Retinal dehydrogenase 1; Can convert/oxidize retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Binds free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal (By similarity). May have a broader specificity and oxidize other aldehydes in vivo (By similarity).

Cytochrome P450 2E1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of fatty acids. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Hydroxylates fatty acids specifically at the omega-1 position displaying the highest catalytic activity for saturated fatty acids. May be involved in the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics.

Retinal dehydrogenase 2; Converts retinaldehyde to retinoic acid. Recognizes as substrates free retinal and cellular retinol-binding protein-bound retinal (By similarity). Lacks activity with benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde and octanal. Displays complete lack of activity with citral (By similarity).

Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 1 member A3; NAD-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase that catalyzes the formation of retinoic acid. Has high activity with all-trans retinal, and has much lower in vitro activity with acetaldehyde (By similarity). Required for the biosynthesis of normal levels of retinoic acid in the embryonic ocular and nasal regions; retinoic acid is required for normal embryonic development of the eye and the nasal region.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic 1; Can oxidize benzaldehyde, propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde (By similarity). No detectable activity with retinal.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B1; Oxidizes medium and long chain saturated and unsaturated aldehydes. Metabolizes also benzaldehyde (By similarity). Low activity towards acetaldehyde and 3,4- dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (By similarity). May not metabolize short chain aldehydes. Can use both NADP(+) and NAD(+) as electron acceptor (By similarity). May have a protective role against the cytotoxicity induced by lipid peroxidation (By similarity).

Cytochrome P450 26A1; A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of all-trans retinoic acid (atRA), a signaling molecule that binds to retinoic acid receptors and regulates gene transcription. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR; NADPH- ferrihemoprotein reductase). Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon hydrogen bonds of atRA primarily at C-4 and C-18. Has no activity toward 9-cis and 13-cis retinoic acid st [...]

Aldehyde dehydrogenase family 3 member B3; Oxidizes medium and long chain aldehydes into non-toxic fatty acids.

Aldehyde oxidase 3; Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal and pyridoxal. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Also may catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with N [...]