Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1; Catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of a wide variety of carbonyl-containing compounds to their corresponding alcohols. Displays enzymatic activity towards endogenous metabolites such as aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, ketones, monosaccharides and bile acids, with a preference for negatively charged substrates, such as glucuronate and succinic semialdehyde (By similarity). Plays an important role in ascorbic acid biosynthesis by catalyzing the reduction of D-glucuronic acid and D-glucurono-gamma-lactone. Functions as a detoxifiying enzyme b [...]

Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase [acylating], mitochondrial; Plays a role in valine and pyrimidine metabolism. Binds fatty acyl-CoA (By similarity).

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase 2-like, mitochondrial; Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate. Can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity. Provides acetyl-CoA that is utilized mainly for oxidation under ketogenic conditions. Involved in thermogenesis under ketogenic conditions, using acetate as a vital fuel when carbohydrate availability is insufficient.

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial; Is capable of converting retinaldehyde to retinoic acid.

Aldehyde oxidase 3; Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal and pyridoxal. Plays a key role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Is probably involved in the regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis. May be a prominent source of superoxide generation via the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. Also may catalyze nitric oxide (NO) production via the reduction of nitrite to NO with N [...]

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase, cytoplasmic; Catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from short-chain fatty acids. Acetate is the preferred substrate but can also utilize propionate with a much lower affinity ; Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.

Aldehyde oxidase 4; Aldehyde oxidase able to catalyze the oxidation of retinaldehyde into retinoate. Is responsible for the major all-trans- retinaldehyde-metabolizing activity in the Harderian gland, and contributes a significant amount of the same activity in the skin. Is devoid of pyridoxal-oxidizing activity, in contrast to the other aldehyde oxidases. Acts as a negative modulator of the epidermal trophism. May be able to oxidize a wide variety of aldehydes into their corresponding carboxylates and to hydroxylate azaheterocycles. Belongs to the xanthine dehydrogenase family.

Aldehyde oxidase 1; Oxidase with broad substrate specificity, oxidizing aromatic azaheterocycles, such as N1-methylnicotinamide, N-methylphthalazinium and phthalazine, as well as aldehydes, such as benzaldehyde, retinal, pyridoxal, and vanillin. Plays a role in the metabolism of xenobiotics and drugs containing aromatic azaheterocyclic substituents. Participates in the bioactivation of prodrugs such as famciclovir, catalyzing the oxidation step from 6-deoxypenciclovir to penciclovir, which is a potent antiviral agent. Also plays a role in the reductive metabolism of the xenobiotic imid [...]

Alpha-aminoadipic semialdehyde dehydrogenase; Multifunctional enzyme mediating important protective effects. Metabolizes betaine aldehyde to betaine, an important cellular osmolyte and methyl donor. Protects cells from oxidative stress by metabolizing a number of lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes. Involved in lysine catabolism (By similarity).