Protein timeless; Required for the production of circadian rhythms. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promotes elimination of PER. Nuclear activity of the heterodimer coordinatively regulates PER and TIM transcription through a negative feedback loop. Behaves as a negative element in circadian transcriptional loop. Does not appear to bind DNA, suggesting indirect transcriptional inhibition. Belongs to the timeless family.

Period circadian protein; Essential for biological clock functions. Determines the period length of circadian and ultradian rhythms; an increase in PER dosage leads to shortened circadian rhythms and a decrease leads to lengthened circadian rhythms. Essential for the circadian rhythmicity of locomotor activity, eclosion behavior, and for the rhythmic component of the male courtship song that originates in the thoracic nervous system. The biological cycle depends on the rhythmic formation and nuclear localization of the TIM-PER complex. Light induces the degradation of TIM, which promot [...]

NAD-dependent histone deacetylase sirtuin-1; NAD-dependent histone deacetylase involved in heterochromatic silencing. Mildly suppresses the heterochromatin-mediated silencing phenomenon known as position-effect variegation (PEV). Required for epigenetic silencing of the polycomb group proteins. Has histone H4 deacetylase activity in vitro. Required maternally for establishing proper segmentation of the embryo. Involved in sex determination. May be involved in the regulation of life span.

Discs overgrown protein kinase; Involved in circadian rhythms, viability and molecular oscillations of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim). Dbt reduces the stability and thus the accumulation of monomeric per proteins, probably through phosphorylation. No evident circadian oscillation is detected in head. Together with CkIalpha, regulates processing of ci by phosphorylating it which promotes its binding to slmb, the F-box recognition component of the SCF(slmb) E3 ubiquitin- protein ligase.

Cryptochrome-1; Blue light-dependent regulator that is the input of the circadian feedback loop. Has no photolyase activity for cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers or 6-4 photoproducts. Regulation of expression by light suggests a role in photoreception for locomotor activity rhythms. Functions, together with per, as a transcriptional repressor required for the oscillation of peripheral circadian clocks and for the correct specification of clock cells. Genes directly activated by the transcription factors Clock (Clk) and cycle (cyc) are repressed by cry. Necessary for light-dependent magneto [...]

Timeout (timeout) encodes a role in the maintenance of chromosome integrity and in the light synchronization of the adult circadian clock.

Vrille, isoform A; Vrille (vri) encodes a bZIP transcription factor acting as an enhancer of dpp phenotypes both in embryo and in wing. It is involved in hair and cell growth and in tracheal development. Vri is a clock-controlled gene acting as a repressor of the products of Clk and cry.

Transcription factor cwo; Plays a role in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Transcriptional repressor which inhibits Clock-mediated transcriptional activation by binding to E boxes in the promoters of Clock target genes and repressing their transcription. E box binding activity is time- dependent with higher binding activity seen in the early morning (zeitgeber time 2) than early evening (zeitgeber time 14) and is dependent on the presence of the circadian protein per. It is likely that per binds to Clock-cycle heterodimers, reducing their affinity for E box binding and allowing cwo [...]

PAR-domain protein 1 (Pdp1) encodes a member of the PAR domain bZip family of sequence-specific transcription factors. it regulates gene expression in muscles and in circadian clock neurons.