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| | PCK2 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP], mitochondrial; Catalyzes the conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle; Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [GTP] family. (640 aa) |
| | APOC3 | Apolipoprotein C-III; Component of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and high density lipoproteins (HDL) in plasma. Plays a multifaceted role in triglyceride homeostasis. Intracellularly, promotes hepatic very low density lipoprotein 1 (VLDL1) assembly and secretion; extracellularly, attenuates hydrolysis and clearance of triglyceride- rich lipoproteins (TRLs). Impairs the lipolysis of TRLs by inhibiting lipoprotein lipase and the hepatic uptake of TRLs by remnant receptors. Formed of several curved helices connected via semiflexible hinges, so that it can wrap tig [...] (99 aa) |
| | EHHADH | Enoyl-CoA hydratase/3,2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase; enoyl-CoA hydratase and 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase; In the C-terminal section; belongs to the 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase family. (723 aa) |
| | ACADL | Long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; Long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase is one of the acyl-CoA dehydrogenases that catalyze the first step of mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation, an aerobic process breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA and allowing the production of energy from fats (By similarity). The first step of fatty acid beta-oxidation consists in the removal of one hydrogen from C-2 and C-3 of the straight-chain fatty acyl-CoA thioester, resulting in the formation of trans-2-enoyl- CoA (By similarity). Among the different mitochondrial acyl [...] (430 aa) |
| | APOA1 | Truncated apolipoprotein A-I; Participates in the reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver for excretion by promoting cholesterol efflux from tissues and by acting as a cofactor for the lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT). As part of the SPAP complex, activates spermatozoa motility. (267 aa) |
| | SLC27A1 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 1; Mediates the ATP-dependent import of long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) into the cell by mediating their translocation at the plasma membrane. Has also an acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids. May act directly as a bona fide transporter, or alternatively, in a cytoplasmic or membrane- associated multimeric protein complex to trap and draw fatty acids towards accumulation. Plays a pivotal role in regulating available LCFA substrates from exogenous sources in tissues undergoing high levels of beta-oxidation or trigl [...] (646 aa) |
| | FABP4 | Fatty acid-binding protein, adipocyte; Lipid transport protein in adipocytes. Binds both long chain fatty acids and retinoic acid. Delivers long-chain fatty acids and retinoic acid to their cognate receptors in the nucleus. Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (132 aa) |
| | CYP27A1 | Sterol 26-hydroxylase, mitochondrial; Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase that catalyzes regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of cholesterol and its derivatives. Hydroxylates (with R stereochemistry) the terminal methyl group of cholesterol side-chain in a three step reaction to yield at first a C26 alcohol, then a C26 aldehyde and finally a C26 acid. Regulates cholesterol homeostasis by catalyzing the conversion of excess cholesterol to bile acids via both the 'neutral' (classic) and the 'acid' (alternative) pathways. May also regulate cholesterol homeostasis via generation of active oxy [...] (531 aa) |
| | ACSBG1 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase ACSBG1; Catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids such as long-chain and very long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Can activate diverse saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids ; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. Bubblegum subfamily. (724 aa) |
| | SLC27A6 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 6; Involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids (LFCA) across the plasma membrane. Thought to function as the predominant fatty acid protein transporter in heart. (619 aa) |
| | UCP1 | Mitochondrial brown fat uncoupling protein 1; Mitochondrial protein responsible for thermogenic respiration, a specialized capacity of brown adipose tissue and beige fat that participates to non-shivering adaptive thermogenesis to temperature and diet variations and more generally to the regulation of energy balance (By similarity). Functions as a long-chain fatty acid/LCFA and proton symporter, simultaneously transporting one LCFA and one proton through the inner mitochondrial membrane. However, LCFAs remaining associated with the transporter via their hydrophobic tails, it results in [...] (307 aa) |
| | SLC27A5 | Bile acyl-CoA synthetase; Acyl-CoA synthetase that catalyzes the activation of bile acids via formation of bile acid CoA thioesters which is necessary for their subsequent conjugation with glycine or taurine. Both primary bile acids (cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid) and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid) are the principal substrates. Also exhibits acyl CoA synthetase activity that activates very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) by catalyzing the formation of fatty acyl-CoA. In vitro, also activates 3-alpha,7-alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate ( [...] (690 aa) |
| | CPT1A | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform; Catalyzes the transfer of the acyl group of long-chain fatty acid-CoA conjugates onto carnitine, an essential step for the mitochondrial uptake of long-chain fatty acids and their subsequent beta-oxidation in the mitochondrion. Plays an important role in triglyceride metabolism. (773 aa) |
| | SLC27A2 | Very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase; Acyl CoA synthetase that activates long-chain and very long- chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) by catalyzing the formation of fatty acyl- CoA. Can also activate branched-chain fatty acids such as phytanic acid and pristanic acid. Does not activate C24 bile acids, cholate and chenodeoxycholate. In vitro, activates 3-alpha,7- alpha,12-alpha-trihydroxy-5-beta-cholestanate (THCA), the C27 precursor of cholic acid deriving from the de novo synthesis from cholesterol. Exhibits long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) transport activity and plays an important role in hepati [...] (620 aa) |
| | FABP2 | Fatty acid-binding protein, intestinal; FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters. FABP2 is probably involved in triglyceride-rich lipoprotein synthesis. Binds saturated long-chain fatty acids with a high affinity, but binds with a lower affinity to unsaturated long-chain fatty acids. FABP2 may also help maintain energy homeostasis by functioning as a lipid sensor; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (132 aa) |
| | PLIN2 | Perilipin-2; May be involved in development and maintenance of adipose tissue; Belongs to the perilipin family. (437 aa) |
| | FADS2 | Acyl-CoA 6-desaturase; Acts as a fatty acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase that introduces a cis double bond at carbon 6 of the fatty acyl chain. Involved in biosynthesis of highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) from the essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic acid (LA) (18:2n-6) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) (18:3n-3) precursors. Catalyzes the first and rate limiting step in this pathway which is the desaturation of LA (18:2n-6) and ALA (18:3n-3) into gamma-linoleate (GLA) (18:3n-6) and stearidonate (18:4n-3), respectively. Subsequently, in the biosynthetic pathway of HUFA [...] (444 aa) |
| | PPARG | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma; Nuclear receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Once activated by a ligand, the nuclear receptor binds to DNA specific PPAR response elements (PPRE) and modulates the transcription of its target genes, such as acyl-CoA oxidase. It therefore controls the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Key regulator of adipocyte differentiation and glucose homeostasis. ARF6 acts as a key regulator of the tissue-specific adipocyte P2 (aP2) enhancer. Acts as a critical regulator of gut ho [...] (505 aa) |
| | ACOX1 | Peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1, A chain; Catalyzes the desaturation of acyl-CoAs to 2-trans-enoyl-CoAs. Isoform 1 shows highest activity against medium-chain fatty acyl-CoAs and activity decreases with increasing chain length. Isoform 2 is active against a much broader range of substrates and shows activity towards very long-chain acyl-CoAs. Isoform 2 is twice as active as isoform 1 against 16-hydroxy-palmitoyl-CoA and is 25% more active against 1,16-hexadecanodioyl-CoA. (660 aa) |
| | FABP1 | Fatty acid-binding protein, liver; Plays a role in lipoprotein-mediated cholesterol uptake in hepatocytes. Binds cholesterol. Binds free fatty acids and their coenzyme A derivatives, bilirubin, and some other small molecules in the cytoplasm. May be involved in intracellular lipid transport (By similarity). Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (127 aa) |
| | FABP5 | Fatty acid-binding protein 5; Intracellular carrier for long-chain fatty acids and related active lipids, such as the endocannabinoid, that regulates the metabolism and actions of the ligands they bind. In addition to the cytosolic transport, selectively delivers specific fatty acids from the cytosol to the nucleus, wherein they activate nuclear receptors. Delivers retinoic acid to the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; which promotes proliferation and survival. May also serve as a synaptic carrier of endocannabinoid at central synapses and thus controls [...] (135 aa) |
| | AQP7 | Aquaporin-7; Forms a channel that mediates water and glycerol transport across cell membranes at neutral pH. The channel is also permeable to urea. Plays an important role in body energy homeostasis under conditions that promote lipid catabolism, giving rise to glycerol and free fatty acids. Mediates glycerol export from adipocytes. After release into the blood stream, glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis in the liver to maintain normal blood glucose levels and prevent fasting hypoglycemia. Required for normal glycerol reabsorption in the kidney (By similarity). Belongs to the MIP/aqua [...] (342 aa) |
| | PLIN1 | Perilipin-1; Modulator of adipocyte lipid metabolism. Coats lipid storage droplets to protect them from breakdown by hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). Its absence may result in leanness. Plays a role in unilocular lipid droplet formation by activating CIDEC. Their interaction promotes lipid droplet enlargement and directional net neutral lipid transfer. May modulate lipolysis and triglyceride levels. Belongs to the perilipin family. (522 aa) |
| | SLC27A4 | Long-chain fatty acid transport protein 4; Involved in translocation of long-chain fatty acids (LFCA) across the plasma membrane. Appears to be the principal fatty acid transporter in small intestinal enterocytes. Plays a role in the formation of the epidermal barrier. Required for fat absorption in early embryogenesis. Has acyl-CoA ligase activity for long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). Indirectly inhibits RPE65 via substrate competition and via production of VLCFA derivatives like lignoceroyl-CoA. Prevents light-induced degeneration of rods and cones (By similarity); [...] (643 aa) |
| | ANGPTL4 | Angiopoietin-related protein 4; Mediates inactivation of the lipoprotein lipase LPL, and thereby plays a role in the regulation of triglyceride clearance from the blood serum and in lipid metabolism. May also play a role in regulating glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity (Probable). Inhibits proliferation, migration, and tubule formation of endothelial cells and reduces vascular leakage. Upon heterologous expression, inhibits the adhesion of endothelial cell to the extracellular matrix (ECM), and inhibits the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, formation of actin stress fi [...] (406 aa) |
| | CYP7A1 | Cytochrome P450 7A1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of endogenous cholesterol and its oxygenated derivatives (oxysterols). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Functions as a critical regulatory enzyme of bile acid biosynthesis and cholesterol homeostasis. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bond at 7-alpha position of cholesterol, a rate-limiting st [...] (504 aa) |
| | ACOX2 | Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 2; Oxidizes the CoA esters of the bile acid intermediates di- and tri-hydroxycholestanoic acids. Capable of oxidizing short as well as long chain 2-methyl branched fatty acids (By similarity); Belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. (681 aa) |
| | OLR1 | Oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1, soluble form; Receptor that mediates the recognition, internalization and degradation of oxidatively modified low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) by vascular endothelial cells. OxLDL is a marker of atherosclerosis that induces vascular endothelial cell activation and dysfunction, resulting in pro-inflammatory responses, pro-oxidative conditions and apoptosis. Its association with oxLDL induces the activation of NF-kappa-B through an increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen and a variety of pro-atherogenic cellular responses includin [...] (273 aa) |
| | PPARD | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Receptor that binds peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Has a preference for poly-unsaturated fatty acids, such as gamma- linoleic acid and eicosapentanoic acid. Once activated by a ligand, the receptor binds to promoter elements of target genes. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the acyl-CoA oxidase gene. Decreases expression of NPC1L1 once activated by a ligand. Belongs to the nuclear hormone [...] (441 aa) |
| | CYP4A11 | Cytochrome P450 4A11; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids and their oxygenated derivatives (oxylipins). Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH-ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes predominantly the oxidation of the terminal carbon (omega-oxidation) of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, the catalytic efficiency decreasing in the following order: dodecanoic > tetradecanoic > (9 [...] (519 aa) |
| | SCD5 | Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5; Stearyl-CoA desaturase that utilizes O(2) and electrons from reduced cytochrome b5 to introduce the first double bond into saturated fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Catalyzes the insertion of a cis double bond at the delta-9 position into fatty acyl-CoA substrates including palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. Gives rise to a mixture of 16:1 and 18:1 unsaturated fatty acids. (330 aa) |
| | CYP8B1 | 7-alpha-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one 12-alpha-hydroxylase; Involved in bile acid synthesis and is responsible for the conversion of 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one into 7 alpha, 12 alpha- dihydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one. Responsible for the balance between formation of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid. Has a rather broad substrate specificity including a number of 7-alpha-hydroxylated C27 steroids. (501 aa) |
| | PCK1 | Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, cytosolic [GTP]; Regulates cataplerosis and anaplerosis, the processes that control the levels of metabolic intermediates in the citric acid cycle. At low glucose levels, it catalyzes the cataplerotic conversion of oxaloacetate (OAA) to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), the rate-limiting step in the metabolic pathway that produces glucose from lactate and other precursors derived from the citric acid cycle. At high glucose levels, it catalyzes the anaplerotic conversion of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate. Belongs to the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase [...] (622 aa) |
| | HMGCS1 | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, cytoplasmic; This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase. (520 aa) |
| | MMP1 | 22 kDa interstitial collagenase; Cleaves collagens of types I, II, and III at one site in the helical domain. Also cleaves collagens of types VII and X. In case of HIV infection, interacts and cleaves the secreted viral Tat protein, leading to a decrease in neuronal Tat's mediated neurotoxicity. (469 aa) |
| | ACAA1 | 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase, peroxisomal; acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 1; Belongs to the thiolase-like superfamily. Thiolase family. (424 aa) |
| | ACSL4 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 4; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially activates arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Preferentially activates 8,9-EET > 14,15-EET > 5,6-EET > 11,12-EET. Modulates glucose- stimulated insulin secretion by regulating the levels of unesterified EETs (By similarity). Modulates prostaglandin E2 secretion. Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (711 aa) |
| | PDPK1 | 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1; Serine/threonine kinase which acts as a master kinase, phosphorylating and activating a subgroup of the AGC family of protein kinases. Its targets include: protein kinase B (PKB/AKT1, PKB/AKT2, PKB/AKT3), p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KB1), p90 ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2 and RPS6KA3), cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACA), protein kinase C (PRKCD and PRKCZ), serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase (SGK1, SGK2 and SGK3), p21-activated kinase-1 (PAK1), protein kinase PKN (PKN1 and PKN2). Plays a central rol [...] (556 aa) |
| | ACSL5 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 5; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. ACSL5 may activate fatty acids from exogenous sources for the synthesis of triacylglycerol destined for intracellular storage (By similarity). Utilizes a wide range of saturated fatty acids with a preference for C16-C18 unsaturated fatty acids (By similarity). It was suggested that it may also stimulate fatty acid oxidation (By similarity). At the villus tip of the crypt-villus axis of the small [...] (739 aa) |
| | ACOX3 | Peroxisomal acyl-coenzyme A oxidase 3; Oxidizes the CoA-esters of 2-methyl-branched fatty acids. Belongs to the acyl-CoA oxidase family. (700 aa) |
| | FABP7 | Fatty acid-binding protein, brain; B-FABP could be involved in the transport of a so far unknown hydrophobic ligand with potential morphogenic activity during CNS development. It is required for the establishment of the radial glial fiber system in developing brain, a system that is necessary for the migration of immature neurons to establish cortical layers (By similarity). (166 aa) |
| | ACSL3 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 3; Acyl-CoA synthetases (ACSL) activates long-chain fatty acids for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta- oxidation. Required for the incorporation of fatty acids into phosphatidylcholine, the major phospholipid located on the surface of VLDL (very low density lipoproteins). Has mainly an anabolic role in energy metabolism. Mediates hepatic lipogenesis. Preferentially uses myristate, laurate, arachidonate and eicosapentaenoate as substrates. Both isoforms exhibit the same level of activity (By similarity). (720 aa) |
| | GK2 | Glycerol kinase 2; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (553 aa) |
| | RXRG | Retinoic acid receptor RXR-gamma; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. The high affinity ligand for RXRs is 9-cis retinoic acid (By similarity). (463 aa) |
| | APOA2 | Truncated apolipoprotein A-II; May stabilize HDL (high density lipoprotein) structure by its association with lipids, and affect the HDL metabolism; Belongs to the apolipoprotein A2 family. (100 aa) |
| | HMGCS2 | Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase, mitochondrial; This enzyme condenses acetyl-CoA with acetoacetyl-CoA to form HMG-CoA, which is the substrate for HMG-CoA reductase. (508 aa) |
| | ME1 | Malic enzyme 1. (572 aa) |
| | SCD | Acyl-CoA desaturase; Stearyl-CoA desaturase that utilizes O(2) and electrons from reduced cytochrome b5 to introduce the first double bond into saturated fatty acyl-CoA substrates. Catalyzes the insertion of a cis double bond at the delta-9 position into fatty acyl-CoA substrates including palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. Gives rise to a mixture of 16:1 and 18:1 unsaturated fatty acids. Plays an important role in lipid biosynthesis. Plays an important role in regulating the expression of genes that are involved in lipogenesis and in regulating mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (By simi [...] (359 aa) |
| | SORBS1 | Sorbin and SH3 domain-containing protein 1; Plays a role in tyrosine phosphorylation of CBL by linking CBL to the insulin receptor. Required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport. Involved in formation of actin stress fibers and focal adhesions (By similarity). (1292 aa) |
| | CPT2 | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 2. (658 aa) |
| | SCP2 | Non-specific lipid-transfer protein; Mediates in vitro the transfer of all common phospholipids, cholesterol and gangliosides between membranes. May play a role in regulating steroidogenesis. (547 aa) |
| | CYP4A22 | Cytochrome P450 4A22; Catalyzes the omega- and (omega-1)-hydroxylation of various fatty acids such as laurate and palmitate. Shows no activity towards arachidonic acid and prostaglandin A1. Lacks functional activity in the kidney and does not contribute to renal 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) biosynthesis. (519 aa) |
| | FABP3 | Fatty acid-binding protein, heart; FABP are thought to play a role in the intracellular transport of long-chain fatty acids and their acyl-CoA esters; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) family. (133 aa) |
| | RXRB | Retinoic acid receptor RXR-beta; Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE); Belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor family. NR2 subfamily. (537 aa) |
| | PLIN5 | Perilipin-5; Lipid droplet-associated protein that maintains the balance between lipogenesis and lipolysis and also regulates fatty acid oxidation in oxidative tissues. Recruits mitochondria to the surface of lipid droplets and is involved in lipid droplet homeostasis by regulating both the storage of fatty acids in the form of triglycerides and the release of fatty acids for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In lipid droplet triacylglycerol hydrolysis, plays a role as a scaffolding protein for three major key lipolytic players: ABHD5, PNPLA2 and LIPE. Reduces the triacylglycerol hyd [...] (463 aa) |
| | CPT1C | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, brain isoform; May play a role in lipid metabolic process. Belongs to the carnitine/choline acetyltransferase family. (803 aa) |
| | FABP6 | Gastrotropin; Binds to bile acids and is involved in enterohepatic bile acid metabolism. Required for efficient apical to basolateral transport of conjugated bile acids in ileal enterocytes (By similarity). In vitro binds to bile acids in the order: deoxycholic acid > cholic acid > chenodeoxycholic acid and respective BA conjugation modifies affinities in the order taurine-conjugated > glycine-conjugated > unconjugated bile acids. Stimulates gastric acid and pepsinogen secretion (By similarity). ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P51162, ; Belongs to the calycin superfamily. Fatty-acid binding prot [...] (177 aa) |
| | CPT1B | Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, muscle isoform; Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B. (772 aa) |
| | ILK | Integrin-linked protein kinase; Receptor-proximal protein kinase regulating integrin-mediated signal transduction. May act as a mediator of inside-out integrin signaling. Focal adhesion protein part of the complex ILK-PINCH. This complex is considered to be one of the convergence points of integrin- and growth factor-signaling pathway. Could be implicated in mediating cell architecture, adhesion to integrin substrates and anchorage-dependent growth in epithelial cells. Phosphorylates beta-1 and beta-3 integrin subunit on serine and threonine residues, but also AKT1 and GSK3B. (452 aa) |
| | PPARA | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha; Ligand-activated transcription factor. Key regulator of lipid metabolism. Activated by the endogenous ligand 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn- glycerol-3-phosphocholine (16:0/18:1-GPC). Activated by oleylethanolamide, a naturally occurring lipid that regulates satiety. Receptor for peroxisome proliferators such as hypolipidemic drugs and fatty acids. Regulates the peroxisomal beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acids. Functions as transcription activator for the ACOX1 and P450 genes. Transactivation activity requires heterodimerization with RXRA and [...] (468 aa) |
| | ADIPOQ | Adiponectin; Important adipokine involved in the control of fat metabolism and insulin sensitivity, with direct anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. Stimulates AMPK phosphorylation and activation in the liver and the skeletal muscle, enhancing glucose utilization and fatty-acid combustion. Antagonizes TNF-alpha by negatively regulating its expression in various tissues such as liver and macrophages, and also by counteracting its effects. Inhibits endothelial NF-kappa-B signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. May play a role in cell growth, angiogenesis [...] (244 aa) |
| | GK | Glycerol kinase; Key enzyme in the regulation of glycerol uptake and metabolism; Belongs to the FGGY kinase family. (559 aa) |
| | CD36 | Platelet glycoprotein 4; Multifunctional glycoprotein that acts as receptor for a broad range of ligands. Ligands can be of proteinaceous nature like thrombospondin, fibronectin, collagen or amyloid-beta as well as of lipidic nature such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL), anionic phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids and bacterial diacylated lipopeptides. They are generally multivalent and can therefore engage multiple receptors simultaneously, the resulting formation of CD36 clusters initiates signal transduction and internalization of receptor- ligand complexes. The depende [...] (472 aa) |
| | PLTP | Phospholipid transfer protein; Facilitates the transfer of a spectrum of different lipid molecules, including diacylglycerol, phosphatidic acid, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, cerebroside and phosphatidyl ethanolamine. Essential for the transfer of excess surface lipids from triglyceride-rich lipoproteins to HDL, thereby facilitating the formation of smaller lipoprotein remnants, contributing to the formation of LDL, and assisting in the maturation of HDL particles. PLTP also plays a key role in the uptake of cholesterol from peripheral cells and tissues that [...] (493 aa) |
| | RXRA | Retinoic acid receptor RXR-alpha; Receptor for retinoic acid that acts as a transcription factor. Forms homo- or heterodimers with retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and binds to target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, to regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RAR/RXR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5 to regulate transcription. The high affinity ligand for retinoid X receptors (RXRs) is 9-cis retinoic acid. In the absence of ligand, th [...] (462 aa) |
| | ACSL1 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 1; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Preferentially uses palmitoleate, oleate and linoleate. Preferentially activates arachidonate than epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) or hydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (HETEs) (By similarity); Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (698 aa) |
| | ME3 | NADP-dependent malic enzyme, mitochondrial; Malic enzyme 3; Belongs to the malic enzymes family. (604 aa) |
| | UBC | Polyubiquitin-C; [Ubiquitin]: Exists either covalently attached to another protein, or free (unanchored). When covalently bound, it is conjugated to target proteins via an isopeptide bond either as a monomer (monoubiquitin), a polymer linked via different Lys residues of the ubiquitin (polyubiquitin chains) or a linear polymer linked via the initiator Met of the ubiquitin (linear polyubiquitin chains). Polyubiquitin chains, when attached to a target protein, have different functions depending on the Lys residue of the ubiquitin that is linked: Lys-6-linked may be involved in DNA repair [...] (685 aa) |
| | APOA5 | Apolipoprotein A-V; Minor apolipoprotein mainly associated with HDL and to a lesser extent with VLDL. May also be associated with chylomicrons. Important determinant of plasma triglyceride (TG) levels by both being a potent stimulator of apo-CII lipoprotein lipase (LPL) TG hydrolysis and an inhibitor of the hepatic VLDL-TG production rate (without affecting the VLDL-apoB production rate) (By similarity). Activates poorly lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and does not enhance efflux of cholesterol from macrophages. Binds heparin. (366 aa) |
| | ACSBG2 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase ACSBG2; Catalyzes the conversion of fatty acids such as long chain and very long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoAs for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Can activate diverse saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Has increased ability to activate oleic and linoleic acid. May play a role in spermatogenesis. (666 aa) |
| | NR1H3 | Oxysterols receptor LXR-alpha; Nuclear receptor that exhibits a ligand-dependent transcriptional activation activity. Interaction with retinoic acid receptor (RXR) shifts RXR from its role as a silent DNA-binding partner to an active ligand-binding subunit in mediating retinoid responses through target genes defined by LXRES (By similarity). LXRES are DR4-type response elements characterized by direct repeats of two similar hexanuclotide half-sites spaced by four nucleotides (By similarity). Plays an important role in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis, regulating cholesterol up [...] (453 aa) |
| | DBI | Acyl-CoA-binding protein; Binds medium- and long-chain acyl-CoA esters with very high affinity and may function as an intracellular carrier of acyl-CoA esters. It is also able to displace diazepam from the benzodiazepine (BZD) recognition site located on the GABA type A receptor. It is therefore possible that this protein also acts as a neuropeptide to modulate the action of the GABA receptor; Belongs to the ACBP family. (148 aa) |
| | PLIN4 | Perilipin-4; May play a role in triacylglycerol packaging into adipocytes. May function as a coat protein involved in the biogenesis of lipid droplets (By similarity); Belongs to the perilipin family. (1372 aa) |
| | LPL | Lipoprotein lipase; Key enzyme in triglyceride metabolism. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides from circulating chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), and thereby plays an important role in lipid clearance from the blood stream, lipid utilization and storage. Mediates margination of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles in capillaries. Recruited to its site of action on the luminal surface of vascular endothelium by binding to GPIHBP1 and cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans. (475 aa) |
| | ACSL6 | Long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase 6; Catalyzes the conversion of long-chain fatty acids to their active form acyl-CoA for both synthesis of cellular lipids, and degradation via beta-oxidation. Plays an important role in fatty acid metabolism in brain and the acyl- CoAs produced may be utilized exclusively for the synthesis of the brain lipid; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family. (722 aa) |
