Basic nuclear protein HPI1; Protamines substitute for histones in the chromatin of sperm during the haploid phase of spermatogenesis. They compact sperm DNA into a highly condensed, stable and inactive complex.

Testis-specific serine/threonine-protein kinase 6; Required for sperm production and function. Plays a role in DNA condensation during postmeiotic chromatin remodeling (By similarity).

Nuclear transition protein 2; Plays a key role in the replacement of histones to protamine in the elongating spermatids of mammals. In condensing spermatids, loaded onto the nucleosomes, where it promotes the recruitment and processing of protamines, which are responsible for histone eviction.

Spermatogenesis-associated protein 3; Spermatogenesis associated 3.

Spermatogenesis-associated protein 16; Involved in the formation of sperm acrosome, which implicated its potential role in spermatogenesis and sperm-egg fusion.

Chibby family member 2.

Junction plakoglobin; Common junctional plaque protein. The membrane-associated plaques are architectural elements in an important strategic position to influence the arrangement and function of both the cytoskeleton and the cells within the tissue. The presence of plakoglobin in both the desmosomes and in the intermediate junctions suggests that it plays a central role in the structure and function of submembranous plaques. Acts as a substrate for VE-PTP and is required by it to stimulate VE- cadherin function in endothelial cells. Can replace beta-catenin in E- cadherin/catenin adhes [...]

Ubiquilin-1; Plays an important role in the regulation of different protein degradation mechanisms and pathways including ubiquitin- proteasome system (UPS), autophagy and endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway. Mediates the proteasomal targeting of misfolded or accumulated proteins for degradation by binding (via UBA domain) to their polyubiquitin chains and by interacting (via ubiquitin-like domain) with the subunits of the proteasome. Plays a role in the ERAD pathway via its interaction with ER-localized proteins UBXN4, VCP and HERPUD1 and may form a lin [...]

Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 1A; Inhibitor of protein-phosphatase 1. This protein may be important in hormonal control of glycogen metabolism. Hormones that elevate intracellular cAMP increase I-1 activity in many tissues. I-1 activation may impose cAMP control over proteins that are not directly phosphorylated by PKA. Following a rise in intracellular calcium, I-1 is inactivated by calcineurin (or PP2B). Does not inhibit type-2 phosphatases.