Groucho (gro) encodes a global developmental co-repressor in conjunction with manifold DNA-binding repressor partner proteins, which tether it to target promoters. It functions downstream of key signaling pathways such as Wg/Wnt and Dpp/TGF-beta. Notably, phosphorylation of the product of gro in response to MAPK activation weakens its repressor capacity.

Mitogen-activated protein kinase; Nemo (nmo) encodes an atypical proline-directed serine/threonine kinase with roles in numerous developmental processes, including ommatidial rotation/planar cell polarity, retinal specification and neuronal function, and circadian clock speed. It regulates the activity of several signal transduction pathways, including BMP, Wnt, and Notch, and is implicated in fly models of neurodegenerative diseases; Belongs to the protein kinase superfamily. Ser/Thr protein kinase family. MAP kinase subfamily.

Protein wingless; Binds as a ligand to a family of frizzled seven-transmembrane receptors and acts through a cascade of genes on the nucleus. Segment polarity protein. May be a growth factor. Acts on neighboring cells to regulate at least one gene, the homeobox segmentation gene engrailed. Wg signal represses arm phosphorylation. Wg signaling operates by inactivating the sgg repression of engrailed autoactivation. Wg and Wnt2 have a role in the developing trachea and together are responsible for all dorsal trunk formation. Wg also acts in the developing epidermis. Acts as a morphogen, [...]

Protein BCL9 homolog; Legless (lgs) encodes a conserved transcriptional cofactor of the product of arm that is essential for the transcription of Wingless target genes. It contributes to growth regulation, cell survival and developmental patterning.

Pygopus (pygo) encodes a key nuclear component of the Wnt signaling pathway. It facilitates the recruitment of the product of arm to Wnt-responsive genes by interacting with the transcription cofactor encoded by Chi. It also binds the product of lgs and the methylated tail of the product of His3. Together, they associate with the product of arm in a process that may function as a transition from gene silence to Wnt-induced transcription.

Nejire, isoform C; Nejire (nej) encodes the transcriptional co-activator CBP. It acetylates several nuclear proteins, including the histone encoded by His3 on K18, K27, and H4 on K8. By regulating gene expression, the product of nej has roles in cell proliferation, cell signaling and differentiation, and in developmental patterning.

C-terminal-binding protein; Corepressor targeting diverse transcription regulators. Hairy-interacting protein required for embryonic segmentation and hairy-mediated transcriptional repression; Belongs to the D-isomer specific 2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family.

Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog; Medea (Med) encodes a protein that belongs to the highly conserved Smad family. It can bind its siblings encoded by Mad or Smox to facilitate signal transduction for the product of dpp or Activin ligands in the TGF-beta family. Med-complexes function as transcriptional regulators. Many developmental roles include dorsal-ventral patterning, patterning and proliferation of the wing disc and gene expression in the mushroom body of the larval brain.

Axin (Axn) encodes the key scaffolding protein for the canonical Wnt signalling pathway. In the absence of signal, it targets the product of arm for proteolysis inhibiting Wnt signalling. In the presence of signal, it forms a part of the membrane activation complex, disrupting the product of arm degradation. This pathway play roles in cell proliferation (imaginal disc), differentiation (embryonic patterning), death and stemness.