct phosphorylation of metabolic enzymes, and by longer-term effects via phosphorylation of transcription regulators. Also acts as a [...] (569 aa)
CALM3Calmodulin-1; Calmodulin mediates the control of a large number of enzymes, ion channels, aquaporins and other proteins through calcium-binding. Among the enzymes to be stimulated by the calmodulin-calcium complex are a number of protein kinases and phosphatases. Together with CCP110 and centrin, is involved in a genetic pathway that regulates the centrosome cycle and progression through cytokinesis. Mediates calcium-dependent inactivation of CACNA1C. Positively regulates calcium-activated potassium channel activity of KCNN2. (149 aa)
AGLAmylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase; Multifunctional enzyme acting as 1,4-alpha-D-glucan:1,4- alpha-D-glucan 4-alpha-D-glycosyltransferase and amylo-1,6-glucosidase in glycogen degradation. (1532 aa)
PGAM2Phosphoglycerate mutase 2; Interconversion of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerate with 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate as the primer of the reaction. Can also catalyze the reaction of EC 5.4.2.4 (synthase), but with a reduced activity. (253 aa)
GAA70 kDa lysosomal alpha-glucosidase; Essential for the degradation of glycogen in lysosomes. Has highest activity on alpha-1,4-linked glycosidic linkages, but can also hydrolyze alpha-1,6-linked glucans. (952 aa)
PPP1R3BProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3B; Acts as a glycogen-targeting subunit for phosphatase PP1. Facilitates interaction of the PP1 with enzymes of the glycogen metabolism and regulates its activity. Suppresses the rate at which PP1 dephosphorylates (inactivates) glycogen phosphorylase and enhances the rate at which it activates glycogen synthase and therefore limits glycogen breakdown. Its activity is inhibited by PYGL, resulting in inhibition of the glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase phosphatase activities of PP1. Dramatically increases basal and insulin-stimulated gl [...] (285 aa)
PHKBPhosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit beta; Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The beta chain acts as a regulatory unit and modulates the activity of the holoenzyme in response to phosphorylation. (1093 aa)
GYS1Glycogen [starch] synthase, muscle; Transfers the glycosyl residue from UDP-Glc to the non- reducing end of alpha-1,4-glucan. (737 aa)
SLC2A4Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 4; Insulin-regulated facilitative glucose transporter, which plays a key role in removal of glucose from circulation. Response to insulin is regulated by its intracellular localization: in the absence of insulin, it is efficiently retained intracellularly within storage compartments in muscle and fat cells. Upon insulin stimulation, translocates from these compartments to the cell surface where it transports glucose from the extracellular milieu into the cell. (509 aa)
SLC2A2Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 2; Facilitative hexose transporter that mediates the transport of glucose and fructose. Likely mediates the bidirectional transfer of glucose across the plasma membrane of hepatocytes and is responsible for uptake of glucose by the beta cells; may comprise part of the glucose-sensing mechanism of the beta cell. May also participate with the Na(+)/glucose cotransporter in the transcellular transport of glucose in the small intestine and kidney. Also able to mediate the transport of dehydroascorbate. Belongs to the major fac [...] (524 aa)
AMY1BAmylase alpha 1B; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. (511 aa)
UGP2UTP--glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase; Plays a central role as a glucosyl donor in cellular metabolic pathways; Belongs to the UDPGP type 1 family. (508 aa)
PRDM8PR domain zinc finger protein 8; Probable histone methyltransferase, preferentially acting on 'Lys-9' of histone H3 (By similarity). Involved in the control of steroidogenesis through transcriptional repression of steroidogenesis marker genes such as CYP17A1 and LHCGR (By similarity). Forms with BHLHE22 a transcriptional repressor complex controlling genes involved in neural development and neuronal differentiation (By similarity). In the retina, it is required for rod bipolar and type 2 OFF-cone bipolar cell survival (By similarity); Belongs to the class V-like SAM-binding methyltrans [...] (689 aa)
GYG1Glycogenin-1; Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Glycogenin subfamily. (350 aa)
NHLRC1E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NHLRC1; E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase. Together with the phosphatase EPM2A/laforin, appears to be involved in the clearance of toxic polyglucosan and protein aggregates via multiple pathways. In complex with EPM2A/laforin and HSP70, suppresses the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins by promoting their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Ubiquitinates the glycogen-targeting protein phosphatase subunits PPP1R3C/PTG and PPP1R3D in a laforin- dependent manner and targets them for proteasome-dependent degradation, thus decreasing glycogen [...] (395 aa)
AMY2BAmylase alpha 2B; Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. (511 aa)
EPM2ALaforin; Plays an important role in preventing glycogen hyperphosphorylation and the formation of insoluble aggregates, via its activity as glycogen phosphatase, and by promoting the ubiquitination of proteins involved in glycogen metabolism via its interaction with the E3 ubiquitin ligase NHLRC1/malin. Shows strong phosphatase activity towards complex carbohydrates in vitro, avoiding glycogen hyperphosphorylation which is associated with reduced branching and formation of insoluble aggregates. Dephosphorylates phosphotyrosine and synthetic substrates, such as para- nitrophenylphosphat [...] (331 aa)
PGAM1Phosphoglycerate mutase 1; Interconversion of 3- and 2-phosphoglycerate with 2,3- bisphosphoglycerate as the primer of the reaction. Can also catalyze the reaction of EC 5.4.2.4 (synthase), but with a reduced activity. (254 aa)
PPP1R3DProtein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3D; Seems to act as a glycogen-targeting subunit for PP1. PP1 is essential for cell division, and participates in the regulation of glycogen metabolism, muscle contractility and protein synthesis. (299 aa)
PGM1Phosphoglucomutase-1; This enzyme participates in both the breakdown and synthesis of glucose; Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family. (580 aa)
PHKA1Phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, skeletal muscle isoform; Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin. (1223 aa)
G6PC2Glucose-6-phosphatase 2; May hydrolyze glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in the endoplasmic reticulum. May be responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (By similarity). (355 aa)
PHKA2Phosphorylase b kinase regulatory subunit alpha, liver isoform; Phosphorylase b kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of serine in certain substrates, including troponin I. The alpha chain may bind calmodulin. (1235 aa)
GYG2Glycogenin-2; Self-glucosylates, via an inter-subunit mechanism, to form an oligosaccharide primer that serves as substrate for glycogen synthase. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 8 family. Glycogenin subfamily. (501 aa)
PGM2Phosphoglucomutase-2; Catalyzes the conversion of the nucleoside breakdown products ribose-1-phosphate and deoxyribose-1-phosphate to the corresponding 5- phosphopentoses. May also catalyze the interconversion of glucose-1- phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate. Has low glucose 1,6-bisphosphate synthase activity; Belongs to the phosphohexose mutase family. (612 aa)
PGM5Phosphoglucomutase-like protein 5; Component of adherens-type cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions. Lacks phosphoglucomutase activity. (567 aa)
INSInsulin A chain; Insulin decreases blood glucose concentration. It increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids and fatty acids. It accelerates glycolysis, the pentose phosphate cycle, and glycogen synthesis in liver. (110 aa)
GCGGlicentin-related polypeptide; Glucagon plays a key role in glucose metabolism and homeostasis. Regulates blood glucose by increasing gluconeogenesis and decreasing glycolysis. A counterregulatory hormone of insulin, raises plasma glucose levels in response to insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Plays an important role in initiating and maintaining hyperglycemic conditions in diabetes. GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and up-regulates villus height in the small intestine, concomitant with increased crypt cell proliferation and decreased enterocyte apoptosis. The gastrointestinal tract, fro [...] (180 aa)
LAMP2Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 2; Plays an important role in chaperone-mediated autophagy, a process that mediates lysosomal degradation of proteins in response to various stresses and as part of the normal turnover of proteins with a long biological half-live. Functions by binding target proteins, such as GAPDH and MLLT11, and targeting them for lysosomal degradation. Plays a role in lysosomal protein degradation in response to starvation (By similarity). Required for the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes during autophagy. Cells that lack LAMP2 express normal levels o [...] (411 aa)
GBE11,4-alpha-glucan-branching enzyme; Required for normal glycogen accumulation. The alpha 1-6 branches of glycogen play an important role in increasing the solubility of the molecule (Probable); Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family. GlgB subfamily. (702 aa)
PGAM4Phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4. (254 aa)
SLC2A1Solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1; Facilitative glucose transporter, which is responsible for constitutive or basal glucose uptake. Has a very broad substrate specificity; can transport a wide range of aldoses including both pentoses and hexoses. Most important energy carrier of the brain: present at the blood-brain barrier and assures the energy-independent, facilitative transport of glucose into the brain. (492 aa)
PGM3Phosphoacetylglucosamine mutase; Catalyzes the conversion of GlcNAc-6-P into GlcNAc-1-P during the synthesis of uridine diphosphate/UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar nucleotide critical to multiple glycosylation pathways including protein N- and O- glycosylation. (570 aa)
LDHALactate dehydrogenase A; Belongs to the LDH/MDH superfamily. LDH family. (361 aa)
PHKG1Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, skeletal muscle/heart isoform; Catalytic subunit of the phosphorylase b kinase (PHK), which mediates the neural and hormonal regulation of glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) by phosphorylating and thereby activating glycogen phosphorylase. In vitro, phosphorylates PYGM, TNNI3, MAPT/TAU, GAP43 and NRGN/RC3 (By similarity). (419 aa)
MGAMMaltase-glucoamylase, intestinal; May serve as an alternate pathway for starch digestion when luminal alpha-amylase activity is reduced because of immaturity or malnutrition. May play a unique role in the digestion of malted dietary oligosaccharides used in food manufacturing. (1857 aa)
PHKG2Phosphorylase b kinase gamma catalytic chain, liver/testis isoform; Catalytic subunit of the phosphorylase b kinase (PHK), which mediates the neural and hormonal regulation of glycogen breakdown (glycogenolysis) by phosphorylating and thereby activating glycogen phosphorylase. May regulate glycogeneolysis in the testis. In vitro, phosphorylates PYGM (By similarity); Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. CAMK Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (406 aa)
SLC37A4Glucose-6-phosphate exchanger SLC37A4; Inorganic phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate antiporter of the endoplasmic reticulum. Transports cytoplasmic glucose-6-phosphate into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum and translocates inorganic phosphate into the opposite direction. Forms with glucose-6-phosphatase the complex responsible for glucose production through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Hence, it plays a central role in homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels; Belongs to the major facilitator superfamily. Organophosphate:Pi antiporter (OPA) (TC 2.A.1.4) family. (451 aa)
AMY2APancreatic alpha-amylase; Amylase alpha 2A. (511 aa)
LOC112694756Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase; Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. (368 aa)
ENO1Alpha-enolase; Glycolytic enzyme the catalyzes the conversion of 2- phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate. In addition to glycolysis, involved in various processes such as growth control, hypoxia tolerance and allergic responses. May also function in the intravascular and pericellular fibrinolytic system due to its ability to serve as a receptor and activator of plasminogen on the cell surface of several cell-types such as leukocytes and neurons. Stimulates immunoglobulin production. Belongs to the enolase family. (434 aa)
ALDOAFructose-bisphosphate aldolase A; Plays a key role in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. In addition, may also function as scaffolding protein (By similarity). Belongs to the class I fructose-bisphosphate aldolase family. (418 aa)
CALM2Calmodulin 2. (149 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Homo sapiens
NCBI taxonomy Id: 9606
Other names: H. sapiens, human, man
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