STRINGSTRING
RARA RARA FOXF1 FOXF1 UPK1B UPK1B PPARG PPARG ACTC1 ACTC1 SHH SHH ALDH1A1 ALDH1A1 AXIN2 AXIN2 ELF5 ELF5 HIC1 HIC1 SHISA3 SHISA3 ALDH1A3 ALDH1A3 RARB RARB PTCH1 PTCH1 RET RET RXRG RXRG TGM2 TGM2 ECM1 ECM1 TBX18 TBX18 DKK1 DKK1 RXRB RXRB TNFSF13B TNFSF13B RGCC RGCC IL33 IL33 TAGLN TAGLN POTEF POTEF ACTG2 ACTG2 RARG RARG MYOCD MYOCD RXRA RXRA DHRS3 DHRS3 SIX1 SIX1 ACTB ACTB CTNNB1 CTNNB1 KRT6A KRT6A KRT14 KRT14 TGM5 TGM5 SERPINE1 SERPINE1 ACTA2 ACTA2 RARS1 RARS1 ID2 ID2 TSHZ3 TSHZ3 BMP4 BMP4 SOX9 SOX9 KRT5 KRT5
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splice isoforms or post-translational modifications are collapsed, i.e. each node represents all the proteins produced by a single, protein-coding gene locus.
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query proteins and first shell of interactors
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second shell of interactors
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proteins of unknown 3D structure
filled nodes:
a 3D structure is known or predicted
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Known Interactions
from curated databases
experimentally determined
Predicted Interactions
gene neighborhood
gene fusions
gene co-occurrence
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textmining
co-expression
protein homology
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RARARetinoic acid receptor alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9- cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone deacetylation, chromatin condensation and transcr [...] (462 aa)
FOXF1Forkhead box protein F1; Probable transcription activator for a number of lung- specific genes. (379 aa)
UPK1BUroplakin-1b; Component of the asymmetric unit membrane (AUM); a highly specialized biomembrane elaborated by terminally differentiated urothelial cells. May play an important role in normal bladder epithelial physiology, possibly in regulating membrane permeability of superficial umbrella cells or in stabilizing the apical membrane through AUM/cytoskeletal interactions (By similarity); Belongs to the tetraspanin (TM4SF) family. (260 aa)
PPARGPeroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut ho [...] (505 aa)
ACTC1Actin, alpha cardiac muscle 1, intermediate form; Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (377 aa)
SHHSonic hedgehog protein N-product; [Sonic hedgehog protein]: The C-terminal part of the sonic hedgehog protein precursor displays an autoproteolysis and a cholesterol transferase activity (By similarity). Both activities result in the cleavage of the full-length protein into two parts (ShhN and ShhC) followed by the covalent attachment of a cholesterol moiety to the C-terminal of the newly generated ShhN (By similarity). Both activities occur in the reticulum endoplasmic (By similarity). Once cleaved, ShhC is degraded in the endoplasmic reticulum (By similarity). (462 aa)
ALDH1A1Retinal dehydrogenase 1; Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal (By similarity). May have a broader specificity and oxidize other aldehydes in vivo. (501 aa)
AXIN2Axin-2; Inhibitor of the Wnt signaling pathway. Down-regulates beta- catenin. Probably facilitate the phosphorylation of beta-catenin and APC by GSK3B. (843 aa)
ELF5ETS-related transcription factor Elf-5; Transcriptionally activator that may play a role in regulating the later stages of keratinocytes terminal differentiation. Belongs to the ETS family. (265 aa)
HIC1Hypermethylated in cancer 1 protein; Transcriptional repressor. Recognizes and binds to the consensus sequence '5-[CG]NG[CG]GGGCA[CA]CC-3'. May act as a tumor suppressor. May be involved in development of head, face, limbs and ventral body wall. Involved in down-regulation of SIRT1 and thereby is involved in regulation of p53/TP53-dependent apoptotic DNA-damage responses. The specific target gene promoter association seems to be depend on corepressors, such as CTBP1 or CTBP2 and MTA1. The regulation of SIRT1 transcription in response to nutrient deprivation seems to involve CTBP1. In c [...] (733 aa)
SHISA3Protein shisa-3 homolog; Plays an essential role in the maturation of presomitic mesoderm cells by individual attenuation of both FGF and WNT signaling. (238 aa)
ALDH1A3Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3; NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the formation of retinoic acid. Has high activity with all-trans retinal, and has much lower in vitro activity with acetaldehyde. Required for the biosynthesis of normal levels of retinoic acid in the embryonic ocular and nasal regions; retinoic acid is required for normal embryonic development of the eye and the nasal region (By similarity). (512 aa)
RARBRetinoic acid receptor beta; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence or presence of hormone ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. The RXRA/RARB heterodimer can act as a repressor on the DR1 element [...] (448 aa)
PTCH1Protein patched homolog 1; Acts as a receptor for sonic hedgehog (SHH), indian hedgehog (IHH) and desert hedgehog (DHH). Associates with the smoothened protein (SMO) to transduce the hedgehog's proteins signal. Seems to have a tumor suppressor function, as inactivation of this protein is probably a necessary, if not sufficient step for tumorigenesis. Belongs to the patched family. (1447 aa)
RETExtracellular cell-membrane anchored RET cadherin 120 kDa fragment; Receptor tyrosine-protein kinase involved in numerous cellular mechanisms including cell proliferation, neuronal navigation, cell migration, and cell differentiation upon binding with glial cell derived neurotrophic factor family ligands. Phosphorylates PTK2/FAK1. Regulates both cell death/survival balance and positional information. Required for the molecular mechanisms orchestration during intestine organogenesis; involved in the development of enteric nervous system and renal organogenesis during embryonic life, and [...] (1114 aa)
RXRGRetinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The high affinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid (By similarity). (463 aa)
TGM2Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2; Catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins, such as WDR54, and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. (687 aa)
ECM1Extracellular matrix protein 1; Involved in endochondral bone formation as negative regulator of bone mineralization. Stimulates the proliferation of endothelial cells and promotes angiogenesis. Inhibits MMP9 proteolytic activity. (567 aa)
TBX18T-box transcription factor TBX18; Acts as transcriptional repressor involved in developmental processes of a variety of tissues and organs, including the heart and coronary vessels, the ureter and the vertebral column. Required for embryonic development of the sino atrial node (SAN) head area. (607 aa)
DKK1Dickkopf-related protein 1; Antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling by inhibiting LRP5/6 interaction with Wnt and by forming a ternary complex with the transmembrane protein KREMEN that promotes internalization of LRP5/6. DKKs play an important role in vertebrate development, where they locally inhibit Wnt regulated processes such as antero-posterior axial patterning, limb development, somitogenesis and eye formation. In the adult, Dkks are implicated in bone formation and bone disease, cancer and Alzheimer disease. Inhibits the pro-apoptotic function of KREMEN1 in a Wnt-independent manner [...] (266 aa)
RXRBRetinoic acid receptor RXR-beta; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE); Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily. (537 aa)
TNFSF13BTumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 13b, membrane form; Cytokine that binds to TNFRSF13B/TACI and TNFRSF17/BCMA. TNFSF13/APRIL binds to the same 2 receptors. Together, they form a 2 ligands -2 receptors pathway involved in the stimulation of B- and T- cell function and the regulation of humoral immunity. A third B-cell specific BAFF-receptor (BAFFR/BR3) promotes the survival of mature B- cells and the B-cell response. [Isoform 3]: Acts as a transcription factor for its own parent gene, in association with NF-kappa-B p50 subunit, at least in autoimmune and proliferative B-ce [...] (285 aa)
RGCCRegulator of cell cycle RGCC; Modulates the activity of cell cycle-specific kinases. Enhances CDK1 activity. May contribute to the regulation of the cell cycle. May inhibit growth of glioma cells by promoting arrest of mitotic progression at the G2/M transition. Fibrogenic factor contributing to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis through fibroblast activation. (137 aa)
IL33Interleukin-33 (109-270); Cytokine that binds to and signals through the IL1RL1/ST2 receptor which in turn activates NF-kappa-B and MAPK signaling pathways in target cells. Involved in the maturation of Th2 cells inducing the secretion of T-helper type 2-associated cytokines. Also involved in activation of mast cells, basophils, eosinophils and natural killer cells. Acts as a chemoattractant for Th2 cells, and may function as an 'alarmin', that amplifies immune responses during tissue injury. Belongs to the IL-1 family. Highly divergent. (270 aa)
TAGLNTransgelin; Actin cross-linking/gelling protein (By similarity). Involved in calcium interactions and contractile properties of the cell that may contribute to replicative senescence; Belongs to the calponin family. (201 aa)
POTEFPOTE ankyrin domain family member F; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the actin family. (1075 aa)
ACTG2Actin, gamma-enteric smooth muscle, intermediate form; Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells; Belongs to the actin family. (376 aa)
RARGRetinoic acid receptor gamma; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, acts mainly as an activator of gene expression due to weak binding to corepressors. Required for limb bud development. In concert with RARA or RARB, required for skeletal [...] (454 aa)
MYOCDMyocardin; Smooth muscle cells (SM) and cardiac muscle cells-specific transcriptional factor which uses the canonical single or multiple CArG boxes DNA sequence. Acts as a cofactor of serum response factor (SRF) with the potential to modulate SRF-target genes. Plays a crucial role in cardiogenesis and differentiation of the smooth muscle cell lineage (myogenesis) (By similarity). (986 aa)
RXRARetinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription. The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid. In the absence of ligand, th [...] (462 aa)
DHRS3Short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase 3; Catalyzes the reduction of all-trans-retinal to all-trans- retinol in the presence of NADPH. (302 aa)
SIX1Homeobox protein SIX1; Transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and embryonic development. Plays an important role in the development of several organs, including kidney, muscle and inner ear. Depending on context, functions as transcriptional repressor or activator. Lacks an activation domain, and requires interaction with EYA family members for transcription activation. Mediates nuclear translocation of EYA1 and EYA2. Binds the 5'-TCA[AG][AG]TTNC-3' motif present in the MEF3 element in the MYOG promoter. Regulates the expression of nume [...] (284 aa)
ACTBActin, cytoplasmic 1, N-terminally processed; Actin is a highly conserved protein that polymerizes to produce filaments that form cross-linked networks in the cytoplasm of cells. Actin exists in both monomeric (G-actin) and polymeric (F-actin) forms, both forms playing key functions, such as cell motility and contraction. In addition to their role in the cytoplasmic cytoskeleton, G- and F-actin also localize in the nucleus, and regulate gene transcription and motility and repair of damaged DNA. (375 aa)
CTNNB1Catenin beta-1; Key downstream component of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. In the absence of Wnt, forms a complex with AXIN1, AXIN2, APC, CSNK1A1 and GSK3B that promotes phosphorylation on N-terminal Ser and Thr residues and ubiquitination of CTNNB1 via BTRC and its subsequent degradation by the proteasome. In the presence of Wnt ligand, CTNNB1 is not ubiquitinated and accumulates in the nucleus, where it acts as a coactivator for transcription factors of the TCF/LEF family, leading to activate Wnt responsive genes. Involved in the regulation of cell adhesion, as component of an [...] (781 aa)
KRT6AKeratin, type II cytoskeletal 6A; Epidermis-specific type I keratin involved in wound healing. Involved in the activation of follicular keratinocytes after wounding, while it does not play a major role in keratinocyte proliferation or migration. Participates in the regulation of epithelial migration by inhibiting the activity of SRC during wound repair. Belongs to the intermediate filament family. (564 aa)
KRT14Keratin, type I cytoskeletal 14; The nonhelical tail domain is involved in promoting KRT5- KRT14 filaments to self-organize into large bundles and enhances the mechanical properties involved in resilience of keratin intermediate filaments in vitro. (472 aa)
TGM5Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 5; Catalyzes the cross-linking of proteins and the conjugation of polyamines to proteins. Contributes to the formation of the cornified cell envelope of keratinocytes; Belongs to the transglutaminase superfamily. Transglutaminase family. (720 aa)
SERPINE1Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1; Serine protease inhibitor. Inhibits TMPRSS7. Is a primary inhibitor of tissue-type plasminogen activator (PLAT) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU). As PLAT inhibitor, it is required for fibrinolysis down-regulation and is responsible for the controlled degradation of blood clots. As PLAU inhibitor, it is involved in the regulation of cell adhesion and spreading. Acts as a regulator of cell migration, independently of its role as protease inhibitor. It is required for stimulation of keratinocyte migration during cutaneous injury repair. It [...] (402 aa)
ACTA2Actin, aortic smooth muscle, intermediate form; Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells. (377 aa)
RARS1Arginine--tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic; Forms part of a macromolecular complex that catalyzes the attachment of specific amino acids to cognate tRNAs during protein synthesis. Modulates the secretion of AIMP1 and may be involved in generation of the inflammatory cytokine EMAP2 from AIMP1. (660 aa)
ID2DNA-binding protein inhibitor ID-2; Transcriptional regulator (lacking a basic DNA binding domain) which negatively regulates the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors by forming heterodimers and inhibiting their DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Implicated in regulating a variety of cellular processes, including cellular growth, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and neoplastic transformation. Inhibits skeletal muscle and cardiac myocyte differentiation. Regulates the circadian clock by repressing the transcriptional activator activity of the C [...] (134 aa)
TSHZ3Teashirt homolog 3; Transcriptional regulator involved in developmental processes. Functions in association with APBB1, SET and HDAC factors as a transcriptional repressor, that inhibits the expression of CASP4. TSHZ3-mediated transcription repression involves the recruitment of histone deacetylases HDAC1 and HDAC2. Associates with chromatin in a region surrounding the CASP4 transcriptional start site(s). Regulates the development of neurons involved in both respiratory rhythm and airflow control. Promotes maintenance of nucleus ambiguus (nA) motoneurons, which govern upper airway func [...] (1081 aa)
BMP4Bone morphogenetic protein 4; Induces cartilage and bone formation. Also acts in mesoderm induction, tooth development, limb formation and fracture repair. Acts in concert with PTHLH/PTHRP to stimulate ductal outgrowth during embryonic mammary development and to inhibit hair follicle induction (By similarity). (408 aa)
SOX9Transcription factor SOX-9; Transcriptional regulator that plays a role in chondrocytes differentiation and skeletal development. Binds to the COL2A1 promoter and activates COL2A1 expression, as part of a complex with ZNF219 (By similarity). (509 aa)
KRT5Keratin, type II cytoskeletal 5; Keratin 5; Belongs to the intermediate filament family. (590 aa)
Your Current Organism:
Homo sapiens
NCBI taxonomy Id: 9606
Other names: H. sapiens, human, man
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